An all-fiber, tunable, short-wave infrared transmitter is demonstrated using efficient four-wave mixing in conventional L and O bands. To realize this source a highly-nonlinear fiber, exhibiting low bend loss over the short-wave infrared spectral band, is employed because of its advantageous properties as a nonlinear mixing medium. The transmitter was subsequently exploited to probe and detect trace levels of carbon dioxide in the 2051-nm spectral region where its beam properties, tunability, narrow linewidth, and stability all coalesce to permit this application. This work indicates this transmitter can serve as a robust source for sensing carbon dioxide and other trace gasses in the short-wave infrared spectral region and should therefore play an important role in future applications.

© 2011 OSA

1. M. Ebrahim-Zadeh, and I. T. Sorokina, eds., Mid-Infrared Coherent Sources and Applications (Springer, 2007).
2. C. Weitkamp, ed., Lidar: Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere (Springer, 2005).
3. M. Raybaut, T. Schmid, A. Godard, A. K. Mohamed, M. Lefebvre, F. Marnas, P. Flamant, A. Bohman, P. Geiser, and P. Kaspersen, “High-energy single-longitudinal mode nearly diffraction-limited optical parametric source with 3 MHz frequency stability for CO2 DIAL,” Opt. Lett. 34(13), 2069–2071 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. G. J. Koch, B. W. Barnes, M. Petros, J. Y. Beyon, F. Amzajerdian, J. Yu, R. E. Davis, S. Ismail, S. Vay, M. J. Kavaya, and U. N. Singh, “Coherent differential absorption lidar measurements of CO2.,” Appl. Opt. 43(26), 5092–5099 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. A. Henderson and R. Stafford, “Low threshold, singly-resonant CW OPO pumped by an all-fiber pump source,” Opt. Express 14(2), 767–772 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. T. F. Refaat, M. N. Abedin, G. J. Koch, S. Ismail, and U. Singh, “Infrared Detectors Characterization for CO2 DIAL Measurement,” Proc. SPIE 5154 Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring IV, 65–73 (2003).
7. P. C. Becker, N. A. Olsson, and J. R. Simpson, Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Fundamentals and Technology (Academic Press, 1999).
8. N. K. Dutta, and Q. Wang, Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (World Scientific, 2006).
9. E. Nisbet and R. Weiss, “Atmospheric science: top-down versus bottom-up,” Science 328(5983), 1241–1243 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. B. B. Stephens, K. R. Gurney, P. P. Tans, C. Sweeney, W. Peters, L. Bruhwiler, P. Ciais, M. Ramonet, P. Bousquet, T. Nakazawa, S. Aoki, T. Machida, G. Inoue, N. Vinnichenko, J. Lloyd, A. Jordan, M. Heimann, O. Shibistova, R. L. Langenfelds, L. P. Steele, R. J. Francey, and A. S. Denning, “Weak northern and strong tropical land carbon uptake from vertical profiles of atmospheric CO2.,” Science 316(5832), 1732–1735 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. S. L. Lewis, G. Lopez-Gonzalez, B. Sonké, K. Affum-Baffoe, T. R. Baker, L. O. Ojo, O. L. Phillips, J. M. Reitsma, L. White, J. A. Comiskey, M. N. Djuikouo K, C. E. N. Ewango, T. R. Feldpausch, A. C. Hamilton, M. Gloor, T. Hart, A. Hladik, J. Lloyd, J. C. Lovett, J.-R. Makana, Y. Malhi, F. M. Mbago, H. J. Ndangalasi, J. Peacock, K. S.-H. Peh, D. Sheil, T. Sunderland, M. D. Swaine, J. Taplin, D. Taylor, S. C. Thomas, R. Votere, and H. Wöll, “Increasing carbon storage in intact African tropical forests,” Nature 457(7232), 1003–1006 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. S. Piao, J. Fang, P. Ciais, P. Peylin, Y. Huang, S. Sitch, and T. Wang, “The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in China,” Nature 458(7241), 1009–1013 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. W. Peters, A. R. Jacobson, C. Sweeney, A. E. Andrews, T. J. Conway, K. Masarie, J. B. Miller, L. M. P. Bruhwiler, G. Pétron, A. I. Hirsch, D. E. J. Worthy, G. R. van der Werf, J. T. Randerson, P. O. Wennberg, M. C. Krol, and P. P. Tans, “An atmospheric perspective on North American carbon dioxide exchange: CarbonTracker,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104(48), 18925–18930 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. G. R. van der Werf, D. C. Morton, R. S. DeFries, J. G. J. Olivier, P. S. Kasibhatla, R. B. Jackson, G. J. Collatz, and J. T. Randerson, “CO2 emissions from forest loss,” Nat. Geosci. 2(11), 737–738 (2009). [CrossRef]
15. M. O. Andreae and P. Merlet, “Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning,” Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15(4), 955–966 (2001). [CrossRef]
16. A. Lavrov, A. B. Utkin, R. Vilar, and A. Fernandes, “Applications of lidar in ultraviolet, visible, and infrared ranges for early forest fire detection,” Appl. Phys. B 76(1), 87–95 (2003). [CrossRef]
17. J. S. Gregg, L. M. Losey, R. J. Andres, T. J. Blasing, and G. Marland, “The Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Use in North America,” J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 48(12), 2528–2542 (2009). [CrossRef]
18. R. T. Menzies and D. M. Tratt, “Differential laser absorption spectrometry for global profiling of tropospheric carbon dioxide: selection of optimum sounding frequencies for high-precision measurements,” Appl. Opt. 42(33), 6569–6577 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, A. Barbe, D. C. Benner, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, L. R. Brown, A. Campargue, and J.-P. Champion, “The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 110(9-10), 533–572 (2009). [CrossRef]
20. J. Boggio, S. Moro, B. P.-P. Kuo, N. Alic, B. Stossel, and S. Radic, “Tunable Parametric All-Fiber Short-Wavelength IR Transmitter,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(4), 443–447 (2010). [CrossRef]
21. B. P.-P. Kuo, A. O. J. Wiberg, E. Myslivets, D. Blessing, N. Alic, and S. Radic, “Widely-Tunable, Multi-Wavelength Short Wave Infrared Light Source based on Fiber Optical Parametric Oscillator,” in Proc. OFC/NFOEC 2010, San Diego, CA, paper OThA5 (2010).
22. E. Myslivets, N. Alic, and S. Radic, “Spatially Resolved Measurement in Waveguides With Arbitrary Chromatic Dispersion,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(21), 1793–1795 (2008). [CrossRef]
23. J. M. Chavez Boggio, S. Zlatanovic, F. Gholami, J. M. Aparicio, S. Moro, K. Balch, N. Alic, and S. Radic, “Short wavelength infrared frequency conversion in ultra-compact fiber device,” Opt. Express 18(2), 439–445 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. R. Jiang, R. E. Saperstein, N. Alic, M. Nezhad, C. J. McKinstrie, J. E. Ford, Y. Fainman, and S. Radic, “Continuous-Wave Band Translation Between the Near-Infrared and Visible Spectral Ranges,” J. Lightwave Technol. 25(1), 58–66 (2007). [CrossRef]
25. R. Jiang, C.-S. Bres, N. Alic, E. Myslivets, and S. Radic, “Translation of Gbps Phase-Modulated Optical Signal From Near-Infrared to Visible Band,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(1), 131–137 (2008). [CrossRef]
26. C. J. McKinstrie, M. Yu, M. G. Raymer, and S. Radic, “Quantum noise properties of parametric processes,” Opt. Express 13(13), 4986–5012 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. S. Moro, A. Peric, N. Alic, C. J. McKinstrie, and S. Radic, “Experimental Demonstration of a Low-Noise-Figure Phase-Insensitive Parametric Amplifier,” IEEE Photonics Society 2010 Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, paper WN3 (2010).
28. A. Boskovic, S. V. Chernikov, J. R. Taylor, L. Gruner-Nielsen, and O. A. Levring, “Direct continuous-wave measurement of n2 in various types of telecommunication fiber at 1.55 µm,” Opt. Lett. 21(24), 1966–1968 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. F. Gholami, J. M. Chavez Boggio, S. Moro, N. Alic, and S. Radic, “Measurement of ultra-low fourth order dispersion coefficient in nonlinear fiber by distant low-power FWM,” IEEE Photonics Society Summer Topical Meeting, paper WC1.1, Playa Del Carmen, Mexico (2010).
30. M. E. Marhic, K. K.-Y. Wong, and L. G. Kazovsky, “Wide-Band Tuning of the Gain Spectra of One-Pump Fiber Optical Parametric Amplifiers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 10(5), 1133–1141 (2004). [CrossRef]
31. M. Hirano, T. Nakanishi, T. Okuno, and M. Onishi, “Silica-Based Highly Nonlinear Fibers and Their Application,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 15(1), 103–113 (2009). [CrossRef]
32. V. A. Kovalev, and W. E. Eichinger, Elastic Lidar: Theory, Practice, and Analysis Methods (Wiley, 2004), Ch. 7.
33. S. Kameyama, T. Ando, K. Asaka, Y. Hirano, and S. Wadaka, “Compact all-fiber pulsed coherent Doppler lidar system for wind sensing,” Appl. Opt. 46(11), 1953–1962 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Opt.

• G. J. Koch, B. W. Barnes, M. Petros, J. Y. Beyon, F. Amzajerdian, J. Yu, R. E. Davis, S. Ismail, S. Vay, M. J. Kavaya, and U. N. Singh, “Coherent differential absorption lidar measurements of CO2.,” Appl. Opt. 43(26), 5092–5099 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• R. T. Menzies and D. M. Tratt, “Differential laser absorption spectrometry for global profiling of tropospheric carbon dioxide: selection of optimum sounding frequencies for high-precision measurements,” Appl. Opt. 42(33), 6569–6577 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. Kameyama, T. Ando, K. Asaka, Y. Hirano, and S. Wadaka, “Compact all-fiber pulsed coherent Doppler lidar system for wind sensing,” Appl. Opt. 46(11), 1953–1962 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. B

• A. Lavrov, A. B. Utkin, R. Vilar, and A. Fernandes, “Applications of lidar in ultraviolet, visible, and infrared ranges for early forest fire detection,” Appl. Phys. B 76(1), 87–95 (2003). [CrossRef]

Global Biogeochem. Cycles

• M. O. Andreae and P. Merlet, “Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning,” Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15(4), 955–966 (2001). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.

• M. E. Marhic, K. K.-Y. Wong, and L. G. Kazovsky, “Wide-Band Tuning of the Gain Spectra of One-Pump Fiber Optical Parametric Amplifiers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 10(5), 1133–1141 (2004). [CrossRef]
• M. Hirano, T. Nakanishi, T. Okuno, and M. Onishi, “Silica-Based Highly Nonlinear Fibers and Their Application,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 15(1), 103–113 (2009). [CrossRef]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

• E. Myslivets, N. Alic, and S. Radic, “Spatially Resolved Measurement in Waveguides With Arbitrary Chromatic Dispersion,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(21), 1793–1795 (2008). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol.

• J. S. Gregg, L. M. Losey, R. J. Andres, T. J. Blasing, and G. Marland, “The Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Use in North America,” J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 48(12), 2528–2542 (2009). [CrossRef]

J. Lightwave Technol.

• J. Boggio, S. Moro, B. P.-P. Kuo, N. Alic, B. Stossel, and S. Radic, “Tunable Parametric All-Fiber Short-Wavelength IR Transmitter,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(4), 443–447 (2010). [CrossRef]
• R. Jiang, R. E. Saperstein, N. Alic, M. Nezhad, C. J. McKinstrie, J. E. Ford, Y. Fainman, and S. Radic, “Continuous-Wave Band Translation Between the Near-Infrared and Visible Spectral Ranges,” J. Lightwave Technol. 25(1), 58–66 (2007). [CrossRef]
• R. Jiang, C.-S. Bres, N. Alic, E. Myslivets, and S. Radic, “Translation of Gbps Phase-Modulated Optical Signal From Near-Infrared to Visible Band,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(1), 131–137 (2008). [CrossRef]

J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.

• L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, A. Barbe, D. C. Benner, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, L. R. Brown, A. Campargue, and J.-P. Champion, “The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 110(9-10), 533–572 (2009). [CrossRef]

Nat. Geosci.

• G. R. van der Werf, D. C. Morton, R. S. DeFries, J. G. J. Olivier, P. S. Kasibhatla, R. B. Jackson, G. J. Collatz, and J. T. Randerson, “CO2 emissions from forest loss,” Nat. Geosci. 2(11), 737–738 (2009). [CrossRef]

Nature

• S. L. Lewis, G. Lopez-Gonzalez, B. Sonké, K. Affum-Baffoe, T. R. Baker, L. O. Ojo, O. L. Phillips, J. M. Reitsma, L. White, J. A. Comiskey, M. N. Djuikouo K, C. E. N. Ewango, T. R. Feldpausch, A. C. Hamilton, M. Gloor, T. Hart, A. Hladik, J. Lloyd, J. C. Lovett, J.-R. Makana, Y. Malhi, F. M. Mbago, H. J. Ndangalasi, J. Peacock, K. S.-H. Peh, D. Sheil, T. Sunderland, M. D. Swaine, J. Taplin, D. Taylor, S. C. Thomas, R. Votere, and H. Wöll, “Increasing carbon storage in intact African tropical forests,” Nature 457(7232), 1003–1006 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. Piao, J. Fang, P. Ciais, P. Peylin, Y. Huang, S. Sitch, and T. Wang, “The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in China,” Nature 458(7241), 1009–1013 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Express

• A. Henderson and R. Stafford, “Low threshold, singly-resonant CW OPO pumped by an all-fiber pump source,” Opt. Express 14(2), 767–772 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• C. J. McKinstrie, M. Yu, M. G. Raymer, and S. Radic, “Quantum noise properties of parametric processes,” Opt. Express 13(13), 4986–5012 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• J. M. Chavez Boggio, S. Zlatanovic, F. Gholami, J. M. Aparicio, S. Moro, K. Balch, N. Alic, and S. Radic, “Short wavelength infrared frequency conversion in ultra-compact fiber device,” Opt. Express 18(2), 439–445 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

• A. Boskovic, S. V. Chernikov, J. R. Taylor, L. Gruner-Nielsen, and O. A. Levring, “Direct continuous-wave measurement of n2 in various types of telecommunication fiber at 1.55 µm,” Opt. Lett. 21(24), 1966–1968 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Raybaut, T. Schmid, A. Godard, A. K. Mohamed, M. Lefebvre, F. Marnas, P. Flamant, A. Bohman, P. Geiser, and P. Kaspersen, “High-energy single-longitudinal mode nearly diffraction-limited optical parametric source with 3 MHz frequency stability for CO2 DIAL,” Opt. Lett. 34(13), 2069–2071 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

• W. Peters, A. R. Jacobson, C. Sweeney, A. E. Andrews, T. J. Conway, K. Masarie, J. B. Miller, L. M. P. Bruhwiler, G. Pétron, A. I. Hirsch, D. E. J. Worthy, G. R. van der Werf, J. T. Randerson, P. O. Wennberg, M. C. Krol, and P. P. Tans, “An atmospheric perspective on North American carbon dioxide exchange: CarbonTracker,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104(48), 18925–18930 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Science

• E. Nisbet and R. Weiss, “Atmospheric science: top-down versus bottom-up,” Science 328(5983), 1241–1243 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• B. B. Stephens, K. R. Gurney, P. P. Tans, C. Sweeney, W. Peters, L. Bruhwiler, P. Ciais, M. Ramonet, P. Bousquet, T. Nakazawa, S. Aoki, T. Machida, G. Inoue, N. Vinnichenko, J. Lloyd, A. Jordan, M. Heimann, O. Shibistova, R. L. Langenfelds, L. P. Steele, R. J. Francey, and A. S. Denning, “Weak northern and strong tropical land carbon uptake from vertical profiles of atmospheric CO2.,” Science 316(5832), 1732–1735 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Other

• M. Ebrahim-Zadeh, and I. T. Sorokina, eds., Mid-Infrared Coherent Sources and Applications (Springer, 2007).
• C. Weitkamp, ed., Lidar: Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere (Springer, 2005).
• T. F. Refaat, M. N. Abedin, G. J. Koch, S. Ismail, and U. Singh, “Infrared Detectors Characterization for CO2 DIAL Measurement,” Proc. SPIE 5154 Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring IV, 65–73 (2003).
• P. C. Becker, N. A. Olsson, and J. R. Simpson, Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Fundamentals and Technology (Academic Press, 1999).
• N. K. Dutta, and Q. Wang, Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (World Scientific, 2006).
• F. Gholami, J. M. Chavez Boggio, S. Moro, N. Alic, and S. Radic, “Measurement of ultra-low fourth order dispersion coefficient in nonlinear fiber by distant low-power FWM,” IEEE Photonics Society Summer Topical Meeting, paper WC1.1, Playa Del Carmen, Mexico (2010).
• V. A. Kovalev, and W. E. Eichinger, Elastic Lidar: Theory, Practice, and Analysis Methods (Wiley, 2004), Ch. 7.
• B. P.-P. Kuo, A. O. J. Wiberg, E. Myslivets, D. Blessing, N. Alic, and S. Radic, “Widely-Tunable, Multi-Wavelength Short Wave Infrared Light Source based on Fiber Optical Parametric Oscillator,” in Proc. OFC/NFOEC 2010, San Diego, CA, paper OThA5 (2010).
• S. Moro, A. Peric, N. Alic, C. J. McKinstrie, and S. Radic, “Experimental Demonstration of a Low-Noise-Figure Phase-Insensitive Parametric Amplifier,” IEEE Photonics Society 2010 Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, paper WN3 (2010).

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