Cryptographic scheme using genetic algorithm and optical responses of periodic structures

doi:10.1364/OE.19.008187

Cryptographic scheme using genetic algorithm and optical responses of periodic structures

Jia-Shiang Chen, Yu-Bin Chen, Pei-feng Hsu, Nghia Nguyen-Huu, and Yu-Lung Lo »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 9, pp. 8187-8199 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.008187

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Abstract
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Abstract

This study employed the optical responses of periodic structures, multiple-variable functions with sufficient complexity, to develop a cryptographic scheme. The characteristics of structures could be delivered easily with the ciphertext, a series of numbers containing plaintext messages. Two optimization methods utilizing a genetic algorithm were adopted to generate the periodic structure profile as a critical encryption/decryption key. The robustness of methods was further confirmed under various limits. The ciphertext could only be decrypted by referring to the codebook after acquiring the pre-determined optical response. The confidentiality and large capacity of the scheme revealed the enhanced coding strategies here while the success of the scheme was demonstrated with the delivery of an example message.

OCIS Codes
(050.2770) Diffraction and gratings : Gratings
(160.4760) Materials : Optical properties
(060.4785) Fiber optics and optical communications : Optical security and encryption

ToC Category:
Fiber Optics and Optical Communications

History
Original Manuscript: January 13, 2011
Revised Manuscript: April 7, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: April 8, 2011
Published: April 14, 2011

Citation
Jia-Shiang Chen, Yu-Bin Chen, Pei-feng Hsu, Nghia Nguyen-Huu, and Yu-Lung Lo, "Cryptographic scheme using genetic algorithm and optical responses of periodic structures," Opt. Express 19, 8187-8199 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-9-8187

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References

A. J. Menezes, P. C. Van Oorschot, and S. A. Vanstone, Handbook of Applied Cryptography (CRC Press, 1997).
R. L. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman, “Method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems,” Commun. ACM 21(2), 120–126 (1978). [CrossRef]
C. T. Clelland, V. Risca, and C. Bancroft, “Hiding messages in DNA microdots,” Nature 399(6736), 533–534 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
N. Gisin, G. G. Ribordy, W. Tittel, and H. Zbinden, “Quantum cryptography,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 74(1), 145–195 (2002). [CrossRef]
P. Refregier and B. Javidi, “Optical image encryption based on input plane and Fourier plane random encoding,” Opt. Lett. 20(7), 767–769 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
B. Javidi and T. Nomura, “Securing information by use of digital holography,” Opt. Lett. 25(1), 28–30 (2000). [CrossRef]
W. Chen, X. D. Chen, and C. J. R. Sheppard, “Optical image encryption based on diffractive imaging,” Opt. Lett. 35(22), 3817–3819 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. Pappu, B. Recht, J. Taylor, and N. Gershenfeld, “Physical one-way functions,” Science 297(5589), 2026–2030 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Zhou, S. D. Chang, and C. P. Grover, “Cryptography based on the absorption/emission features of multicolor semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots,” Opt. Express 12(13), 2925–2931 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-13-2925 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y.-B. Chen and J. S. Chen, “Cryptosystem for plaintext messages utilizing optical properties of gratings,” Appl. Opt. 49(11), 2041–2046 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Argyris, D. Syvridis, L. Larger, V. Annovazzi-Lodi, P. Colet, I. Fischer, J. Garcia-Ojalvo, C. R. Mirasso, L. Pesquera, and K. A. Shore, “Chaos-based communications at high bit rates using commercial fibre-optic links,” Nature 438 (7066), 343–346 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. E. Goldberg, Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning (Addison-Wesley, 1989).
S. S. Rao, Engineering Optimization: Theory and Practice (John Wiley, 2009).
E. G. Loewen and E. Popov, Diffraction Gratings and Applications (M. Dekker, 1997).
F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt, T. L. Bergman, and A. S. Lavain, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer (John Wiley, 2007).
B. J. Lee, Y.-B. Chen, and Z. M. Zhang, “Transmission enhancement through nanoscale metallic slit arrays from the visible to mid-infrared,” J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 5, 201–213 (2008).
M. G. Moharam and T. K. Gaylord, “Rigorous coupled-wave analysis of planar-grating diffraction,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 71(7), 811–818 (1981). [CrossRef]
E. D. Palik, Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids (Academic Press, 1998).
Y. J. Shen, Q. Z. Zhu, and Z. M. Zhang, “A scatterometer for measuring the bidirectional reflectance and transmittance of semiconductor wafers with rough surfaces,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74(11), 4885–4892 (2003). [CrossRef]
R. Katayama and Y. Komatsu, “Blue/DVD/CD compatible optical head,” Appl. Opt. 47(22), 4045–4054 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. C. Cheng and Y. L. Lo, “Arbitrary strain distribution measurement using a genetic algorithm approach and two fiber Bragg grating intensity spectra,” Opt. Commun. 239(4-6), 323–332 (2004). [CrossRef]
E. G. Johnson and M. A. G. Abushagur, “Microgenetic-algorithm optimization methods applied to dielectric gratings,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12(5), 1152–1160 (1995). [CrossRef]

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[1] A. J. Menezes, P. C. Van Oorschot, and S. A. Vanstone, Handbook of Applied Cryptography (CRC Press, 1997).

[2] R. L. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman, “Method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems,” Commun. ACM 21(2), 120–126 (1978). [CrossRef]

[3] C. T. Clelland, V. Risca, and C. Bancroft, “Hiding messages in DNA microdots,” Nature 399(6736), 533–534 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] N. Gisin, G. G. Ribordy, W. Tittel, and H. Zbinden, “Quantum cryptography,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 74(1), 145–195 (2002). [CrossRef]

[5] P. Refregier and B. Javidi, “Optical image encryption based on input plane and Fourier plane random encoding,” Opt. Lett. 20(7), 767–769 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[6] B. Javidi and T. Nomura, “Securing information by use of digital holography,” Opt. Lett. 25(1), 28–30 (2000). [CrossRef]

[7] W. Chen, X. D. Chen, and C. J. R. Sheppard, “Optical image encryption based on diffractive imaging,” Opt. Lett. 35(22), 3817–3819 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] R. Pappu, B. Recht, J. Taylor, and N. Gershenfeld, “Physical one-way functions,” Science 297(5589), 2026–2030 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[9] M. Zhou, S. D. Chang, and C. P. Grover, “Cryptography based on the absorption/emission features of multicolor semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots,” Opt. Express 12(13), 2925–2931 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-13-2925 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[10] Y.-B. Chen and J. S. Chen, “Cryptosystem for plaintext messages utilizing optical properties of gratings,” Appl. Opt. 49(11), 2041–2046 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] A. Argyris, D. Syvridis, L. Larger, V. Annovazzi-Lodi, P. Colet, I. Fischer, J. Garcia-Ojalvo, C. R. Mirasso, L. Pesquera, and K. A. Shore, “Chaos-based communications at high bit rates using commercial fibre-optic links,” Nature 438 (7066), 343–346 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[12] D. E. Goldberg, Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning (Addison-Wesley, 1989).

[13] S. S. Rao, Engineering Optimization: Theory and Practice (John Wiley, 2009).

[14] E. G. Loewen and E. Popov, Diffraction Gratings and Applications (M. Dekker, 1997).

[15] F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt, T. L. Bergman, and A. S. Lavain, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer (John Wiley, 2007).

[16] B. J. Lee, Y.-B. Chen, and Z. M. Zhang, “Transmission enhancement through nanoscale metallic slit arrays from the visible to mid-infrared,” J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 5, 201–213 (2008).

[17] M. G. Moharam and T. K. Gaylord, “Rigorous coupled-wave analysis of planar-grating diffraction,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 71(7), 811–818 (1981). [CrossRef]

[18] E. D. Palik, Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids (Academic Press, 1998).

[19] Y. J. Shen, Q. Z. Zhu, and Z. M. Zhang, “A scatterometer for measuring the bidirectional reflectance and transmittance of semiconductor wafers with rough surfaces,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74(11), 4885–4892 (2003). [CrossRef]

[20] R. Katayama and Y. Komatsu, “Blue/DVD/CD compatible optical head,” Appl. Opt. 47(22), 4045–4054 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[21] H. C. Cheng and Y. L. Lo, “Arbitrary strain distribution measurement using a genetic algorithm approach and two fiber Bragg grating intensity spectra,” Opt. Commun. 239(4-6), 323–332 (2004). [CrossRef]

[22] E. G. Johnson and M. A. G. Abushagur, “Microgenetic-algorithm optimization methods applied to dielectric gratings,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12(5), 1152–1160 (1995). [CrossRef]

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Cryptographic scheme using genetic algorithm and optical responses of periodic structures