Electroluminescence from chirality-sorted (9,7)-semiconducting carbon nanotube devices

doi:10.1364/OE.19.0A1184

Electroluminescence from chirality-sorted (9,7)-semiconducting carbon nanotube devices

Martin H.P. Pfeiffer, Ninette Stürzl, Christoph W. Marquardt, Michael Engel, Simone Dehm, Frank Hennrich, Manfred M. Kappes, Uli Lemmer, and Ralph Krupke »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue S6, pp. A1184-A1189 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.0A1184

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Abstract

We have measured the electroluminescence and photoluminescence of (9,7)-semiconducting carbon nanotube devices and demonstrate that the electroluminescence wavelength is determined by the nanotube’s chiral index (n,m). The devices were fabricated on Si₃N₄-membranes by dielectrophoretic assembly of tubes from monochiral dispersion. Electrically driven (9,7)-devices exhibit a single Lorentzian-shaped emission peak at 825 nm in the visible part of the spectrum. The emission could be assigned to the excitonic E22 interband-transition by comparison of the electroluminescence spectra with corresponding photoluminescence excitation maps. We show a linear dependence of the EL peak width on the electrical current, and provide evidence for the inertness of Si₃N₄ surfaces with respect to the nanotubes optical properties.

OCIS Codes
(160.0160) Materials : Materials
(300.0300) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy

ToC Category:
Organic Light-emitting Diodes

History
Original Manuscript: August 1, 2011
Revised Manuscript: September 9, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: September 10, 2011
Published: September 22, 2011

Citation
Martin H.P. Pfeiffer, Ninette Stürzl, Christoph W. Marquardt, Michael Engel, Simone Dehm, Frank Hennrich, Manfred M. Kappes, Uli Lemmer, and Ralph Krupke, "Electroluminescence from chirality-sorted (9,7)-semiconducting carbon nanotube devices," Opt. Express 19, A1184-A1189 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-S6-A1184

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References

P. Avouris, M. Freitag, and V. Perebeinos, “Carbon-nanotube photonics and optoelectronics,” Nat. Photonics2(6), 341–350 (2008). [CrossRef]
T. Ando, “Excitons in carbon nanotubes,” J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.66(4), 1066–1073 (1997). [CrossRef]
F. Wang, G. Dukovic, L. E. Brus, and T. F. Heinz, “The optical resonances in carbon nanotubes arise from excitons,” Science308(5723), 838–841 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Freitag, Y. Martin, J. A. Misewich, R. Martel, and P. Avouris, “Photoconductivity of Single Carbon Nanotubes,” Nano Lett.3(8), 1067–1071 (2003). [CrossRef]
M. J. O’Connell, S. M. Bachilo, C. B. Huffman, V. C. Moore, M. S. Strano, E. H. Haroz, K. L. Rialon, P. J. Boul, W. H. Noon, C. Kittrell, J. Ma, R. H. Hauge, R. B. Weisman, and R. E. Smalley, “Band gap fluorescence from individual single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Science297(5581), 593–596 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. A. Misewich, R. Martel, P. Avouris, J. C. Tsang, S. Heinze, and J. Tersoff, “Electrically induced optical emission from a carbon nanotube FET,” Science300(5620), 783–786 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. M. Bachilo, M. S. Strano, C. Kittrell, R. H. Hauge, R. E. Smalley, and R. B. Weisman, “Structure-assigned optical spectra of single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Science298(5602), 2361–2366 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
X. Qiu, M. Freitag, V. Perebeinos, and P. Avouris, “Photoconductivity spectra of single-carbon nanotubes: implications on the nature of their excited States,” Nano Lett.5(4), 749–752 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Freitag, J. Chen, J. Tersoff, J. C. Tsang, Q. Fu, J. Liu, and P. Avouris, “Mobile ambipolar domain in carbon-nanotube infrared emitters,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93(7), 076803 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. Marty, E. Adam, L. Albert, R. Doyon, D. Ménard, and R. Martel, “Exciton formation and annihilation during 1D impact excitation of carbon nanotubes,” Phys. Rev. Lett.96(13), 136803 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. Adam, C. M. Aguirre, L. Marty, B. C. St-Antoine, F. Meunier, P. Desjardins, D. Ménard, and R. Martel, “Electroluminescence from single-wall carbon nanotube network transistors,” Nano Lett.8(8), 2351–2355 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Vijayaraghavan, F. Hennrich, N. Stürzl, M. Engel, M. Ganzhorn, M. Oron-Carl, C. W. Marquardt, S. Dehm, S. Lebedkin, M. M. Kappes, and R. Krupke, “Toward single-chirality carbon nanotube device arrays,” ACS Nano4(5), 2748–2754 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Essig, C. W. Marquardt, A. Vijayaraghavan, M. Ganzhorn, S. Dehm, F. Hennrich, F. Ou, A. A. Green, C. Sciascia, F. Bonaccorso, K.-P. Bohnen, H. Löhneysen, M. M. Kappes, P. M. Ajayan, M. C. Hersam, A. C. Ferrari, and R. Krupke, “Phonon-assisted electroluminescence from metallic carbon nanotubes and graphene,” Nano Lett.10(5), 1589–1594 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
W. C. Marquardt, “Elektrolumineszenz organischer Moleküle nach Kontaktierung mit Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren”, Dissertation 2009, 25–36, http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/1000015948 .
O. Kiowski, S. Lebedkin, F. Hennrich, S. Malik, H. Rösner, K. Arnold, C. Sürgers, and M. M. Kappes, “Photoluminescence microscopy of carbon nanotubes grown by chemical vapor deposition: Influence of external dielectric screening on optical transition energies,” Phys. Rev. B75(7), 075421 (2007). [CrossRef]
A. Vijayaraghavan, S. Blatt, C. Marquardt, S. Dehm, R. Wahi, F. Hennrich, and R. Krupke, “Imaging Electronic Structure of Carbon Nanotubes by Voltage-Contrast Scanning Electron Microscopy,” Nano Research1(4), 321–332 (2008). [CrossRef]
T. Mueller, M. Kinoshita, M. Steiner, V. Perebeinos, A. A. Bol, D. B. Farmer, and P. Avouris, “Efficient narrow-band light emission from a single carbon nanotube p-n diode,” Nat. Nanotechnol.5(1), 27–31 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Wang, Q. Zeng, L. Yang, Z. Zhang, Z. Wang, T. Pei, L. Ding, X. Liang, M. Gao, Y. Li, and L.-M. Peng, “High-performance carbon nanotube light-emitting diodes with asymmetric contacts,” Nano Lett.11(1), 23–29 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
N. Stürzl, F. Hennrich, S. Lebedkin, and M. M. Kappes, “Near Monochiral Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Dispersions in Organic Solvents,” J. Phys. Chem. C113(33), 14628–14632 (2009). [CrossRef]
M. Freitag, M. Steiner, A. Naumov, J. P. Small, A. A. Bol, V. Perebeinos, and P. Avouris, “Carbon nanotube photo- and electroluminescence in longitudinal electric fields,” ACS Nano3(11), 3744–3748 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Lefebvre, S. Maruyama, and P. Finnie, “Photoluminescence: Science and Applications,” Topics Appl. Physics111, 287–319 (2008). [CrossRef]
Y. Murakami and J. Kono, “Nonlinear photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes: exploring the upper density limit of one-dimensional excitons,” Phys. Rev. Lett.102(3), 037401 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Chen, V. Perebeinos, M. Freitag, J. Tsang, Q. Fu, J. Liu, and P. Avouris, “Bright infrared emission from electrically induced excitons in carbon nanotubes,” Science310(5751), 1171–1174 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Adam, E.
Aguirre, C. M.
Ajayan, P. M.
Albert, L.
Ando, T.
Arnold, K.
Avouris, P.
Bachilo, S. M.
Blatt, S.
Bohnen, K.-P.
Bol, A. A.
Bonaccorso, F.
Boul, P. J.
Brus, L. E.
Chen, J.
Dehm, S.
Desjardins, P.
Ding, L.
Doyon, R.
Dukovic, G.
Engel, M.
Essig, S.
Farmer, D. B.
Ferrari, A. C.
Finnie, P.
Freitag, M.
Fu, Q.
Ganzhorn, M.
Gao, M.
Green, A. A.
Haroz, E. H.
Hauge, R. H.
Heinz, T. F.
Heinze, S.
Hennrich, F.
Hersam, M. C.
Huffman, C. B.
Kappes, M. M.
Kinoshita, M.
Kiowski, O.
Kittrell, C.
Kono, J.
Krupke, R.
Lebedkin, S.
Lefebvre, J.
Li, Y.
Liang, X.
Liu, J.
Löhneysen, H.
Ma, J.
Malik, S.
Marquardt, C.
Marquardt, C. W.
Martel, R.
Martin, Y.
Marty, L.
Maruyama, S.
Ménard, D.
Meunier, F.
Misewich, J. A.
Moore, V. C.
Mueller, T.
Murakami, Y.
Naumov, A.
Noon, W. H.
O’Connell, M. J.
Oron-Carl, M.
Ou, F.
Pei, T.
Peng, L.-M.
Perebeinos, V.
Qiu, X.
Rialon, K. L.
Rösner, H.
Sciascia, C.
Small, J. P.
Smalley, R. E.
St-Antoine, B. C.
Steiner, M.
Strano, M. S.
Stürzl, N.
Sürgers, C.
Tersoff, J.
Tsang, J.
Tsang, J. C.
Vijayaraghavan, A.
Wahi, R.
Wang, F.
Wang, S.
Wang, Z.
Weisman, R. B.
Yang, L.
Zeng, Q.
Zhang, Z.

ACS Nano

A. Vijayaraghavan, F. Hennrich, N. Stürzl, M. Engel, M. Ganzhorn, M. Oron-Carl, C. W. Marquardt, S. Dehm, S. Lebedkin, M. M. Kappes, and R. Krupke, “Toward single-chirality carbon nanotube device arrays,” ACS Nano4(5), 2748–2754 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Freitag, M. Steiner, A. Naumov, J. P. Small, A. A. Bol, V. Perebeinos, and P. Avouris, “Carbon nanotube photo- and electroluminescence in longitudinal electric fields,” ACS Nano3(11), 3744–3748 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Phys. Chem. C

N. Stürzl, F. Hennrich, S. Lebedkin, and M. M. Kappes, “Near Monochiral Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Dispersions in Organic Solvents,” J. Phys. Chem. C113(33), 14628–14632 (2009). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.

T. Ando, “Excitons in carbon nanotubes,” J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.66(4), 1066–1073 (1997). [CrossRef]

Nano Lett.

X. Qiu, M. Freitag, V. Perebeinos, and P. Avouris, “Photoconductivity spectra of single-carbon nanotubes: implications on the nature of their excited States,” Nano Lett.5(4), 749–752 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Freitag, Y. Martin, J. A. Misewich, R. Martel, and P. Avouris, “Photoconductivity of Single Carbon Nanotubes,” Nano Lett.3(8), 1067–1071 (2003). [CrossRef]
S. Essig, C. W. Marquardt, A. Vijayaraghavan, M. Ganzhorn, S. Dehm, F. Hennrich, F. Ou, A. A. Green, C. Sciascia, F. Bonaccorso, K.-P. Bohnen, H. Löhneysen, M. M. Kappes, P. M. Ajayan, M. C. Hersam, A. C. Ferrari, and R. Krupke, “Phonon-assisted electroluminescence from metallic carbon nanotubes and graphene,” Nano Lett.10(5), 1589–1594 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. Adam, C. M. Aguirre, L. Marty, B. C. St-Antoine, F. Meunier, P. Desjardins, D. Ménard, and R. Martel, “Electroluminescence from single-wall carbon nanotube network transistors,” Nano Lett.8(8), 2351–2355 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Wang, Q. Zeng, L. Yang, Z. Zhang, Z. Wang, T. Pei, L. Ding, X. Liang, M. Gao, Y. Li, and L.-M. Peng, “High-performance carbon nanotube light-emitting diodes with asymmetric contacts,” Nano Lett.11(1), 23–29 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nano Research

A. Vijayaraghavan, S. Blatt, C. Marquardt, S. Dehm, R. Wahi, F. Hennrich, and R. Krupke, “Imaging Electronic Structure of Carbon Nanotubes by Voltage-Contrast Scanning Electron Microscopy,” Nano Research1(4), 321–332 (2008). [CrossRef]

Nat. Nanotechnol.

T. Mueller, M. Kinoshita, M. Steiner, V. Perebeinos, A. A. Bol, D. B. Farmer, and P. Avouris, “Efficient narrow-band light emission from a single carbon nanotube p-n diode,” Nat. Nanotechnol.5(1), 27–31 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nat. Photonics

P. Avouris, M. Freitag, and V. Perebeinos, “Carbon-nanotube photonics and optoelectronics,” Nat. Photonics2(6), 341–350 (2008). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. B

O. Kiowski, S. Lebedkin, F. Hennrich, S. Malik, H. Rösner, K. Arnold, C. Sürgers, and M. M. Kappes, “Photoluminescence microscopy of carbon nanotubes grown by chemical vapor deposition: Influence of external dielectric screening on optical transition energies,” Phys. Rev. B75(7), 075421 (2007). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

M. Freitag, J. Chen, J. Tersoff, J. C. Tsang, Q. Fu, J. Liu, and P. Avouris, “Mobile ambipolar domain in carbon-nanotube infrared emitters,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93(7), 076803 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. Marty, E. Adam, L. Albert, R. Doyon, D. Ménard, and R. Martel, “Exciton formation and annihilation during 1D impact excitation of carbon nanotubes,” Phys. Rev. Lett.96(13), 136803 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. Murakami and J. Kono, “Nonlinear photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes: exploring the upper density limit of one-dimensional excitons,” Phys. Rev. Lett.102(3), 037401 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Science

J. Chen, V. Perebeinos, M. Freitag, J. Tsang, Q. Fu, J. Liu, and P. Avouris, “Bright infrared emission from electrically induced excitons in carbon nanotubes,” Science310(5751), 1171–1174 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Wang, G. Dukovic, L. E. Brus, and T. F. Heinz, “The optical resonances in carbon nanotubes arise from excitons,” Science308(5723), 838–841 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. J. O’Connell, S. M. Bachilo, C. B. Huffman, V. C. Moore, M. S. Strano, E. H. Haroz, K. L. Rialon, P. J. Boul, W. H. Noon, C. Kittrell, J. Ma, R. H. Hauge, R. B. Weisman, and R. E. Smalley, “Band gap fluorescence from individual single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Science297(5581), 593–596 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. A. Misewich, R. Martel, P. Avouris, J. C. Tsang, S. Heinze, and J. Tersoff, “Electrically induced optical emission from a carbon nanotube FET,” Science300(5620), 783–786 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. M. Bachilo, M. S. Strano, C. Kittrell, R. H. Hauge, R. E. Smalley, and R. B. Weisman, “Structure-assigned optical spectra of single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Science298(5602), 2361–2366 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Topics Appl. Physics

J. Lefebvre, S. Maruyama, and P. Finnie, “Photoluminescence: Science and Applications,” Topics Appl. Physics111, 287–319 (2008). [CrossRef]

Other

W. C. Marquardt, “Elektrolumineszenz organischer Moleküle nach Kontaktierung mit Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren”, Dissertation 2009, 25–36, http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/1000015948 .

2011, Wang, Nano Lett.
2010, Vijayaraghavan, ACS Nano
2010, Essig, Nano Lett.
2010, Mueller, Nat. Nanotechnol.
2009, Murakami, Phys. Rev. Lett.
2009, Stürzl, J. Phys. Chem. C
2009, Freitag, ACS Nano
2008, Lefebvre, Topics Appl. Physics
2008, Adam, Nano Lett.
2008, Avouris, Nat. Photonics
2008, Vijayaraghavan, Nano Research
2007, Kiowski, Phys. Rev. B
2006, Marty, Phys. Rev. Lett.
2005, Wang, Science
2005, Qiu, Nano Lett.
2005, Chen, Science
2004, Freitag, Phys. Rev. Lett.
2003, Misewich, Science
2003, Freitag, Nano Lett.
2002, O’Connell, Science
2002, Bachilo, Science
1997, Ando, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.

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[1] P. Avouris, M. Freitag, and V. Perebeinos, “Carbon-nanotube photonics and optoelectronics,” Nat. Photonics2(6), 341–350 (2008). [CrossRef]

[2] T. Ando, “Excitons in carbon nanotubes,” J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.66(4), 1066–1073 (1997). [CrossRef]

[3] F. Wang, G. Dukovic, L. E. Brus, and T. F. Heinz, “The optical resonances in carbon nanotubes arise from excitons,” Science308(5723), 838–841 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] M. Freitag, Y. Martin, J. A. Misewich, R. Martel, and P. Avouris, “Photoconductivity of Single Carbon Nanotubes,” Nano Lett.3(8), 1067–1071 (2003). [CrossRef]

[5] M. J. O’Connell, S. M. Bachilo, C. B. Huffman, V. C. Moore, M. S. Strano, E. H. Haroz, K. L. Rialon, P. J. Boul, W. H. Noon, C. Kittrell, J. Ma, R. H. Hauge, R. B. Weisman, and R. E. Smalley, “Band gap fluorescence from individual single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Science297(5581), 593–596 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[6] J. A. Misewich, R. Martel, P. Avouris, J. C. Tsang, S. Heinze, and J. Tersoff, “Electrically induced optical emission from a carbon nanotube FET,” Science300(5620), 783–786 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[7] S. M. Bachilo, M. S. Strano, C. Kittrell, R. H. Hauge, R. E. Smalley, and R. B. Weisman, “Structure-assigned optical spectra of single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Science298(5602), 2361–2366 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] X. Qiu, M. Freitag, V. Perebeinos, and P. Avouris, “Photoconductivity spectra of single-carbon nanotubes: implications on the nature of their excited States,” Nano Lett.5(4), 749–752 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[9] M. Freitag, J. Chen, J. Tersoff, J. C. Tsang, Q. Fu, J. Liu, and P. Avouris, “Mobile ambipolar domain in carbon-nanotube infrared emitters,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93(7), 076803 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[10] L. Marty, E. Adam, L. Albert, R. Doyon, D. Ménard, and R. Martel, “Exciton formation and annihilation during 1D impact excitation of carbon nanotubes,” Phys. Rev. Lett.96(13), 136803 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] E. Adam, C. M. Aguirre, L. Marty, B. C. St-Antoine, F. Meunier, P. Desjardins, D. Ménard, and R. Martel, “Electroluminescence from single-wall carbon nanotube network transistors,” Nano Lett.8(8), 2351–2355 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[12] A. Vijayaraghavan, F. Hennrich, N. Stürzl, M. Engel, M. Ganzhorn, M. Oron-Carl, C. W. Marquardt, S. Dehm, S. Lebedkin, M. M. Kappes, and R. Krupke, “Toward single-chirality carbon nanotube device arrays,” ACS Nano4(5), 2748–2754 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[13] S. Essig, C. W. Marquardt, A. Vijayaraghavan, M. Ganzhorn, S. Dehm, F. Hennrich, F. Ou, A. A. Green, C. Sciascia, F. Bonaccorso, K.-P. Bohnen, H. Löhneysen, M. M. Kappes, P. M. Ajayan, M. C. Hersam, A. C. Ferrari, and R. Krupke, “Phonon-assisted electroluminescence from metallic carbon nanotubes and graphene,” Nano Lett.10(5), 1589–1594 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[14] W. C. Marquardt, “Elektrolumineszenz organischer Moleküle nach Kontaktierung mit Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren”, Dissertation 2009, 25–36, http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/1000015948 .

[15] O. Kiowski, S. Lebedkin, F. Hennrich, S. Malik, H. Rösner, K. Arnold, C. Sürgers, and M. M. Kappes, “Photoluminescence microscopy of carbon nanotubes grown by chemical vapor deposition: Influence of external dielectric screening on optical transition energies,” Phys. Rev. B75(7), 075421 (2007). [CrossRef]

[16] A. Vijayaraghavan, S. Blatt, C. Marquardt, S. Dehm, R. Wahi, F. Hennrich, and R. Krupke, “Imaging Electronic Structure of Carbon Nanotubes by Voltage-Contrast Scanning Electron Microscopy,” Nano Research1(4), 321–332 (2008). [CrossRef]

[17] T. Mueller, M. Kinoshita, M. Steiner, V. Perebeinos, A. A. Bol, D. B. Farmer, and P. Avouris, “Efficient narrow-band light emission from a single carbon nanotube p-n diode,” Nat. Nanotechnol.5(1), 27–31 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[18] S. Wang, Q. Zeng, L. Yang, Z. Zhang, Z. Wang, T. Pei, L. Ding, X. Liang, M. Gao, Y. Li, and L.-M. Peng, “High-performance carbon nanotube light-emitting diodes with asymmetric contacts,” Nano Lett.11(1), 23–29 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[19] N. Stürzl, F. Hennrich, S. Lebedkin, and M. M. Kappes, “Near Monochiral Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Dispersions in Organic Solvents,” J. Phys. Chem. C113(33), 14628–14632 (2009). [CrossRef]

[20] M. Freitag, M. Steiner, A. Naumov, J. P. Small, A. A. Bol, V. Perebeinos, and P. Avouris, “Carbon nanotube photo- and electroluminescence in longitudinal electric fields,” ACS Nano3(11), 3744–3748 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[21] J. Lefebvre, S. Maruyama, and P. Finnie, “Photoluminescence: Science and Applications,” Topics Appl. Physics111, 287–319 (2008). [CrossRef]

[22] Y. Murakami and J. Kono, “Nonlinear photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes: exploring the upper density limit of one-dimensional excitons,” Phys. Rev. Lett.102(3), 037401 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[23] J. Chen, V. Perebeinos, M. Freitag, J. Tsang, Q. Fu, J. Liu, and P. Avouris, “Bright infrared emission from electrically induced excitons in carbon nanotubes,” Science310(5751), 1171–1174 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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Electroluminescence from chirality-sorted (9,7)-semiconducting carbon nanotube devices