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Lateral distributed-feedback gratings for single-mode, high-power terahertz quantum-cascade lasersM. Wienold, A. Tahraoui, L. Schrottke, R. Sharma, X. Lü, K. Biermann, R. Hey, and H. T. Grahn »View Author Affiliations
M. Wienold,*
A. Tahraoui,
L. Schrottke,
R. Sharma,
X. Lü,
K. Biermann,
R. Hey,
and H. T. Grahn
Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Hausvogteiplatz 5–7, 10117 Berlin, Germany *Corresponding author: wienold@pdi-berlin.de |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 10, pp. 11207-11217 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.011207
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Abstract
We report on terahertz quantum-cascade lasers (THz QCLs) based on first-order lateral distributed-feedback (lDFB) gratings, which exhibit continuous-wave operation, high output powers (>8 mW), and single-mode emission at 3.3–3.4 THz. A general method is presented to determine the coupling coefficients of lateral gratings in terms of the coupled-mode theory, which demonstrates that large coupling strengths are obtained in the presence of corrugated metal layers. The experimental spectra are in agreement with simulations of the lDFB cavities, which take into account the reflective end facets.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(140.3070) Lasers and laser optics : Infrared and far-infrared lasers
(140.3490) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, distributed-feedback
(140.5965) Lasers and laser optics : Semiconductor lasers, quantum cascade
ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics
History
Original Manuscript: December 15, 2011
Revised Manuscript: March 4, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: April 10, 2012
Published: May 1, 2012
Citation
M. Wienold, A. Tahraoui, L. Schrottke, R. Sharma, X. Lü, K. Biermann, R. Hey, and H. T. Grahn, "Lateral distributed-feedback gratings for single-mode, high-power terahertz quantum-cascade lasers," Opt. Express 20, 11207-11217 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-10-11207
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References
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Ajili, L.
Allen, D. G.
Allen, M. G.
Amanti, M. I.
Anders, W.
Baillargeon, J. N.
Barkan, A.
Beck, M.
Beere, H.
Beere, H. E.
Beltram, F.
Berini, P.
Capasso, F.
Castellano, F.
Cho, A. Y.
Chuang, S. L.
Davies, A. G.
Davies, G.
Dengler, R.
Dumitrescu, M.
Faist, J.
Fenner, D. B.
Fischer, M.
Gao, J. R.
Giehler, M.
Gmachl, C.
Golka, S.
Graf, U. U.
Grahn, H. T.
Green, R. P.
Greiner-Bär, M.
Hargett, T.
Hensley, J. M.
Hey, R.
Higgins, R.
Hovenier, J. N.
Hu, Q.
Hübers, H.-W.
Hwang, W.-Y.
Il’in, K. S.
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Ishaug, B.
Kao, T.-Y.
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Khosropanah, P.
Klapwijk, T. M.
Klein, B.
Kogelnik, H.
Kohen, S.
Köhler, R.
Kumar, S.
Laakso, A.
Lassaad, A.
Le, H. Q.
Lin, C.-H.
Linfield, E.
Linfield, E. H.
Luo, G. P.
Mahler, L.
Mittleman, D. M.
Pavlov, S. G.
Pei, S. S.
Peng, C.
Pessa, M.
Pflügl, C.
Philipp, M.
Rabanus, D.
Ren, Y.
Reno, J. L.
Richter, H.
Ricken, O.
Ritchie, D.
Ritchie, D. A.
Rochat, M.
Rossi, F.
Scalari, G.
Schrenk, W.
Schrottke, L.
Semenov, A. D.
Shank, C. V.
Shi, S. C.
Siegel, M.
Siegel, P. H.
Sirtori, C.
Sivco, D. L.
Strasser, G.
Stutzki, J.
Suominen, M.
Tittel, F. K.
Tredicucci, A.
Um, J.
Viheriälä, J.
Vowinkel, B.
Walther, C.
Wanke, M. C.
Wiedner, M. C.
Wienold, M.
Willenberg, H.
Williams, B. S.
Xu, J.
Zhang, W.
Zinn, A. A.
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- J. Xu, J. M. Hensley, D. B. Fenner, R. P. Green, L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, M. G. Allen, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Tunable terahertz quantum cascade lasers with an external cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91, 121104 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. I. Amanti, G. Scalari, F. Castellano, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Low divergence Terahertz photonic-wire laser,” Opt. Express18, 6390–6395 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. I. Amanti, M. Fischer, G. Scalari, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Low-divergence single-mode terahertz quantum cascade laser,” Nat. Photonics3, 586–590 (2009). [CrossRef]
- P. Khosropanah, W. Zhang, J. N. Hovenier, J. R. Gao, T. M. Klapwijk, M. I. Amanti, G. Scalari, and J. Faist, “3.4 THz heterodyne receiver using a hot electron bolometer and a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser,” J. Appl. Phys.104, 113106 (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. Wienold, L. Schrottke, M. Giehler, R. Hey, W. Anders, and H. T. Grahn, “Low-threshold terahertz quantum-cascade lasers based on GaAs/Al0.25Ga0.75As heterostructures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97, 071113 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. P. Luo, C. Peng, H. Q. Le, S. S. Pei, W.-Y. Hwang, B. Ishaug, J. Um, J. N. Baillargeon, and C.-H. Lin, “Grating-tuned external-cavity quantum-cascade semiconductor lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.78, 2834–2636 (2001). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.70, 2670–2672 (1997). [CrossRef]
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- J. Xu, J. M. Hensley, D. B. Fenner, R. P. Green, L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, M. G. Allen, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Tunable terahertz quantum cascade lasers with an external cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91, 121104 (2007). [CrossRef]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, R. Köhler, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, and D. A. Ritchie, “High-performance operation of single-mode terahertz quantum cascade lasers with metallic gratings,” Appl. Phys. Lett.87, 181101 (2005). [CrossRef]
- H.-W. Hübers, S. G. Pavlov, A. D. Semenov, R. Köhler, L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, and E. H. Linfield, “Terahertz quantum cascade laser as local oscillator in a heterodyne receiver,” Opt. Express13, 5890–5896 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Barkan, F. K. Tittel, D. M. Mittleman, R. Dengler, P. H. Siegel, G. Scalari, L. Ajili, J. Faist, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, and D. A. Ritchie, “Linewidth and tuning characteristics of terahertz quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Lett.29, 575–577 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, “Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser,” Nature (London)417, 156–159 (2002). [CrossRef]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, C. Walther, J. Faist, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “High-power surface emission from terahertz distributed feedback lasers with a dual-slit unit cell,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 191109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. Xu, J. M. Hensley, D. B. Fenner, R. P. Green, L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, M. G. Allen, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Tunable terahertz quantum cascade lasers with an external cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91, 121104 (2007). [CrossRef]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, R. Köhler, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, and D. A. Ritchie, “High-performance operation of single-mode terahertz quantum cascade lasers with metallic gratings,” Appl. Phys. Lett.87, 181101 (2005). [CrossRef]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, “Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser,” Nature (London)417, 156–159 (2002). [CrossRef]
- P. Berini, “Plasmon-polariton waves guided by thin lossy metal films of finite width: Bound modes of symmetric structures,” Phys. Rev. B61, 10484–10503 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.70, 2670–2672 (1997). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.70, 2670–2672 (1997). [CrossRef]
- S. L. Chuang, Physics of Photonic Devices (Wiley, New York, 2009), 2nd ed.
- A. Barkan, F. K. Tittel, D. M. Mittleman, R. Dengler, P. H. Siegel, G. Scalari, L. Ajili, J. Faist, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, and D. A. Ritchie, “Linewidth and tuning characteristics of terahertz quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Lett.29, 575–577 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, “Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser,” Nature (London)417, 156–159 (2002). [CrossRef]
- M. Rochat, A. Lassaad, H. Willenberg, J. Faist, H. Beere, G. Davies, E. Linfield, and D. Ritchie, “Low-threshold terahertz quantum-cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.81, 1381–1383 (2002). [CrossRef]
- A. Laakso, M. Dumitrescu, J. Viheriälä, J. Karinen, M. Suominen, and M. Pessa, “Optical modeling of laterally-corrugated ridge-waveguide gratings,” Opt. Quant. Electron.40, 907–920 (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. I. Amanti, G. Scalari, F. Castellano, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Low divergence Terahertz photonic-wire laser,” Opt. Express18, 6390–6395 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, C. Walther, J. Faist, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “High-power surface emission from terahertz distributed feedback lasers with a dual-slit unit cell,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 191109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. I. Amanti, M. Fischer, G. Scalari, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Low-divergence single-mode terahertz quantum cascade laser,” Nat. Photonics3, 586–590 (2009). [CrossRef]
- D. Rabanus, U. U. Graf, M. Philipp, O. Ricken, J. Stutzki, B. Vowinkel, M. C. Wiedner, C. Walther, M. Fischer, and J. Faist, “Phase locking of a 1.5 Terahertz quantum cascade laser and use as a local oscillator in a heterodyne HEB receiver,” Opt. Express17, 1159–1168 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Khosropanah, W. Zhang, J. N. Hovenier, J. R. Gao, T. M. Klapwijk, M. I. Amanti, G. Scalari, and J. Faist, “3.4 THz heterodyne receiver using a hot electron bolometer and a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser,” J. Appl. Phys.104, 113106 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. Barkan, F. K. Tittel, D. M. Mittleman, R. Dengler, P. H. Siegel, G. Scalari, L. Ajili, J. Faist, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, and D. A. Ritchie, “Linewidth and tuning characteristics of terahertz quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Lett.29, 575–577 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Rochat, A. Lassaad, H. Willenberg, J. Faist, H. Beere, G. Davies, E. Linfield, and D. Ritchie, “Low-threshold terahertz quantum-cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.81, 1381–1383 (2002). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.70, 2670–2672 (1997). [CrossRef]
- J. Xu, J. M. Hensley, D. B. Fenner, R. P. Green, L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, M. G. Allen, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Tunable terahertz quantum cascade lasers with an external cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91, 121104 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. I. Amanti, M. Fischer, G. Scalari, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Low-divergence single-mode terahertz quantum cascade laser,” Nat. Photonics3, 586–590 (2009). [CrossRef]
- D. Rabanus, U. U. Graf, M. Philipp, O. Ricken, J. Stutzki, B. Vowinkel, M. C. Wiedner, C. Walther, M. Fischer, and J. Faist, “Phase locking of a 1.5 Terahertz quantum cascade laser and use as a local oscillator in a heterodyne HEB receiver,” Opt. Express17, 1159–1168 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ren, J. N. Hovenier, R. Higgins, J. R. Gao, T. M. Klapwijk, S. C. Shi, B. Klein, T.-Y. Kao, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, “High-resolution heterodyne spectroscopy using a tunable quantum cascade laser around 3.5 THz,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98, 231109 (2011). [CrossRef]
- P. Khosropanah, W. Zhang, J. N. Hovenier, J. R. Gao, T. M. Klapwijk, M. I. Amanti, G. Scalari, and J. Faist, “3.4 THz heterodyne receiver using a hot electron bolometer and a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser,” J. Appl. Phys.104, 113106 (2008). [CrossRef]
- H. Richter, M. Greiner-Bär, S. G. Pavlov, A. D. Semenov, M. Wienold, L. Schrottke, M. Giehler, R. Hey, H. T. Grahn, and H.-W. Hübers, “A compact, continuous-wave terahertz source based on a quantum-cascade laser and a miniature cryocooler,” Opt. Express18, 10177–10187 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wienold, L. Schrottke, M. Giehler, R. Hey, W. Anders, and H. T. Grahn, “Low-threshold terahertz quantum-cascade lasers based on GaAs/Al0.25Ga0.75As heterostructures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97, 071113 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.70, 2670–2672 (1997). [CrossRef]
- S. Golka, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Quantum cascade lasers with lateral double-sided distributed feedback grating,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86, 111103 (2005). [CrossRef]
- H. Richter, M. Greiner-Bär, S. G. Pavlov, A. D. Semenov, M. Wienold, L. Schrottke, M. Giehler, R. Hey, H. T. Grahn, and H.-W. Hübers, “A compact, continuous-wave terahertz source based on a quantum-cascade laser and a miniature cryocooler,” Opt. Express18, 10177–10187 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wienold, L. Schrottke, M. Giehler, R. Hey, W. Anders, and H. T. Grahn, “Low-threshold terahertz quantum-cascade lasers based on GaAs/Al0.25Ga0.75As heterostructures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97, 071113 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. Xu, J. M. Hensley, D. B. Fenner, R. P. Green, L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, M. G. Allen, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Tunable terahertz quantum cascade lasers with an external cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91, 121104 (2007). [CrossRef]
- D. G. Allen, T. Hargett, J. L. Reno, A. A. Zinn, and M. C. Wanke, “Index tuning for precise frequency selection of terahertz quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.23, 30–32 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J. Xu, J. M. Hensley, D. B. Fenner, R. P. Green, L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, M. G. Allen, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Tunable terahertz quantum cascade lasers with an external cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91, 121104 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- J. Xu, J. M. Hensley, D. B. Fenner, R. P. Green, L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, M. G. Allen, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Tunable terahertz quantum cascade lasers with an external cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91, 121104 (2007). [CrossRef]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, R. Köhler, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, and D. A. Ritchie, “High-performance operation of single-mode terahertz quantum cascade lasers with metallic gratings,” Appl. Phys. Lett.87, 181101 (2005). [CrossRef]
- H.-W. Hübers, S. G. Pavlov, A. D. Semenov, R. Köhler, L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, and E. H. Linfield, “Terahertz quantum cascade laser as local oscillator in a heterodyne receiver,” Opt. Express13, 5890–5896 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, “Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser,” Nature (London)417, 156–159 (2002). [CrossRef]
- G. P. Luo, C. Peng, H. Q. Le, S. S. Pei, W.-Y. Hwang, B. Ishaug, J. Um, J. N. Baillargeon, and C.-H. Lin, “Grating-tuned external-cavity quantum-cascade semiconductor lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.78, 2834–2636 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. Laakso, M. Dumitrescu, J. Viheriälä, J. Karinen, M. Suominen, and M. Pessa, “Optical modeling of laterally-corrugated ridge-waveguide gratings,” Opt. Quant. Electron.40, 907–920 (2008). [CrossRef]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, C. Walther, J. Faist, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “High-power surface emission from terahertz distributed feedback lasers with a dual-slit unit cell,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 191109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- D. Rabanus, U. U. Graf, M. Philipp, O. Ricken, J. Stutzki, B. Vowinkel, M. C. Wiedner, C. Walther, M. Fischer, and J. Faist, “Phase locking of a 1.5 Terahertz quantum cascade laser and use as a local oscillator in a heterodyne HEB receiver,” Opt. Express17, 1159–1168 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. G. Allen, T. Hargett, J. L. Reno, A. A. Zinn, and M. C. Wanke, “Index tuning for precise frequency selection of terahertz quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.23, 30–32 (2011). [CrossRef]
- H. Richter, M. Greiner-Bär, S. G. Pavlov, A. D. Semenov, M. Wienold, L. Schrottke, M. Giehler, R. Hey, H. T. Grahn, and H.-W. Hübers, “A compact, continuous-wave terahertz source based on a quantum-cascade laser and a miniature cryocooler,” Opt. Express18, 10177–10187 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wienold, L. Schrottke, M. Giehler, R. Hey, W. Anders, and H. T. Grahn, “Low-threshold terahertz quantum-cascade lasers based on GaAs/Al0.25Ga0.75As heterostructures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97, 071113 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Rochat, A. Lassaad, H. Willenberg, J. Faist, H. Beere, G. Davies, E. Linfield, and D. Ritchie, “Low-threshold terahertz quantum-cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.81, 1381–1383 (2002). [CrossRef]
- B. S. Williams, “Terahertz quantum-cascade lasers,” Nat. Photonics1, 517–525 (2007). [CrossRef]
- B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, “Distributed-feedback terahertz quantum-cascade lasers with laterally corrugated metal waveguides,” Opt. Lett.30, 2909–2911 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Kohen, B. S. Williams, and Q. Hu, “Electromagnetic modeling of terahertz quantum cascade laser waveguides and resonators,” J. Appl. Phys.97, 053106 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. Xu, J. M. Hensley, D. B. Fenner, R. P. Green, L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, M. G. Allen, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Tunable terahertz quantum cascade lasers with an external cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91, 121104 (2007). [CrossRef]
- P. Khosropanah, W. Zhang, J. N. Hovenier, J. R. Gao, T. M. Klapwijk, M. I. Amanti, G. Scalari, and J. Faist, “3.4 THz heterodyne receiver using a hot electron bolometer and a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser,” J. Appl. Phys.104, 113106 (2008). [CrossRef]
- D. G. Allen, T. Hargett, J. L. Reno, A. A. Zinn, and M. C. Wanke, “Index tuning for precise frequency selection of terahertz quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.23, 30–32 (2011). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- H. Richter, A. D. Semenov, S. G. Pavlov, L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, K. S. Il’in, M. Siegel, and H.-W. Hübers, “Terahertz heterodyne receiver with quantum cascade laser and hot electron bolometer mixer in a pulse tube cooler,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93, 141108 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Y. Ren, J. N. Hovenier, R. Higgins, J. R. Gao, T. M. Klapwijk, S. C. Shi, B. Klein, T.-Y. Kao, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, “High-resolution heterodyne spectroscopy using a tunable quantum cascade laser around 3.5 THz,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98, 231109 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.70, 2670–2672 (1997). [CrossRef]
- G. P. Luo, C. Peng, H. Q. Le, S. S. Pei, W.-Y. Hwang, B. Ishaug, J. Um, J. N. Baillargeon, and C.-H. Lin, “Grating-tuned external-cavity quantum-cascade semiconductor lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.78, 2834–2636 (2001). [CrossRef]
- J. Xu, J. M. Hensley, D. B. Fenner, R. P. Green, L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, M. G. Allen, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Tunable terahertz quantum cascade lasers with an external cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91, 121104 (2007). [CrossRef]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, R. Köhler, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, and D. A. Ritchie, “High-performance operation of single-mode terahertz quantum cascade lasers with metallic gratings,” Appl. Phys. Lett.87, 181101 (2005). [CrossRef]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, C. Walther, J. Faist, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “High-power surface emission from terahertz distributed feedback lasers with a dual-slit unit cell,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 191109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Golka, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Quantum cascade lasers with lateral double-sided distributed feedback grating,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86, 111103 (2005). [CrossRef]
- M. Rochat, A. Lassaad, H. Willenberg, J. Faist, H. Beere, G. Davies, E. Linfield, and D. Ritchie, “Low-threshold terahertz quantum-cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.81, 1381–1383 (2002). [CrossRef]
- M. Wienold, L. Schrottke, M. Giehler, R. Hey, W. Anders, and H. T. Grahn, “Low-threshold terahertz quantum-cascade lasers based on GaAs/Al0.25Ga0.75As heterostructures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97, 071113 (2010). [CrossRef]
IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.
- D. G. Allen, T. Hargett, J. L. Reno, A. A. Zinn, and M. C. Wanke, “Index tuning for precise frequency selection of terahertz quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.23, 30–32 (2011). [CrossRef]
J. Appl. Phys.
- P. Khosropanah, W. Zhang, J. N. Hovenier, J. R. Gao, T. M. Klapwijk, M. I. Amanti, G. Scalari, and J. Faist, “3.4 THz heterodyne receiver using a hot electron bolometer and a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser,” J. Appl. Phys.104, 113106 (2008). [CrossRef]
- S. Kohen, B. S. Williams, and Q. Hu, “Electromagnetic modeling of terahertz quantum cascade laser waveguides and resonators,” J. Appl. Phys.97, 053106 (2005). [CrossRef]
- H. Kogelnik and C. V. Shank, “Coupled-wave theory of distributed feedback lasers,” J. Appl. Phys.43, 2327–2335 (1972). [CrossRef]
Nat. Photonics
- M. I. Amanti, M. Fischer, G. Scalari, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Low-divergence single-mode terahertz quantum cascade laser,” Nat. Photonics3, 586–590 (2009). [CrossRef]
- B. S. Williams, “Terahertz quantum-cascade lasers,” Nat. Photonics1, 517–525 (2007). [CrossRef]
Nature (London)
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, “Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser,” Nature (London)417, 156–159 (2002). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- H.-W. Hübers, S. G. Pavlov, A. D. Semenov, R. Köhler, L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, and E. H. Linfield, “Terahertz quantum cascade laser as local oscillator in a heterodyne receiver,” Opt. Express13, 5890–5896 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. I. Amanti, G. Scalari, F. Castellano, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Low divergence Terahertz photonic-wire laser,” Opt. Express18, 6390–6395 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Rabanus, U. U. Graf, M. Philipp, O. Ricken, J. Stutzki, B. Vowinkel, M. C. Wiedner, C. Walther, M. Fischer, and J. Faist, “Phase locking of a 1.5 Terahertz quantum cascade laser and use as a local oscillator in a heterodyne HEB receiver,” Opt. Express17, 1159–1168 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Richter, M. Greiner-Bär, S. G. Pavlov, A. D. Semenov, M. Wienold, L. Schrottke, M. Giehler, R. Hey, H. T. Grahn, and H.-W. Hübers, “A compact, continuous-wave terahertz source based on a quantum-cascade laser and a miniature cryocooler,” Opt. Express18, 10177–10187 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, “Distributed-feedback terahertz quantum-cascade lasers with laterally corrugated metal waveguides,” Opt. Lett.30, 2909–2911 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Barkan, F. K. Tittel, D. M. Mittleman, R. Dengler, P. H. Siegel, G. Scalari, L. Ajili, J. Faist, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, and D. A. Ritchie, “Linewidth and tuning characteristics of terahertz quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Lett.29, 575–577 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Quant. Electron.
- A. Laakso, M. Dumitrescu, J. Viheriälä, J. Karinen, M. Suominen, and M. Pessa, “Optical modeling of laterally-corrugated ridge-waveguide gratings,” Opt. Quant. Electron.40, 907–920 (2008). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. B
- P. Berini, “Plasmon-polariton waves guided by thin lossy metal films of finite width: Bound modes of symmetric structures,” Phys. Rev. B61, 10484–10503 (2000). [CrossRef]
Other
- S. L. Chuang, Physics of Photonic Devices (Wiley, New York, 2009), 2nd ed.
2011, Ren, Appl. Phys. Lett.
- Y. Ren, J. N. Hovenier, R. Higgins, J. R. Gao, T. M. Klapwijk, S. C. Shi, B. Klein, T.-Y. Kao, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, “High-resolution heterodyne spectroscopy using a tunable quantum cascade laser around 3.5 THz,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98, 231109 (2011). [CrossRef]
- D. G. Allen, T. Hargett, J. L. Reno, A. A. Zinn, and M. C. Wanke, “Index tuning for precise frequency selection of terahertz quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.23, 30–32 (2011). [CrossRef]
- M. Wienold, L. Schrottke, M. Giehler, R. Hey, W. Anders, and H. T. Grahn, “Low-threshold terahertz quantum-cascade lasers based on GaAs/Al0.25Ga0.75As heterostructures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97, 071113 (2010). [CrossRef]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, C. Walther, J. Faist, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “High-power surface emission from terahertz distributed feedback lasers with a dual-slit unit cell,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 191109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. I. Amanti, M. Fischer, G. Scalari, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Low-divergence single-mode terahertz quantum cascade laser,” Nat. Photonics3, 586–590 (2009). [CrossRef]
- H. Richter, A. D. Semenov, S. G. Pavlov, L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, K. S. Il’in, M. Siegel, and H.-W. Hübers, “Terahertz heterodyne receiver with quantum cascade laser and hot electron bolometer mixer in a pulse tube cooler,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93, 141108 (2008). [CrossRef]
- P. Khosropanah, W. Zhang, J. N. Hovenier, J. R. Gao, T. M. Klapwijk, M. I. Amanti, G. Scalari, and J. Faist, “3.4 THz heterodyne receiver using a hot electron bolometer and a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser,” J. Appl. Phys.104, 113106 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. Laakso, M. Dumitrescu, J. Viheriälä, J. Karinen, M. Suominen, and M. Pessa, “Optical modeling of laterally-corrugated ridge-waveguide gratings,” Opt. Quant. Electron.40, 907–920 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. Xu, J. M. Hensley, D. B. Fenner, R. P. Green, L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, M. G. Allen, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Tunable terahertz quantum cascade lasers with an external cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91, 121104 (2007). [CrossRef]
- B. S. Williams, “Terahertz quantum-cascade lasers,” Nat. Photonics1, 517–525 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. Golka, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Quantum cascade lasers with lateral double-sided distributed feedback grating,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86, 111103 (2005). [CrossRef]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, R. Köhler, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, and D. A. Ritchie, “High-performance operation of single-mode terahertz quantum cascade lasers with metallic gratings,” Appl. Phys. Lett.87, 181101 (2005). [CrossRef]
- S. Kohen, B. S. Williams, and Q. Hu, “Electromagnetic modeling of terahertz quantum cascade laser waveguides and resonators,” J. Appl. Phys.97, 053106 (2005). [CrossRef]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, “Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser,” Nature (London)417, 156–159 (2002). [CrossRef]
- M. Rochat, A. Lassaad, H. Willenberg, J. Faist, H. Beere, G. Davies, E. Linfield, and D. Ritchie, “Low-threshold terahertz quantum-cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.81, 1381–1383 (2002). [CrossRef]
- G. P. Luo, C. Peng, H. Q. Le, S. S. Pei, W.-Y. Hwang, B. Ishaug, J. Um, J. N. Baillargeon, and C.-H. Lin, “Grating-tuned external-cavity quantum-cascade semiconductor lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.78, 2834–2636 (2001). [CrossRef]
- P. Berini, “Plasmon-polariton waves guided by thin lossy metal films of finite width: Bound modes of symmetric structures,” Phys. Rev. B61, 10484–10503 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.70, 2670–2672 (1997). [CrossRef]
- H. Kogelnik and C. V. Shank, “Coupled-wave theory of distributed feedback lasers,” J. Appl. Phys.43, 2327–2335 (1972). [CrossRef]
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