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Full characterization of RF compressed femtosecond electron pulses using ponderomotive scatteringMeng Gao, Hubert Jean-Ruel, Ryan R. Cooney, Jonathan Stampe, Mark de Jong, Maher Harb, German Sciaini, Gustavo Moriena, and R. J. Dwayne Miller »View Author Affiliations
Meng Gao,1
Hubert Jean-Ruel,1
Ryan R. Cooney,1
Jonathan Stampe,3
Mark de Jong,3
Maher Harb,1,4
German Sciaini,2
Gustavo Moriena,1
and R. J. Dwayne Miller1,2,*
1Institute of Optical Sciences and Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St.George St., Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada 2Max Planck Department for Structural Dynamics, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Centre for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany 3Canadian Light Source Inc., 101 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X4, Canada 4Present address: Atomic Physics Division, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden *Corresponding author: dwayne.miller@mpsd.cfel.de |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 11, pp. 12048-12058 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.012048
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Abstract
High bunch charge, femtosecond, electron pulses were generated using a 95 kV electron gun with an S-band RF rebunching cavity. Laser ponderomotive scattering in a counter-propagating beam geometry is shown to provide high sensitivity with the prerequisite spatial and temporal resolution to fully characterize, in situ, both the temporal profile of the electron pulses and RF time timing jitter. With the current beam parameters, we determined a temporal Instrument Response Function (IRF) of 430 fs FWHM. The overall performance of our system is illustrated through the high-quality diffraction data obtained for the measurement of the electron-phonon relaxation dynamics for Si (001).
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(320.2250) Ultrafast optics : Femtosecond phenomena
(320.7100) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast measurements
ToC Category:
Ultrafast Optics
History
Original Manuscript: March 21, 2012
Revised Manuscript: April 17, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: April 17, 2012
Published: May 11, 2012
Citation
Meng Gao, Hubert Jean-Ruel, Ryan R. Cooney, Jonathan Stampe, Mark de Jong, Maher Harb, German Sciaini, Gustavo Moriena, and R. J. Dwayne Miller, "Full characterization of RF compressed femtosecond electron pulses using ponderomotive scattering," Opt. Express 20, 12048-12058 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-11-12048
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- M. Harb, W. Peng, G. Sciaini, C. T. Hebeisen, R. Ernstorfer, M. A. Eriksson, M. G. Lagally, S. G. Kruglik, and R. J. D. Miller, “Excitation of longitudinal and transverse coherent acoustic phonons in nanometer free-standing films of (001) Si,” Phys. Rev. B79, 094301 (2009) [CrossRef]
- C. T. Hebeisen, G. Sciaini, M. Harb, R. Ernstorfer, T. Dartigalongue, S. G. Kruglik, and R. J. D. Miller, “Grating enhanced ponderomotive scattering for visualization and full characterization of femtosecond electron pulses,” Opt. Express16, 3334–3341 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. T. Hebeisen, R. Ernstorfer, M. Harb, T. Dartigalongue, R. E. Jordan, and R. J. D. Miller, “Femtosecond electron pulse characterization using laser ponderomotive scattering,” Opt. Lett.31, 3517–3519 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Harb, R. Ernstorfer, T. Dartigalongue, C. T. Hebeisen, R. E. Jordan, and R. J. D. Miller, “Carrier Relaxation and Lattice Heating Dynamics in Silicon Revealed by Femtosecond Electron Diffraction,” J. Phys. Chem. B110, 25308–25313 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sciaini, M. Harb, S. G. Kruglik, T. Payer, C. T. Hebeisen, F.-J. M. z. Heringdorf, M. Yamaguchi, M. H.-v. Hoegen, R. Ernstorfer, and R. J. D. Miller, “Electronic acceleration of atomic motions and disordering in bismuth,” Nature458, 56–59 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sciaini, M. Harb, S. G. Kruglik, T. Payer, C. T. Hebeisen, F.-J. M. z. Heringdorf, M. Yamaguchi, M. H.-v. Hoegen, R. Ernstorfer, and R. J. D. Miller, “Electronic acceleration of atomic motions and disordering in bismuth,” Nature458, 56–59 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- R. J. D. Miller, R. Ernstorfer, M. Harb, M. Gao, C. T. Hebeisen, H. Jean-Ruel, C. Lu, G. Moriena, and G. Sciaini, “‘Making the molecular movie’: first frames,” Acta. Crystallogr. Sect. AA66, 135–156 (2010).
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- M. Harb, R. Ernstorfer, T. Dartigalongue, C. T. Hebeisen, R. E. Jordan, and R. J. D. Miller, “Carrier Relaxation and Lattice Heating Dynamics in Silicon Revealed by Femtosecond Electron Diffraction,” J. Phys. Chem. B110, 25308–25313 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. J. Siwick, J. R. Dwyer, R. E. Jordan, and R. J. D. Miller, “An Atomic-Level View of Melting Using Femtosecond Electron Diffraction,” Science302, 1382–1385 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- G. Sciaini, M. Harb, S. G. Kruglik, T. Payer, C. T. Hebeisen, F.-J. M. z. Heringdorf, M. Yamaguchi, M. H.-v. Hoegen, R. Ernstorfer, and R. J. D. Miller, “Electronic acceleration of atomic motions and disordering in bismuth,” Nature458, 56–59 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Harb, W. Peng, G. Sciaini, C. T. Hebeisen, R. Ernstorfer, M. A. Eriksson, M. G. Lagally, S. G. Kruglik, and R. J. D. Miller, “Excitation of longitudinal and transverse coherent acoustic phonons in nanometer free-standing films of (001) Si,” Phys. Rev. B79, 094301 (2009) [CrossRef]
- C. T. Hebeisen, G. Sciaini, M. Harb, R. Ernstorfer, T. Dartigalongue, S. G. Kruglik, and R. J. D. Miller, “Grating enhanced ponderomotive scattering for visualization and full characterization of femtosecond electron pulses,” Opt. Express16, 3334–3341 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Eichberger, H. Schafer, M. Krumova, M. Beyer, J. Demsar, H. Berger, G. Moriena, G. Sciaini, and R. J. D. Miller, “Snapshots of cooperative atomic motions in the optical suppression of charge density waves,” Nature468, 799–802 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Harb, W. Peng, G. Sciaini, C. T. Hebeisen, R. Ernstorfer, M. A. Eriksson, M. G. Lagally, S. G. Kruglik, and R. J. D. Miller, “Excitation of longitudinal and transverse coherent acoustic phonons in nanometer free-standing films of (001) Si,” Phys. Rev. B79, 094301 (2009) [CrossRef]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Schotte, M. Lim, T. A. Jackson, A. V. Smirnov, J. Soman, J. S. Olson, G. N. Phillips, M. Wulff, and P. A. Annrud, “Watching a Protein as it Functions with 150-ps Time-Resolved X-ray Crystallography,” Science300, 1944–1947 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. J. D. Miller, R. Ernstorfer, M. Harb, M. Gao, C. T. Hebeisen, H. Jean-Ruel, C. Lu, G. Moriena, and G. Sciaini, “‘Making the molecular movie’: first frames,” Acta. Crystallogr. Sect. AA66, 135–156 (2010).
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- M. Eichberger, H. Schafer, M. Krumova, M. Beyer, J. Demsar, H. Berger, G. Moriena, G. Sciaini, and R. J. D. Miller, “Snapshots of cooperative atomic motions in the optical suppression of charge density waves,” Nature468, 799–802 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sciaini, M. Harb, S. G. Kruglik, T. Payer, C. T. Hebeisen, F.-J. M. z. Heringdorf, M. Yamaguchi, M. H.-v. Hoegen, R. Ernstorfer, and R. J. D. Miller, “Electronic acceleration of atomic motions and disordering in bismuth,” Nature458, 56–59 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Ernstorfer, M. Harb, C. T. Hebeisen, G. Sciaini, T. Dartigalongue, and R. J. D. Miller, “The Formation of Warm Dense Matter: Experimental Evidence for Electronic Bond Hardening in Gold,” Science323, 1033–1037 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Harb, W. Peng, G. Sciaini, C. T. Hebeisen, R. Ernstorfer, M. A. Eriksson, M. G. Lagally, S. G. Kruglik, and R. J. D. Miller, “Excitation of longitudinal and transverse coherent acoustic phonons in nanometer free-standing films of (001) Si,” Phys. Rev. B79, 094301 (2009) [CrossRef]
- C. T. Hebeisen, G. Sciaini, M. Harb, R. Ernstorfer, T. Dartigalongue, S. G. Kruglik, and R. J. D. Miller, “Grating enhanced ponderomotive scattering for visualization and full characterization of femtosecond electron pulses,” Opt. Express16, 3334–3341 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Harb, R. Ernstorfer, T. Dartigalongue, C. T. Hebeisen, R. E. Jordan, and R. J. D. Miller, “Carrier Relaxation and Lattice Heating Dynamics in Silicon Revealed by Femtosecond Electron Diffraction,” J. Phys. Chem. B110, 25308–25313 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. T. Hebeisen, R. Ernstorfer, M. Harb, T. Dartigalongue, R. E. Jordan, and R. J. D. Miller, “Femtosecond electron pulse characterization using laser ponderomotive scattering,” Opt. Lett.31, 3517–3519 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. J. Siwick, J. R. Dwyer, R. E. Jordan, and R. J. D. Miller, “An Atomic-Level View of Melting Using Femtosecond Electron Diffraction,” Science302, 1382–1385 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. J. Siwick, J. R. Dwyer, R. E. Jordan, and R. J. D. Miller, “Ultrafast electron optics: Propagation dynamics of femtosecond electron packets,” J. Appl. Phys.92, 1643–1648 (2002). [CrossRef]
- R. J. D. Miller, R. Ernstorfer, M. Harb, M. Gao, C. T. Hebeisen, H. Jean-Ruel, C. Lu, G. Moriena, and G. Sciaini, “‘Making the molecular movie’: first frames,” Acta. Crystallogr. Sect. AA66, 135–156 (2010).
- M. Eichberger, H. Schafer, M. Krumova, M. Beyer, J. Demsar, H. Berger, G. Moriena, G. Sciaini, and R. J. D. Miller, “Snapshots of cooperative atomic motions in the optical suppression of charge density waves,” Nature468, 799–802 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Murooka, N. Naruse, S. Sakakihara, M. Ishimaru, J. Yang, and K. Tanimura, “Transmission-electron diffraction by MeV electron pulses,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98, 251903 (2011). [CrossRef]
- Y. Murooka, N. Naruse, S. Sakakihara, M. Ishimaru, J. Yang, and K. Tanimura, “Transmission-electron diffraction by MeV electron pulses,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98, 251903 (2011). [CrossRef]
- S. Tokita, M. Hashida, S. Inoue, T. Nishoji, K. Otani, and S. Sakabe, “Single-Shot Femtosecond Electron Diffraction with Laser-Accelerated Electrons: Experimental Demonstration of Electron Pulse Compression,” Phys. Rev. Lett.105, 215004 (2010). [CrossRef]
- F. Schotte, M. Lim, T. A. Jackson, A. V. Smirnov, J. Soman, J. S. Olson, G. N. Phillips, M. Wulff, and P. A. Annrud, “Watching a Protein as it Functions with 150-ps Time-Resolved X-ray Crystallography,” Science300, 1944–1947 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Tokita, M. Hashida, S. Inoue, T. Nishoji, K. Otani, and S. Sakabe, “Single-Shot Femtosecond Electron Diffraction with Laser-Accelerated Electrons: Experimental Demonstration of Electron Pulse Compression,” Phys. Rev. Lett.105, 215004 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. v. Oudheusden, P. L. E. M. Pasmans, S. B. v. d. Geer, M. J. d. Loos, M. J. v. d. Wiel, and O. J. Luiten, “Compression of Subrelativistic Space-Charge-Dominated Electron Bunches for Single-Shot Femtosecond Electron Diffraction,” Phys. Rev. Lett.105, 264801 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. v. Oudheusden, E. F. d. Jong, S. B. v. d. Geer, W. P. E. M. O. t. Root, O. J. Luiten, and B. J. Siwick, “Electron source concept for single-shot sub-100 fs electron diffraction in the 100 keV range,” Appl J.. Phys.102, 093501 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. v. Oudheusden, P. L. E. M. Pasmans, S. B. v. d. Geer, M. J. d. Loos, M. J. v. d. Wiel, and O. J. Luiten, “Compression of Subrelativistic Space-Charge-Dominated Electron Bunches for Single-Shot Femtosecond Electron Diffraction,” Phys. Rev. Lett.105, 264801 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. Sciaini, M. Harb, S. G. Kruglik, T. Payer, C. T. Hebeisen, F.-J. M. z. Heringdorf, M. Yamaguchi, M. H.-v. Hoegen, R. Ernstorfer, and R. J. D. Miller, “Electronic acceleration of atomic motions and disordering in bismuth,” Nature458, 56–59 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Harb, W. Peng, G. Sciaini, C. T. Hebeisen, R. Ernstorfer, M. A. Eriksson, M. G. Lagally, S. G. Kruglik, and R. J. D. Miller, “Excitation of longitudinal and transverse coherent acoustic phonons in nanometer free-standing films of (001) Si,” Phys. Rev. B79, 094301 (2009) [CrossRef]
- F. Schotte, M. Lim, T. A. Jackson, A. V. Smirnov, J. Soman, J. S. Olson, G. N. Phillips, M. Wulff, and P. A. Annrud, “Watching a Protein as it Functions with 150-ps Time-Resolved X-ray Crystallography,” Science300, 1944–1947 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Reckenthaeler, M. Centurion, W. Fu, S. A. Trushin, F. Krausz, and E. E. Fill, “Time-Resolved Electron Diffraction from Selectively Aligned Molecules,” Phys. Rev. Lett.102, 213001 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. E. King, G. H. Campbell, A. Frank, B. Reed, J. F. Schmerge, B. J. Siwick, B. C. Stuart, and P. M. Weber, “Ultrafast electron microscopy in materials science, biology, and chemistry,” J. Appl. Phys.97, 111101 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. H. Kassier, K. Haupt, N. Erasmus, E. G. Rohwer, and H. Schwoerer, “Achromatic reflectron compressor design for bright pulses in femtosecond electron diffraction,” J. Appl. Phys.105, 113111 (2009). [CrossRef]
- T. v. Oudheusden, E. F. d. Jong, S. B. v. d. Geer, W. P. E. M. O. t. Root, O. J. Luiten, and B. J. Siwick, “Electron source concept for single-shot sub-100 fs electron diffraction in the 100 keV range,” Appl J.. Phys.102, 093501 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Tokita, M. Hashida, S. Inoue, T. Nishoji, K. Otani, and S. Sakabe, “Single-Shot Femtosecond Electron Diffraction with Laser-Accelerated Electrons: Experimental Demonstration of Electron Pulse Compression,” Phys. Rev. Lett.105, 215004 (2010). [CrossRef]
- Y. Murooka, N. Naruse, S. Sakakihara, M. Ishimaru, J. Yang, and K. Tanimura, “Transmission-electron diffraction by MeV electron pulses,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98, 251903 (2011). [CrossRef]
- M. Eichberger, H. Schafer, M. Krumova, M. Beyer, J. Demsar, H. Berger, G. Moriena, G. Sciaini, and R. J. D. Miller, “Snapshots of cooperative atomic motions in the optical suppression of charge density waves,” Nature468, 799–802 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. E. King, G. H. Campbell, A. Frank, B. Reed, J. F. Schmerge, B. J. Siwick, B. C. Stuart, and P. M. Weber, “Ultrafast electron microscopy in materials science, biology, and chemistry,” J. Appl. Phys.97, 111101 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Schotte, M. Lim, T. A. Jackson, A. V. Smirnov, J. Soman, J. S. Olson, G. N. Phillips, M. Wulff, and P. A. Annrud, “Watching a Protein as it Functions with 150-ps Time-Resolved X-ray Crystallography,” Science300, 1944–1947 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. H. Kassier, K. Haupt, N. Erasmus, E. G. Rohwer, and H. Schwoerer, “Achromatic reflectron compressor design for bright pulses in femtosecond electron diffraction,” J. Appl. Phys.105, 113111 (2009). [CrossRef]
- G. Sciaini and R. J. D. Miller, “Femtosecond electron diffraction: heralding the era of atomically resolved dynamics,” Rep. Prog. Phys.74, 096101 (2011). [CrossRef]
- R. J. D. Miller, R. Ernstorfer, M. Harb, M. Gao, C. T. Hebeisen, H. Jean-Ruel, C. Lu, G. Moriena, and G. Sciaini, “‘Making the molecular movie’: first frames,” Acta. Crystallogr. Sect. AA66, 135–156 (2010).
- M. Eichberger, H. Schafer, M. Krumova, M. Beyer, J. Demsar, H. Berger, G. Moriena, G. Sciaini, and R. J. D. Miller, “Snapshots of cooperative atomic motions in the optical suppression of charge density waves,” Nature468, 799–802 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Ernstorfer, M. Harb, C. T. Hebeisen, G. Sciaini, T. Dartigalongue, and R. J. D. Miller, “The Formation of Warm Dense Matter: Experimental Evidence for Electronic Bond Hardening in Gold,” Science323, 1033–1037 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sciaini, M. Harb, S. G. Kruglik, T. Payer, C. T. Hebeisen, F.-J. M. z. Heringdorf, M. Yamaguchi, M. H.-v. Hoegen, R. Ernstorfer, and R. J. D. Miller, “Electronic acceleration of atomic motions and disordering in bismuth,” Nature458, 56–59 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Harb, W. Peng, G. Sciaini, C. T. Hebeisen, R. Ernstorfer, M. A. Eriksson, M. G. Lagally, S. G. Kruglik, and R. J. D. Miller, “Excitation of longitudinal and transverse coherent acoustic phonons in nanometer free-standing films of (001) Si,” Phys. Rev. B79, 094301 (2009) [CrossRef]
- C. T. Hebeisen, G. Sciaini, M. Harb, R. Ernstorfer, T. Dartigalongue, S. G. Kruglik, and R. J. D. Miller, “Grating enhanced ponderomotive scattering for visualization and full characterization of femtosecond electron pulses,” Opt. Express16, 3334–3341 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Cavalleri, C. Tth, C. W. Siders, and J. A. Squier, “Femtosecond Structural Dynamics in VO2 during an Ultrafast Solid-Solid Phase Transition,” Phys. Rev. Lett.87, 237401 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. v. Oudheusden, E. F. d. Jong, S. B. v. d. Geer, W. P. E. M. O. t. Root, O. J. Luiten, and B. J. Siwick, “Electron source concept for single-shot sub-100 fs electron diffraction in the 100 keV range,” Appl J.. Phys.102, 093501 (2007). [CrossRef]
- W. E. King, G. H. Campbell, A. Frank, B. Reed, J. F. Schmerge, B. J. Siwick, B. C. Stuart, and P. M. Weber, “Ultrafast electron microscopy in materials science, biology, and chemistry,” J. Appl. Phys.97, 111101 (2005). [CrossRef]
- B. J. Siwick, J. R. Dwyer, R. E. Jordan, and R. J. D. Miller, “An Atomic-Level View of Melting Using Femtosecond Electron Diffraction,” Science302, 1382–1385 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. J. Siwick, J. R. Dwyer, R. E. Jordan, and R. J. D. Miller, “Ultrafast electron optics: Propagation dynamics of femtosecond electron packets,” J. Appl. Phys.92, 1643–1648 (2002). [CrossRef]
- F. Schotte, M. Lim, T. A. Jackson, A. V. Smirnov, J. Soman, J. S. Olson, G. N. Phillips, M. Wulff, and P. A. Annrud, “Watching a Protein as it Functions with 150-ps Time-Resolved X-ray Crystallography,” Science300, 1944–1947 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Schotte, M. Lim, T. A. Jackson, A. V. Smirnov, J. Soman, J. S. Olson, G. N. Phillips, M. Wulff, and P. A. Annrud, “Watching a Protein as it Functions with 150-ps Time-Resolved X-ray Crystallography,” Science300, 1944–1947 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Cavalleri, C. Tth, C. W. Siders, and J. A. Squier, “Femtosecond Structural Dynamics in VO2 during an Ultrafast Solid-Solid Phase Transition,” Phys. Rev. Lett.87, 237401 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. E. King, G. H. Campbell, A. Frank, B. Reed, J. F. Schmerge, B. J. Siwick, B. C. Stuart, and P. M. Weber, “Ultrafast electron microscopy in materials science, biology, and chemistry,” J. Appl. Phys.97, 111101 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Murooka, N. Naruse, S. Sakakihara, M. Ishimaru, J. Yang, and K. Tanimura, “Transmission-electron diffraction by MeV electron pulses,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98, 251903 (2011). [CrossRef]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Tokita, M. Hashida, S. Inoue, T. Nishoji, K. Otani, and S. Sakabe, “Single-Shot Femtosecond Electron Diffraction with Laser-Accelerated Electrons: Experimental Demonstration of Electron Pulse Compression,” Phys. Rev. Lett.105, 215004 (2010). [CrossRef]
- P. Reckenthaeler, M. Centurion, W. Fu, S. A. Trushin, F. Krausz, and E. E. Fill, “Time-Resolved Electron Diffraction from Selectively Aligned Molecules,” Phys. Rev. Lett.102, 213001 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Cavalleri, C. Tth, C. W. Siders, and J. A. Squier, “Femtosecond Structural Dynamics in VO2 during an Ultrafast Solid-Solid Phase Transition,” Phys. Rev. Lett.87, 237401 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. E. King, G. H. Campbell, A. Frank, B. Reed, J. F. Schmerge, B. J. Siwick, B. C. Stuart, and P. M. Weber, “Ultrafast electron microscopy in materials science, biology, and chemistry,” J. Appl. Phys.97, 111101 (2005). [CrossRef]
- R. C. Dudek and P. M. Weber, “Ultrafast diffraction imaging of the electrocyclic ring-opening reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene,” J. Phys. Chem. A105, 4167–4171 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. v. Oudheusden, P. L. E. M. Pasmans, S. B. v. d. Geer, M. J. d. Loos, M. J. v. d. Wiel, and O. J. Luiten, “Compression of Subrelativistic Space-Charge-Dominated Electron Bunches for Single-Shot Femtosecond Electron Diffraction,” Phys. Rev. Lett.105, 264801 (2010). [CrossRef]
- F. Schotte, M. Lim, T. A. Jackson, A. V. Smirnov, J. Soman, J. S. Olson, G. N. Phillips, M. Wulff, and P. A. Annrud, “Watching a Protein as it Functions with 150-ps Time-Resolved X-ray Crystallography,” Science300, 1944–1947 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sciaini, M. Harb, S. G. Kruglik, T. Payer, C. T. Hebeisen, F.-J. M. z. Heringdorf, M. Yamaguchi, M. H.-v. Hoegen, R. Ernstorfer, and R. J. D. Miller, “Electronic acceleration of atomic motions and disordering in bismuth,” Nature458, 56–59 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Murooka, N. Naruse, S. Sakakihara, M. Ishimaru, J. Yang, and K. Tanimura, “Transmission-electron diffraction by MeV electron pulses,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98, 251903 (2011). [CrossRef]
- A. H. Zewail, “4D Ultrafast Electron Diffraction, Crystallography, and Microscopy,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.57, 65–103 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Acta. Crystallogr. Sect. A
- R. J. D. Miller, R. Ernstorfer, M. Harb, M. Gao, C. T. Hebeisen, H. Jean-Ruel, C. Lu, G. Moriena, and G. Sciaini, “‘Making the molecular movie’: first frames,” Acta. Crystallogr. Sect. AA66, 135–156 (2010).
Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.
- A. H. Zewail, “4D Ultrafast Electron Diffraction, Crystallography, and Microscopy,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.57, 65–103 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Appl J.. Phys.
- T. v. Oudheusden, E. F. d. Jong, S. B. v. d. Geer, W. P. E. M. O. t. Root, O. J. Luiten, and B. J. Siwick, “Electron source concept for single-shot sub-100 fs electron diffraction in the 100 keV range,” Appl J.. Phys.102, 093501 (2007). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- Y. Murooka, N. Naruse, S. Sakakihara, M. Ishimaru, J. Yang, and K. Tanimura, “Transmission-electron diffraction by MeV electron pulses,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98, 251903 (2011). [CrossRef]
J. Appl. Phys.
- B. J. Siwick, J. R. Dwyer, R. E. Jordan, and R. J. D. Miller, “Ultrafast electron optics: Propagation dynamics of femtosecond electron packets,” J. Appl. Phys.92, 1643–1648 (2002). [CrossRef]
- W. E. King, G. H. Campbell, A. Frank, B. Reed, J. F. Schmerge, B. J. Siwick, B. C. Stuart, and P. M. Weber, “Ultrafast electron microscopy in materials science, biology, and chemistry,” J. Appl. Phys.97, 111101 (2005). [CrossRef]
- G. H. Kassier, K. Haupt, N. Erasmus, E. G. Rohwer, and H. Schwoerer, “Achromatic reflectron compressor design for bright pulses in femtosecond electron diffraction,” J. Appl. Phys.105, 113111 (2009). [CrossRef]
J. Phys. Chem. A
- R. C. Dudek and P. M. Weber, “Ultrafast diffraction imaging of the electrocyclic ring-opening reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene,” J. Phys. Chem. A105, 4167–4171 (2001). [CrossRef]
J. Phys. Chem. B
- M. Harb, R. Ernstorfer, T. Dartigalongue, C. T. Hebeisen, R. E. Jordan, and R. J. D. Miller, “Carrier Relaxation and Lattice Heating Dynamics in Silicon Revealed by Femtosecond Electron Diffraction,” J. Phys. Chem. B110, 25308–25313 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc.
- P. L. Kapitza and P. A. M. Dirac, “The reflection of electrons from standing light waves,” Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc.29, 297–300 (1933). [CrossRef]
Nature
- D. L. Freimund, K. Affatooni, and H. Batelaan, “Observation of the Kapitza-Dirac Effect,” Nature413, 142–143 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sciaini, M. Harb, S. G. Kruglik, T. Payer, C. T. Hebeisen, F.-J. M. z. Heringdorf, M. Yamaguchi, M. H.-v. Hoegen, R. Ernstorfer, and R. J. D. Miller, “Electronic acceleration of atomic motions and disordering in bismuth,” Nature458, 56–59 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Eichberger, H. Schafer, M. Krumova, M. Beyer, J. Demsar, H. Berger, G. Moriena, G. Sciaini, and R. J. D. Miller, “Snapshots of cooperative atomic motions in the optical suppression of charge density waves,” Nature468, 799–802 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express
- C. T. Hebeisen, G. Sciaini, M. Harb, R. Ernstorfer, T. Dartigalongue, S. G. Kruglik, and R. J. D. Miller, “Grating enhanced ponderomotive scattering for visualization and full characterization of femtosecond electron pulses,” Opt. Express16, 3334–3341 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- C. T. Hebeisen, R. Ernstorfer, M. Harb, T. Dartigalongue, R. E. Jordan, and R. J. D. Miller, “Femtosecond electron pulse characterization using laser ponderomotive scattering,” Opt. Lett.31, 3517–3519 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev. B
- M. Harb, W. Peng, G. Sciaini, C. T. Hebeisen, R. Ernstorfer, M. A. Eriksson, M. G. Lagally, S. G. Kruglik, and R. J. D. Miller, “Excitation of longitudinal and transverse coherent acoustic phonons in nanometer free-standing films of (001) Si,” Phys. Rev. B79, 094301 (2009) [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- S. Tokita, M. Hashida, S. Inoue, T. Nishoji, K. Otani, and S. Sakabe, “Single-Shot Femtosecond Electron Diffraction with Laser-Accelerated Electrons: Experimental Demonstration of Electron Pulse Compression,” Phys. Rev. Lett.105, 215004 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. Cavalleri, C. Tth, C. W. Siders, and J. A. Squier, “Femtosecond Structural Dynamics in VO2 during an Ultrafast Solid-Solid Phase Transition,” Phys. Rev. Lett.87, 237401 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Reckenthaeler, M. Centurion, W. Fu, S. A. Trushin, F. Krausz, and E. E. Fill, “Time-Resolved Electron Diffraction from Selectively Aligned Molecules,” Phys. Rev. Lett.102, 213001 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. v. Oudheusden, P. L. E. M. Pasmans, S. B. v. d. Geer, M. J. d. Loos, M. J. v. d. Wiel, and O. J. Luiten, “Compression of Subrelativistic Space-Charge-Dominated Electron Bunches for Single-Shot Femtosecond Electron Diffraction,” Phys. Rev. Lett.105, 264801 (2010). [CrossRef]
PNAS
- M. Aidelsburger, F. O. Kirchner, F. Krausz, and P. Baum, “Single-electron pulses for ultrafast diffraction,” PNAS107, 19714–19719 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Rep. Prog. Phys.
- G. Sciaini and R. J. D. Miller, “Femtosecond electron diffraction: heralding the era of atomically resolved dynamics,” Rep. Prog. Phys.74, 096101 (2011). [CrossRef]
Science
- F. Schotte, M. Lim, T. A. Jackson, A. V. Smirnov, J. Soman, J. S. Olson, G. N. Phillips, M. Wulff, and P. A. Annrud, “Watching a Protein as it Functions with 150-ps Time-Resolved X-ray Crystallography,” Science300, 1944–1947 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Ernstorfer, M. Harb, C. T. Hebeisen, G. Sciaini, T. Dartigalongue, and R. J. D. Miller, “The Formation of Warm Dense Matter: Experimental Evidence for Electronic Bond Hardening in Gold,” Science323, 1033–1037 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. J. Siwick, J. R. Dwyer, R. E. Jordan, and R. J. D. Miller, “An Atomic-Level View of Melting Using Femtosecond Electron Diffraction,” Science302, 1382–1385 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Other
- “General Particle Tracer,” http://www.pulsar.nl/gpt .
2011, Sciaini, Rep. Prog. Phys.
- G. Sciaini and R. J. D. Miller, “Femtosecond electron diffraction: heralding the era of atomically resolved dynamics,” Rep. Prog. Phys.74, 096101 (2011). [CrossRef]
- Y. Murooka, N. Naruse, S. Sakakihara, M. Ishimaru, J. Yang, and K. Tanimura, “Transmission-electron diffraction by MeV electron pulses,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98, 251903 (2011). [CrossRef]
- S. Tokita, M. Hashida, S. Inoue, T. Nishoji, K. Otani, and S. Sakabe, “Single-Shot Femtosecond Electron Diffraction with Laser-Accelerated Electrons: Experimental Demonstration of Electron Pulse Compression,” Phys. Rev. Lett.105, 215004 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. J. D. Miller, R. Ernstorfer, M. Harb, M. Gao, C. T. Hebeisen, H. Jean-Ruel, C. Lu, G. Moriena, and G. Sciaini, “‘Making the molecular movie’: first frames,” Acta. Crystallogr. Sect. AA66, 135–156 (2010).
- M. Aidelsburger, F. O. Kirchner, F. Krausz, and P. Baum, “Single-electron pulses for ultrafast diffraction,” PNAS107, 19714–19719 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. v. Oudheusden, P. L. E. M. Pasmans, S. B. v. d. Geer, M. J. d. Loos, M. J. v. d. Wiel, and O. J. Luiten, “Compression of Subrelativistic Space-Charge-Dominated Electron Bunches for Single-Shot Femtosecond Electron Diffraction,” Phys. Rev. Lett.105, 264801 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Eichberger, H. Schafer, M. Krumova, M. Beyer, J. Demsar, H. Berger, G. Moriena, G. Sciaini, and R. J. D. Miller, “Snapshots of cooperative atomic motions in the optical suppression of charge density waves,” Nature468, 799–802 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Reckenthaeler, M. Centurion, W. Fu, S. A. Trushin, F. Krausz, and E. E. Fill, “Time-Resolved Electron Diffraction from Selectively Aligned Molecules,” Phys. Rev. Lett.102, 213001 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sciaini, M. Harb, S. G. Kruglik, T. Payer, C. T. Hebeisen, F.-J. M. z. Heringdorf, M. Yamaguchi, M. H.-v. Hoegen, R. Ernstorfer, and R. J. D. Miller, “Electronic acceleration of atomic motions and disordering in bismuth,” Nature458, 56–59 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Ernstorfer, M. Harb, C. T. Hebeisen, G. Sciaini, T. Dartigalongue, and R. J. D. Miller, “The Formation of Warm Dense Matter: Experimental Evidence for Electronic Bond Hardening in Gold,” Science323, 1033–1037 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. H. Kassier, K. Haupt, N. Erasmus, E. G. Rohwer, and H. Schwoerer, “Achromatic reflectron compressor design for bright pulses in femtosecond electron diffraction,” J. Appl. Phys.105, 113111 (2009). [CrossRef]
- M. Harb, W. Peng, G. Sciaini, C. T. Hebeisen, R. Ernstorfer, M. A. Eriksson, M. G. Lagally, S. G. Kruglik, and R. J. D. Miller, “Excitation of longitudinal and transverse coherent acoustic phonons in nanometer free-standing films of (001) Si,” Phys. Rev. B79, 094301 (2009) [CrossRef]
- T. v. Oudheusden, E. F. d. Jong, S. B. v. d. Geer, W. P. E. M. O. t. Root, O. J. Luiten, and B. J. Siwick, “Electron source concept for single-shot sub-100 fs electron diffraction in the 100 keV range,” Appl J.. Phys.102, 093501 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. H. Zewail, “4D Ultrafast Electron Diffraction, Crystallography, and Microscopy,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.57, 65–103 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Harb, R. Ernstorfer, T. Dartigalongue, C. T. Hebeisen, R. E. Jordan, and R. J. D. Miller, “Carrier Relaxation and Lattice Heating Dynamics in Silicon Revealed by Femtosecond Electron Diffraction,” J. Phys. Chem. B110, 25308–25313 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. E. King, G. H. Campbell, A. Frank, B. Reed, J. F. Schmerge, B. J. Siwick, B. C. Stuart, and P. M. Weber, “Ultrafast electron microscopy in materials science, biology, and chemistry,” J. Appl. Phys.97, 111101 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. M. Lindenberg, J. Larsson, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, K. J. Gaffney, C. Blome, O. Synnergren, J. Sheppard, C. Caleman, A. G. MacPhee, D. Weinstein, D. P. Lowney, T. K. Allison, T. Matthews, R. W. Falcone, A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, S. Duesterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, D. von der Linde, O. Hignette, F. Sette, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, S. Techert, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics,” Science308, 392–395 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. J. Siwick, J. R. Dwyer, R. E. Jordan, and R. J. D. Miller, “An Atomic-Level View of Melting Using Femtosecond Electron Diffraction,” Science302, 1382–1385 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Schotte, M. Lim, T. A. Jackson, A. V. Smirnov, J. Soman, J. S. Olson, G. N. Phillips, M. Wulff, and P. A. Annrud, “Watching a Protein as it Functions with 150-ps Time-Resolved X-ray Crystallography,” Science300, 1944–1947 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. J. Siwick, J. R. Dwyer, R. E. Jordan, and R. J. D. Miller, “Ultrafast electron optics: Propagation dynamics of femtosecond electron packets,” J. Appl. Phys.92, 1643–1648 (2002). [CrossRef]
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