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Tubular oxide microcavity with high-index-contrast walls: Mie scattering theory and 3D confinement of resonant modesJiao Wang, Tianrong Zhan, Gaoshan Huang, Xugao Cui, Xinhua Hu, and Yongfeng Mei »View Author Affiliations
Jiao Wang,1
Tianrong Zhan,2
Gaoshan Huang,1,5
Xugao Cui,3
Xinhua Hu,4,6
and Yongfeng Mei1,*
1Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China 2Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China 3Department of Light Sources & Illuminating Engineering, School of Information Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China 4Department of Materials Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China 5gshuang@fudan.edu.cn 6huxh@fudan.edu.cn *Corresponding author: yfm@fudan.edu.cn |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 17, pp. 18555-18567 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.018555
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Abstract
Tubular oxide optical microcavities with thin walls (< 100 nm) have been fabricated by releasing pre-stressed Y2O3/ZrO2 bi-layered nanomembranes. Optical characterization demonstrates strong whispering gallery modes with a high quality-factor and fine structures in the visible range, which are due to their high-index-contrast property (high refractive index in thin walls). Moreover, the strong axial light confinement observed in rolled-up circular nanomembranes well agrees with our theoretical calculation by using Mie scattering theory. Novel material design and superior optical resonant properties in such self-rolled micro-tubular cavities promise many potential applications e.g. in optofluidic sensing and lasing.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(230.3990) Optical devices : Micro-optical devices
(230.4000) Optical devices : Microstructure fabrication
(230.5750) Optical devices : Resonators
(290.4020) Scattering : Mie theory
(310.6628) Thin films : Subwavelength structures, nanostructures
ToC Category:
Optical Devices
History
Original Manuscript: May 23, 2012
Revised Manuscript: July 20, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: July 20, 2012
Published: July 30, 2012
Citation
Jiao Wang, Tianrong Zhan, Gaoshan Huang, Xugao Cui, Xinhua Hu, and Yongfeng Mei, "Tubular oxide microcavity with high-index-contrast walls: Mie scattering theory and 3D confinement of resonant modes," Opt. Express 20, 18555-18567 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-17-18555
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References
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- L. X. Yi, J. Heitmann, R. Scholz, and M. Zacharias, “Si rings, Si clusters, and Si nanocrystals—different states of ultrathin SiOx layers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.81(22), 4248–4850 (2002). [CrossRef]
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- T. R. Zhan, C. Xu, F. Y. Zhao, Z. Q. Xiong, X. H. Hu, G. S. Huang, Y. F. Mei, and J. Zi, “Optical resonances in tubular microcavities with subwavelength wall thicknesses,” Appl. Phys. Lett.99(21), 211104 (2011). [CrossRef]
- Y. Mei, G. Huang, A. A. Solovev, E. B. Ureña, I. Mönch, F. Ding, T. Reindl, R. K. Y. Fu, P. K. Chu, and O. G. Schmidt, “Versatile approach for integrative and functionalized tubes by strain engineering of nanomembranes on polymers,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)20(21), 4085–4090 (2008). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Zhan, C. Xu, F. Y. Zhao, Z. Q. Xiong, X. H. Hu, G. S. Huang, Y. F. Mei, and J. Zi, “Optical resonances in tubular microcavities with subwavelength wall thicknesses,” Appl. Phys. Lett.99(21), 211104 (2011). [CrossRef]
- G. S. Huang, V. A. Bolaños Quiñones, F. Ding, S. Kiravittaya, Y. F. Mei, and O. G. Schmidt, “Rolled-up optical microcavities with subwavelength wall thicknesses for enhanced liquid sensing applications,” ACS Nano4(6), 3123–3130 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. S. Huang, S. Kiravittaya, V. A. Bolaños Quiñones, F. Ding, M. Benyoucef, A. Rastelli, Y. F. Mei, and O. G. Schmidt, “Optical properties of rolled-up tubular microcavities from shaped nanomembranes,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(14), 141901 (2009). [CrossRef]
- V. A. Bolaños Quiñones, G. S. Huang, J. D. Plumhof, S. Kiravittaya, A. Rastelli, Y. F. Mei, and O. G. Schmidt, “Optical resonance tuning and polarization of thin-walled tubular microcavities,” Opt. Lett.34(15), 2345–2347 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Chiasera, Y. Dumeige, P. Féron, M. Ferrari, Y. Jestin, G. Nunzi Conti, S. Pelli, S. Soria, and G. C. Righini, “Spherical whispering-gallery-mode microresonators,” Laser Photon. Rev.4(3), 457–482 (2010). [CrossRef]
- K. Dietrich, C. Strelow, C. Schliehe, C. Heyn, A. Stemmann, S. Schwaiger, S. Mendach, A. Mews, H. Weller, D. Heitmann, and T. Kipp, “Optical modes excited by evanescent-wave-coupled PbS nanocrystals in semiconductor microtube bottle resonators,” Nano Lett.10(2), 627–631 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ch. Strelow, H. Rehberg, C. M. Schultz, H. Welsch, Ch. Heyn, D. Heitmann, and T. Kipp, “Optical microcavities formed by semiconductor microtubes using a bottlelike geometry,” Phys. Rev. Lett.101(12), 127403 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Strelow, C. M. Schultz, H. Rehberg, H. Welsch, C. Heyn, D. Heitmann, and T. Kipp, “Three dimensionally confined optical modes in quantum-well microtube ring resonators,” Phys. Rev. B76(4), 045303 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. Kipp, H. Welsch, Ch. Strelow, Ch. Heyn, and D. Heitmann, “Optical modes in semiconductor microtube ring resonators,” Phys. Rev. Lett.96(7), 077403 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. M. Harazim, V. A. Bolaños Quiñones, S. Kiravittaya, S. Sanchez, and O. G. Schmidt, “Lab-in-a-tube: on-chip integration of glass optofluidic ring resonators for label-free sensing applications,” Lab Chip12(15), 2649–2655 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. J. Smith, S. Schulze, S. Kiravittaya, Y. F. Mei, S. Sanchez, and O. G. Schmidt, “Lab-in-a-tube: detection of individual mouse cells for analysis in flexible split-wall microtube resonator sensors,” Nano Lett.11(10), 4037–4042 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. S. Huang, V. A. Bolaños Quiñones, F. Ding, S. Kiravittaya, Y. F. Mei, and O. G. Schmidt, “Rolled-up optical microcavities with subwavelength wall thicknesses for enhanced liquid sensing applications,” ACS Nano4(6), 3123–3130 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. A. Bolaños Quiñones, G. S. Huang, J. D. Plumhof, S. Kiravittaya, A. Rastelli, Y. F. Mei, and O. G. Schmidt, “Optical resonance tuning and polarization of thin-walled tubular microcavities,” Opt. Lett.34(15), 2345–2347 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. S. Huang, S. Kiravittaya, V. A. Bolaños Quiñones, F. Ding, M. Benyoucef, A. Rastelli, Y. F. Mei, and O. G. Schmidt, “Optical properties of rolled-up tubular microcavities from shaped nanomembranes,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(14), 141901 (2009). [CrossRef]
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ACS Nano
- G. S. Huang, V. A. Bolaños Quiñones, F. Ding, S. Kiravittaya, Y. F. Mei, and O. G. Schmidt, “Rolled-up optical microcavities with subwavelength wall thicknesses for enhanced liquid sensing applications,” ACS Nano4(6), 3123–3130 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)
- Y. Mei, G. Huang, A. A. Solovev, E. B. Ureña, I. Mönch, F. Ding, T. Reindl, R. K. Y. Fu, P. K. Chu, and O. G. Schmidt, “Versatile approach for integrative and functionalized tubes by strain engineering of nanomembranes on polymers,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)20(21), 4085–4090 (2008). [CrossRef]
Anal. Chem.
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Appl. Phys. Lett.
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- G. S. Huang, S. Kiravittaya, V. A. Bolaños Quiñones, F. Ding, M. Benyoucef, A. Rastelli, Y. F. Mei, and O. G. Schmidt, “Optical properties of rolled-up tubular microcavities from shaped nanomembranes,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(14), 141901 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.60(3), 289–291 (1992). [CrossRef]
- A. Bernardi, S. Kiravittaya, A. Rastelli, R. Songmuang, D. J. Thurmer, M. Benyoucef, and O. G. Schmidt, “On-chip Si/SiOx microtube refractometer,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(9), 094106 (2008). [CrossRef]
- R. Songmuang, A. Rastelli, S. Mendach, and O. G. Schmidt, “SiOx/Si radial superlattices and microtube optical ring resonators,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(9), 091905 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. Vicknesh, F. Li, and Z. Mi, “Optical microcavities on Si formed by self-assembled InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot microtubes,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(8), 081101 (2009). [CrossRef]
Lab Chip
- S. M. Harazim, V. A. Bolaños Quiñones, S. Kiravittaya, S. Sanchez, and O. G. Schmidt, “Lab-in-a-tube: on-chip integration of glass optofluidic ring resonators for label-free sensing applications,” Lab Chip12(15), 2649–2655 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Laser Photon. Rev.
- A. Chiasera, Y. Dumeige, P. Féron, M. Ferrari, Y. Jestin, G. Nunzi Conti, S. Pelli, S. Soria, and G. C. Righini, “Spherical whispering-gallery-mode microresonators,” Laser Photon. Rev.4(3), 457–482 (2010). [CrossRef]
Nano Lett.
- E. J. Smith, S. Schulze, S. Kiravittaya, Y. F. Mei, S. Sanchez, and O. G. Schmidt, “Lab-in-a-tube: detection of individual mouse cells for analysis in flexible split-wall microtube resonator sensors,” Nano Lett.11(10), 4037–4042 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. J. Smith, Z. W. Liu, Y. F. Mei, and O. G. Schmidt, “Combined surface plasmon and classical waveguiding through metamaterial fiber design,” Nano Lett.10(1), 1–5 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Dietrich, C. Strelow, C. Schliehe, C. Heyn, A. Stemmann, S. Schwaiger, S. Mendach, A. Mews, H. Weller, D. Heitmann, and T. Kipp, “Optical modes excited by evanescent-wave-coupled PbS nanocrystals in semiconductor microtube bottle resonators,” Nano Lett.10(2), 627–631 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nat. Photonics
- A. Guarino, G. Poberaj, D. Rezzonico, R. Degl’Innocenti, P. Günter, R. Degl'Innocenti, and P. Guenter, “Electro-optically tunable microring resonators in lithium niobate,” Nat. Photonics1(7), 407–410 (2007). [CrossRef]
Nature
- O. G. Schmidt and K. Eberl, “Nanotechnology. Thin solid films roll up into nanotubes,” Nature410(6825), 168 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. J. Vahala, “Optical microcavities,” Nature424(6950), 839–846 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express
- F. Li and Z. T. Mi, “Optically pumped rolled-up InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot microtube lasers,” Opt. Express17(22), 19933–19939 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- F. Li, Z. T. Mi, and S. Vicknesh, “Coherent emission from ultrathin-walled spiral InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot microtubes,” Opt. Lett.34(19), 2915–2917 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Niehusmann, A. Vörckel, PP. H. Bolivar, T. Wahlbrink, W. Henschel, and H. Kurz, “Ultrahigh-quality-factor silicon-on-insulator microring resonator,” Opt. Lett.29(24), 2861 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. M. White, H. Oveys, and X. Fan, “Liquid-core optical ring-resonator sensors,” Opt. Lett.31(9), 1319–1321 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. A. Bolaños Quiñones, G. S. Huang, J. D. Plumhof, S. Kiravittaya, A. Rastelli, Y. F. Mei, and O. G. Schmidt, “Optical resonance tuning and polarization of thin-walled tubular microcavities,” Opt. Lett.34(15), 2345–2347 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev. B
- C. Strelow, C. M. Schultz, H. Rehberg, H. Welsch, C. Heyn, D. Heitmann, and T. Kipp, “Three dimensionally confined optical modes in quantum-well microtube ring resonators,” Phys. Rev. B76(4), 045303 (2007). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- T. Kipp, H. Welsch, Ch. Strelow, Ch. Heyn, and D. Heitmann, “Optical modes in semiconductor microtube ring resonators,” Phys. Rev. Lett.96(7), 077403 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ch. Strelow, H. Rehberg, C. M. Schultz, H. Welsch, Ch. Heyn, D. Heitmann, and T. Kipp, “Optical microcavities formed by semiconductor microtubes using a bottlelike geometry,” Phys. Rev. Lett.101(12), 127403 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Today
- Y. Yamamoto and R. E. Slusher, “Optical processes in microcavities,” Phys. Today46(6), 66–73 (1993). [CrossRef]
Quantum Electron.
- A. N. Oraevsky, “Whispering-gallery waves,” Quantum Electron.32(5), 377–400 (2002). [CrossRef]
Science
- A. Cho, “Nanotechnology. Pretty as you please, curling films turn themselves into nanodevices,” Science313(5784), 164–165 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Sensors (Basel)
- A. Boleininger, T. Lake, S. Hami, and C. Vallance, “Whispering gallery modes in standard optical fibres for fibre profiling measurements and sensing of unlabelled chemical species,” Sensors (Basel)10(3), 1765–1781 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Thin Solid Films
- F. S. De Vicente, A. C. De Castro, M. F. De Souza, and M. Siu Li, “Luminescence and structure of Er3+ doped zirconia films deposited by electron beam evaporation,” Thin Solid Films418(2), 222–227 (2002). [CrossRef]
2012, Harazim, Lab Chip
- S. M. Harazim, V. A. Bolaños Quiñones, S. Kiravittaya, S. Sanchez, and O. G. Schmidt, “Lab-in-a-tube: on-chip integration of glass optofluidic ring resonators for label-free sensing applications,” Lab Chip12(15), 2649–2655 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. R. Zhan, C. Xu, F. Y. Zhao, Z. Q. Xiong, X. H. Hu, G. S. Huang, Y. F. Mei, and J. Zi, “Optical resonances in tubular microcavities with subwavelength wall thicknesses,” Appl. Phys. Lett.99(21), 211104 (2011). [CrossRef]
- E. J. Smith, S. Schulze, S. Kiravittaya, Y. F. Mei, S. Sanchez, and O. G. Schmidt, “Lab-in-a-tube: detection of individual mouse cells for analysis in flexible split-wall microtube resonator sensors,” Nano Lett.11(10), 4037–4042 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. J. Smith, Z. W. Liu, Y. F. Mei, and O. G. Schmidt, “Combined surface plasmon and classical waveguiding through metamaterial fiber design,” Nano Lett.10(1), 1–5 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. S. Huang, V. A. Bolaños Quiñones, F. Ding, S. Kiravittaya, Y. F. Mei, and O. G. Schmidt, “Rolled-up optical microcavities with subwavelength wall thicknesses for enhanced liquid sensing applications,” ACS Nano4(6), 3123–3130 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Dietrich, C. Strelow, C. Schliehe, C. Heyn, A. Stemmann, S. Schwaiger, S. Mendach, A. Mews, H. Weller, D. Heitmann, and T. Kipp, “Optical modes excited by evanescent-wave-coupled PbS nanocrystals in semiconductor microtube bottle resonators,” Nano Lett.10(2), 627–631 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Chiasera, Y. Dumeige, P. Féron, M. Ferrari, Y. Jestin, G. Nunzi Conti, S. Pelli, S. Soria, and G. C. Righini, “Spherical whispering-gallery-mode microresonators,” Laser Photon. Rev.4(3), 457–482 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. Boleininger, T. Lake, S. Hami, and C. Vallance, “Whispering gallery modes in standard optical fibres for fibre profiling measurements and sensing of unlabelled chemical species,” Sensors (Basel)10(3), 1765–1781 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Vicknesh, F. Li, and Z. Mi, “Optical microcavities on Si formed by self-assembled InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot microtubes,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(8), 081101 (2009). [CrossRef]
- G. S. Huang, S. Kiravittaya, V. A. Bolaños Quiñones, F. Ding, M. Benyoucef, A. Rastelli, Y. F. Mei, and O. G. Schmidt, “Optical properties of rolled-up tubular microcavities from shaped nanomembranes,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(14), 141901 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Y. Mei, G. Huang, A. A. Solovev, E. B. Ureña, I. Mönch, F. Ding, T. Reindl, R. K. Y. Fu, P. K. Chu, and O. G. Schmidt, “Versatile approach for integrative and functionalized tubes by strain engineering of nanomembranes on polymers,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)20(21), 4085–4090 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. Bernardi, S. Kiravittaya, A. Rastelli, R. Songmuang, D. J. Thurmer, M. Benyoucef, and O. G. Schmidt, “On-chip Si/SiOx microtube refractometer,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(9), 094106 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Ch. Strelow, H. Rehberg, C. M. Schultz, H. Welsch, Ch. Heyn, D. Heitmann, and T. Kipp, “Optical microcavities formed by semiconductor microtubes using a bottlelike geometry,” Phys. Rev. Lett.101(12), 127403 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Strelow, C. M. Schultz, H. Rehberg, H. Welsch, C. Heyn, D. Heitmann, and T. Kipp, “Three dimensionally confined optical modes in quantum-well microtube ring resonators,” Phys. Rev. B76(4), 045303 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. Guarino, G. Poberaj, D. Rezzonico, R. Degl’Innocenti, P. Günter, R. Degl'Innocenti, and P. Guenter, “Electro-optically tunable microring resonators in lithium niobate,” Nat. Photonics1(7), 407–410 (2007). [CrossRef]
- R. Songmuang, A. Rastelli, S. Mendach, and O. G. Schmidt, “SiOx/Si radial superlattices and microtube optical ring resonators,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(9), 091905 (2007). [CrossRef]
- H. Zhu, I. M. White, J. D. Suter, M. Zourob, and X. Fan, “Integrated refractive index optical ring resonator detector for capillary electrophoresis,” Anal. Chem.79(3), 930–937 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Cho, “Nanotechnology. Pretty as you please, curling films turn themselves into nanodevices,” Science313(5784), 164–165 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Kipp, H. Welsch, Ch. Strelow, Ch. Heyn, and D. Heitmann, “Optical modes in semiconductor microtube ring resonators,” Phys. Rev. Lett.96(7), 077403 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. J. Vahala, “Optical microcavities,” Nature424(6950), 839–846 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. N. Oraevsky, “Whispering-gallery waves,” Quantum Electron.32(5), 377–400 (2002). [CrossRef]
- L. X. Yi, J. Heitmann, R. Scholz, and M. Zacharias, “Si rings, Si clusters, and Si nanocrystals—different states of ultrathin SiOx layers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.81(22), 4248–4850 (2002). [CrossRef]
- F. S. De Vicente, A. C. De Castro, M. F. De Souza, and M. Siu Li, “Luminescence and structure of Er3+ doped zirconia films deposited by electron beam evaporation,” Thin Solid Films418(2), 222–227 (2002). [CrossRef]
- O. G. Schmidt and K. Eberl, “Nanotechnology. Thin solid films roll up into nanotubes,” Nature410(6825), 168 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Yamamoto and R. E. Slusher, “Optical processes in microcavities,” Phys. Today46(6), 66–73 (1993). [CrossRef]
- S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.60(3), 289–291 (1992). [CrossRef]
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