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Interferometric detection of extensional modes of GaN nanorods arrayPierre-Adrien Mante, Cheng-Ying Ho, Li-Wei Tu, and Chi-Kuang Sun »View Author Affiliations
Pierre-Adrien Mante,1
Cheng-Ying Ho,2
Li-Wei Tu,2
and Chi-Kuang Sun1,3,4,*
1Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan 2Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan 3Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan 4Molecular Imaging Center and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan *Corresponding author: sun@cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 17, pp. 18717-18722 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.018717
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Abstract
Femtosecond pump probe spectroscopy experiments were carried out to observe extensional modes of GaN nanorods. Different orders of extensional modes were generated and observed following the absorption of femtosecond light pulses. This observation confirms that with a diameter on the order of 100 nm, no mechanical change is expected compared to bulk GaN. We propose and demonstrate that the detection of these modes is achieved through the modulation of the Fabry-Pérot cavity formed by the nanorod array. The extensional modes change the nanorods length and thus modify the reflectivity of the rod-array cavity.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(160.6000) Materials : Semiconductor materials
(320.7120) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast phenomena
ToC Category:
Materials
History
Original Manuscript: April 12, 2012
Revised Manuscript: June 20, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: June 24, 2012
Published: August 1, 2012
Citation
Pierre-Adrien Mante, Cheng-Ying Ho, Li-Wei Tu, and Chi-Kuang Sun, "Interferometric detection of extensional modes of GaN nanorods array," Opt. Express 20, 18717-18722 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-17-18717
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References
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- M. Hu, X. Wang, G. V. Hartland, P. Mulvaney, J. P. Juste, and J. E. Sader, “Vibrational Response of Nanorods to Ultrafast Laser Induced Heating: Theoretical and Experimental Analysis,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.125(48), 14925–14933 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. M. Nichol, E. R. Hemesath, L. J. Lauhon, and R. Budakian, “Displacement detection of silicon nanowires by polarization-enhanced fiber-optic interferometry,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(19), 193110 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. V. Kabashin, P. Evans, S. Pastkovsky, W. Hendren, G. A. Wurtz, R. Atkinson, R. Pollard, V. A. Podolskiy, and A. V. Zayats, “Plasmonic nanorod metamaterials for biosensing,” Nat. Mater.8(11), 867–871 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Belov, N. J. Quitoriano, S. Sharma, W. K. Hiebert, T. I. Kamins, and S. Evoy, “Mechanical resonance of clamped silicon nanowires measured by optical interferometry,” J. Appl. Phys.103(7), 074304 (2008). [CrossRef]
- S. Piscanec, M. Cantoro, A. C. Ferrari, J. A. Zapien, Y. Lifshitz, S. T. Lee, S. Hofmann, and J. Robertson, “Raman spectroscopy of silicon nanowires,” Phys. Rev. B68(24), 241312 (2003). [CrossRef]
- D. A. Smith, V. C. Holmberg, D. C. Lee, and B. A. Korgel, “Young's Modulus and Size-Dependent Mechanical Quality Factor of Nanoelectromechanical Germanium Nanowire Resonators,” J. Phys. Chem. C112(29), 10725–10729 (2008). [CrossRef]
- W. S. Su, Y. F. Chen, C. L. Hsiao, and L. W. Tu, “Generation of electricity in GaN nanorods induced by piezoelectric effect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(6), 063110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Hsiao, L. W. Tu, T. W. Chi, H. W. Seo, Q. Y. Chen, and W. K. Chu, “Buffer controlled GaN nanorods growth on Si(111) substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B24(2), 845–851 (2006). [CrossRef]
- L. W. Tu, C. L. Hsiao, T. W. Chi, I. Lo, and K. Y. Hsieh, “Self-assembled vertical GaN nanorods grown by molecular-beam epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett.82(10), 1601–1603 (2003). [CrossRef]
- K.-W. Hu, T.-M. Liu, K.-Y. Chung, K.-S. Huang, C.-T. Hsieh, C.-K. Sun, and C.-S. Yeh, “Efficient Near-IR Hyperthermia and Intense Nonlinear Optical Imaging Contrast on the Gold Nanorod-in-Shell Nanostructures,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.131(40), 14186–14187 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. W. Tu, C. L. Hsiao, T. W. Chi, I. Lo, and K. Y. Hsieh, “Self-assembled vertical GaN nanorods grown by molecular-beam epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett.82(10), 1601–1603 (2003). [CrossRef]
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Appl. Phys. Lett.
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- W. S. Su, Y. F. Chen, C. L. Hsiao, and L. W. Tu, “Generation of electricity in GaN nanorods induced by piezoelectric effect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(6), 063110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- L. W. Tu, C. L. Hsiao, T. W. Chi, I. Lo, and K. Y. Hsieh, “Self-assembled vertical GaN nanorods grown by molecular-beam epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett.82(10), 1601–1603 (2003). [CrossRef]
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
- M. Hu, X. Wang, G. V. Hartland, P. Mulvaney, J. P. Juste, and J. E. Sader, “Vibrational Response of Nanorods to Ultrafast Laser Induced Heating: Theoretical and Experimental Analysis,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.125(48), 14925–14933 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K.-W. Hu, T.-M. Liu, K.-Y. Chung, K.-S. Huang, C.-T. Hsieh, C.-K. Sun, and C.-S. Yeh, “Efficient Near-IR Hyperthermia and Intense Nonlinear Optical Imaging Contrast on the Gold Nanorod-in-Shell Nanostructures,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.131(40), 14186–14187 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Appl. Phys.
- M. Belov, N. J. Quitoriano, S. Sharma, W. K. Hiebert, T. I. Kamins, and S. Evoy, “Mechanical resonance of clamped silicon nanowires measured by optical interferometry,” J. Appl. Phys.103(7), 074304 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. Polian, M. Grimsditch, and I. Grzegory, “Elastic constants of gallium nitride,” J. Appl. Phys.79(6), 3343–3344 (1996). [CrossRef]
- O. B. Wright, “Thickness and sound velocity measurement in thin transparent films with laser picosecond acoustics,” J. Appl. Phys.71(4), 1617 (1992). [CrossRef]
J. Phys. Chem. C
- D. A. Smith, V. C. Holmberg, D. C. Lee, and B. A. Korgel, “Young's Modulus and Size-Dependent Mechanical Quality Factor of Nanoelectromechanical Germanium Nanowire Resonators,” J. Phys. Chem. C112(29), 10725–10729 (2008). [CrossRef]
J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B
- C. L. Hsiao, L. W. Tu, T. W. Chi, H. W. Seo, Q. Y. Chen, and W. K. Chu, “Buffer controlled GaN nanorods growth on Si(111) substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B24(2), 845–851 (2006). [CrossRef]
Nano Lett.
- S. O. Mariager, D. Khakhulin, H. T. Lemke, K. S. Kjaer, L. Guerin, L. Nuccio, C. B. Sørensen, M. M. Nielsen, and R. Feidenhans’l, “Direct Observation of Acoustic Oscillations in InAs Nanowires,” Nano Lett.10(7), 2461–2465 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C.-Y. Nam, P. Jaroenapibal, D. Tham, D. E. Luzzi, S. Evoy, and J. E. Fischer, “Diameter-Dependent Electromechanical Properties of GaN Nanowires,” Nano Lett.6(2), 153–158 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Zijlstra, A. L. Tchebotareva, J. W. M. Chon, M. Gu, and M. Orrit, “Acoustic Oscillations and Elastic Moduli of Single Gold Nanorods,” Nano Lett.8(10), 3493–3497 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Lange, M. Mohr, M. Artemyev, U. Woggon, and C. Thomsen, “Direct Observation of the Radial Breathing Mode in CdSe Nanorods,” Nano Lett.8(12), 4614–4617 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Burgin, P. Langot, A. Arbouet, J. Margueritat, J. Gonzalo, C. N. Afonso, F. Vallée, A. Mlayah, M. D. Rossell, and G. Van Tendeloo, “Acoustic Vibration Modes and Electron Lattice Coupling in Self-Assembled Silver Nanocolumns,” Nano Lett.8(5), 1296–1302 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nat. Mater.
- A. V. Kabashin, P. Evans, S. Pastkovsky, W. Hendren, G. A. Wurtz, R. Atkinson, R. Pollard, V. A. Podolskiy, and A. V. Zayats, “Plasmonic nanorod metamaterials for biosensing,” Nat. Mater.8(11), 867–871 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nat. Nanotechnol.
- K.-H. Lin, C.-M. Lai, C.-C. Pan, J.-I. Chyi, J.-W. Shi, S.-Z. Sun, C.-F. Chang, and C.-K. Sun, “Spatial manipulation of nanoacoustic waves with nanoscale spot sizes,” Nat. Nanotechnol.2(11), 704–708 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nature
- X. Duan, Y. Huang, Y. Cui, J. Wang, and C. M. Lieber, “Indium phosphide nanowires as building blocks for nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices,” Nature409(6816), 66–69 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express
- H.-Y. Chen, H.-W. Lin, C.-Y. Wu, W.-C. Chen, J.-S. Chen, and S. Gwo, “Gallium nitride nanorod arrays as low-refractive-index transparent media in the entire visible spectral region,” Opt. Express16(11), 8106–8116 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev. B
- A. Devos, J.-F. Robillard, R. Côte, and P. Emery, “High-laser-wavelength sensitivity of the picosecond ultrasonic response in transparent thin films,” Phys. Rev. B74(6), 064114 (2006). [CrossRef]
- S. Piscanec, M. Cantoro, A. C. Ferrari, J. A. Zapien, Y. Lifshitz, S. T. Lee, S. Hofmann, and J. Robertson, “Raman spectroscopy of silicon nanowires,” Phys. Rev. B68(24), 241312 (2003). [CrossRef]
- S. N. Jerebtsov, A. A. Kolomenskii, H. Liu, H. Zhang, Z. Ye, Z. Luo, W. Wu, G. G. Paulus, and H. A. Schuessler, “Laser-excited acoustic oscillations in silver and bismuth nanowires,” Phys. Rev. B76(18), 184301 (2007). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- C. Q. Chen, Y. Shi, Y. S. Zhang, J. Zhu, and Y. J. Yan, “Size Dependence of Young’s Modulus in ZnO Nanowires,” Phys. Rev. Lett.96(7), 075505 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. B. Gauster and D. H. Habing, “Electronic Volume Effect in Silicon,” Phys. Rev. Lett.18(24), 1058–1061 (1967). [CrossRef]
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
- K. L. Ekinci and M. L. Roukes, “Nanoelectromechanical systems,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.76(6), 061101 (2005). [CrossRef]
Science
- E. W. Wong, P. E. Sheehan, and C. M. Lieber, “Nanobeam Mechanics: Elasticity, Strength, and Toughness of Nanorods and Nanotubes,” Science277(5334), 1971–1975 (1997). [CrossRef]
Semicond. Sci. Technol.
- P. C. Upadhya, Q. Li, G. T. Wang, A. J. Fischer, A. J Taylor, and R. P. Prasankumar, “The influence of defect states on non-equilibrium carrier dynamics in GaN nanowires,” Semicond. Sci. Technol.25, 024017 (2010).
Other
- L. D. Landau, E. M. Lifshitz, A. M. Kosevich, and L. P. Pitaevskii, Theory of Elasticity (Butterworth-Heinemann, 1986).
2010, Mariager, Nano Lett.
- S. O. Mariager, D. Khakhulin, H. T. Lemke, K. S. Kjaer, L. Guerin, L. Nuccio, C. B. Sørensen, M. M. Nielsen, and R. Feidenhans’l, “Direct Observation of Acoustic Oscillations in InAs Nanowires,” Nano Lett.10(7), 2461–2465 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. C. Upadhya, Q. Li, G. T. Wang, A. J. Fischer, A. J Taylor, and R. P. Prasankumar, “The influence of defect states on non-equilibrium carrier dynamics in GaN nanowires,” Semicond. Sci. Technol.25, 024017 (2010).
- K.-W. Hu, T.-M. Liu, K.-Y. Chung, K.-S. Huang, C.-T. Hsieh, C.-K. Sun, and C.-S. Yeh, “Efficient Near-IR Hyperthermia and Intense Nonlinear Optical Imaging Contrast on the Gold Nanorod-in-Shell Nanostructures,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.131(40), 14186–14187 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. V. Kabashin, P. Evans, S. Pastkovsky, W. Hendren, G. A. Wurtz, R. Atkinson, R. Pollard, V. A. Podolskiy, and A. V. Zayats, “Plasmonic nanorod metamaterials for biosensing,” Nat. Mater.8(11), 867–871 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. A. Smith, V. C. Holmberg, D. C. Lee, and B. A. Korgel, “Young's Modulus and Size-Dependent Mechanical Quality Factor of Nanoelectromechanical Germanium Nanowire Resonators,” J. Phys. Chem. C112(29), 10725–10729 (2008). [CrossRef]
- H. Lange, M. Mohr, M. Artemyev, U. Woggon, and C. Thomsen, “Direct Observation of the Radial Breathing Mode in CdSe Nanorods,” Nano Lett.8(12), 4614–4617 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. M. Nichol, E. R. Hemesath, L. J. Lauhon, and R. Budakian, “Displacement detection of silicon nanowires by polarization-enhanced fiber-optic interferometry,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(19), 193110 (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. Belov, N. J. Quitoriano, S. Sharma, W. K. Hiebert, T. I. Kamins, and S. Evoy, “Mechanical resonance of clamped silicon nanowires measured by optical interferometry,” J. Appl. Phys.103(7), 074304 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. Burgin, P. Langot, A. Arbouet, J. Margueritat, J. Gonzalo, C. N. Afonso, F. Vallée, A. Mlayah, M. D. Rossell, and G. Van Tendeloo, “Acoustic Vibration Modes and Electron Lattice Coupling in Self-Assembled Silver Nanocolumns,” Nano Lett.8(5), 1296–1302 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Zijlstra, A. L. Tchebotareva, J. W. M. Chon, M. Gu, and M. Orrit, “Acoustic Oscillations and Elastic Moduli of Single Gold Nanorods,” Nano Lett.8(10), 3493–3497 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K.-H. Lin, C.-M. Lai, C.-C. Pan, J.-I. Chyi, J.-W. Shi, S.-Z. Sun, C.-F. Chang, and C.-K. Sun, “Spatial manipulation of nanoacoustic waves with nanoscale spot sizes,” Nat. Nanotechnol.2(11), 704–708 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. S. Su, Y. F. Chen, C. L. Hsiao, and L. W. Tu, “Generation of electricity in GaN nanorods induced by piezoelectric effect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(6), 063110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. N. Jerebtsov, A. A. Kolomenskii, H. Liu, H. Zhang, Z. Ye, Z. Luo, W. Wu, G. G. Paulus, and H. A. Schuessler, “Laser-excited acoustic oscillations in silver and bismuth nanowires,” Phys. Rev. B76(18), 184301 (2007). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Hsiao, L. W. Tu, T. W. Chi, H. W. Seo, Q. Y. Chen, and W. K. Chu, “Buffer controlled GaN nanorods growth on Si(111) substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B24(2), 845–851 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. Q. Chen, Y. Shi, Y. S. Zhang, J. Zhu, and Y. J. Yan, “Size Dependence of Young’s Modulus in ZnO Nanowires,” Phys. Rev. Lett.96(7), 075505 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C.-Y. Nam, P. Jaroenapibal, D. Tham, D. E. Luzzi, S. Evoy, and J. E. Fischer, “Diameter-Dependent Electromechanical Properties of GaN Nanowires,” Nano Lett.6(2), 153–158 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Devos, J.-F. Robillard, R. Côte, and P. Emery, “High-laser-wavelength sensitivity of the picosecond ultrasonic response in transparent thin films,” Phys. Rev. B74(6), 064114 (2006). [CrossRef]
- K. L. Ekinci and M. L. Roukes, “Nanoelectromechanical systems,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.76(6), 061101 (2005). [CrossRef]
- S. Piscanec, M. Cantoro, A. C. Ferrari, J. A. Zapien, Y. Lifshitz, S. T. Lee, S. Hofmann, and J. Robertson, “Raman spectroscopy of silicon nanowires,” Phys. Rev. B68(24), 241312 (2003). [CrossRef]
- L. W. Tu, C. L. Hsiao, T. W. Chi, I. Lo, and K. Y. Hsieh, “Self-assembled vertical GaN nanorods grown by molecular-beam epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett.82(10), 1601–1603 (2003). [CrossRef]
- M. Hu, X. Wang, G. V. Hartland, P. Mulvaney, J. P. Juste, and J. E. Sader, “Vibrational Response of Nanorods to Ultrafast Laser Induced Heating: Theoretical and Experimental Analysis,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.125(48), 14925–14933 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. Duan, Y. Huang, Y. Cui, J. Wang, and C. M. Lieber, “Indium phosphide nanowires as building blocks for nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices,” Nature409(6816), 66–69 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. W. Wong, P. E. Sheehan, and C. M. Lieber, “Nanobeam Mechanics: Elasticity, Strength, and Toughness of Nanorods and Nanotubes,” Science277(5334), 1971–1975 (1997). [CrossRef]
- A. Polian, M. Grimsditch, and I. Grzegory, “Elastic constants of gallium nitride,” J. Appl. Phys.79(6), 3343–3344 (1996). [CrossRef]
- O. B. Wright, “Thickness and sound velocity measurement in thin transparent films with laser picosecond acoustics,” J. Appl. Phys.71(4), 1617 (1992). [CrossRef]
- W. B. Gauster and D. H. Habing, “Electronic Volume Effect in Silicon,” Phys. Rev. Lett.18(24), 1058–1061 (1967). [CrossRef]
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