All-optical quantum random bit generation from intrinsically binary phase of parametric oscillators

doi:10.1364/OE.20.019322

All-optical quantum random bit generation from intrinsically binary phase of parametric oscillators

Alireza Marandi, Nick C. Leindecker, Konstantin L. Vodopyanov, and Robert L. Byer »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 17, pp. 19322-19330 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.019322

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Abstract

We demonstrate a novel all-optical quantum random number generator (RNG) based on above-threshold binary phase state selection in a degenerate optical parametric oscillator (OPO). Photodetection is not a part of the random process, and no post processing is required for the generated bit sequence. We show that the outcome is statistically random with 99% confidence, and verify that the randomness is due to the phase of initiating photons generated through spontaneous parametric down conversion of the pump, with negligible contribution of classical noise sources. With the use of micro- and nanoscale OPO resonators, this technique offers a promise for simple, robust, and high-speed on-chip all-optical quantum RNGs.

OCIS Codes
(190.4410) Nonlinear optics : Nonlinear optics, parametric processes
(270.0270) Quantum optics : Quantum optics

ToC Category:
Nonlinear Optics

History
Original Manuscript: June 22, 2012
Revised Manuscript: August 1, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: August 2, 2012
Published: August 8, 2012

Citation
Alireza Marandi, Nick C. Leindecker, Konstantin L. Vodopyanov, and Robert L. Byer, "All-optical quantum random bit generation from intrinsically binary phase of parametric oscillators," Opt. Express 20, 19322-19330 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-17-19322

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References

S. Pironio, A. Acin, S. Massar, A. B. de la Giroday, D. N. Matsukevich, P. Maunz, S. Olmschenk, D. Hayes, L. Luo, T. A. Manning, and C. Monroe, “Random numbers certified by Bell’s theorem,” Nature464, 1021–1024 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Fiorentino, C. Santori, S. M. Spillane, R. G. Beausoleil, and W. J. Munro, “Secure self-calibrating quantum random-bit generator,” Phys. Rev. A75, 032334 (2007). [CrossRef]
C. Gabriel, C. Wittmann, D. Sych, R. Dong, W. Mauerer, U. L. Andersen, C. Marquardt, and G. Leuchs, “A generator for unique quantum random numbers based on vacuum states,” Nat. Photonics4, 711–715 (2010). [CrossRef]
M. Wahl, M. Leifgen, M. Berlin, T. Rhlicke, H. Rahn, and O. Benson, “An ultrafast quantum random number generator with provably bounded output bias based on photon arrival time measurements,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98, 171105 (2011). [CrossRef]
M. Ren, E. Wu, Y. Liang, Y. Jian, G. Wu, and H. Zeng, “Quantum random-number generator based on a photon-number-resolving detector,” Phys. Rev. A83, 023820 (2011). [CrossRef]
M. Jofre, M. Curty, F. Steinlechner, G. Anzolin, J. P. Torres, M. W. Mitchell, and V. Pruneri, “True random numbers from amplified quantum vacuum,” Opt. Express19, 20665–20672 (2011) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
B. Qi, Y. Chi, H. Lo, and Li Qian, “High-speed quantum random number generation by measuring phase noise of a single-mode laser,” Opt. Lett.35, 312–314 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. J. Bustard, D. Moffatt, R. Lausten, G. Wu, I. A. Walmsley, and B. J. Sussman, “Quantum random bit generation using stimulated Raman scattering,” Opt. Express19, 25173–25180 (2011). [CrossRef]
L. Wu, H. J. Kimble, J. L. Hall, and H. Wu, “Generation of squeezed states by parametric down conversion,” Phys. Rev. Lett.57, 2520–2523 (1986). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. H. Shih and C. O. Alley, “New Type of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm experiment using pairs of light quanta produced by optical parametric down conversion,” Phys. Rev. Lett.61, 2921–2924 (1988). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
W. H. Louisell, A. Yariv, and A. E. Siegman, “Quantum fluctuations and noise in parametric processes I,” Phys. Rev.124, 1646–1654 (1961). [CrossRef]
S. E. Harris, M. K. Oshman, and R. L. Byer, “Observation of tunable optical parametric fluorescence,” Phys. Rev. Lett.18, 732–734 (1967). [CrossRef]
C. D. Nabors, S. T. Yang, T. Day, and R. L. Byer, “Coherence properties of a doubly-resonant monolithic optical parametric oscillator,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B7, 815–820 (1990). [CrossRef]
L. E. Myers, R. C. Eckardt, M. M. Fejer, R. L. Byer, W. R. Bosenberg, and J. W. Pierce, “Quasi-phase-matched optical parametric oscillators in bulk periodically poled LiNbO3,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B12, 2102–2116 (1995). [CrossRef]
A. Yariv and P. Yeh, Photonics: Optical Electronics in Modern Communications (Oxford University Press, 2007).
N. Leindecker, A. Marandi, R. L. Byer, and K. L. Vodopyanov, “Broadband degenerate OPO for mid-infrared frequency comb generation,” Opt. Express19, 6296–6302 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. T. Wong, K. L. Vodopyanov, and R. L. Byer, “Self-phase-locked divide-by-2 optical parametric oscillator as a broadband frequency comb source,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B27, 876–882 (2010). [CrossRef]
A. Marandi, N. Leindecker, V. Pervak, R. L. Byer, and K. L. Vodopyanov, “Coherence properties of a broadband femtosecond mid-IR optical parametric oscillator operating at degeneracy,” Opt. Express20, 7255–7262 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Rukhin, J. Soto, J. Nechvatal, M. Smid, E. Barker, S. Leigh, M. Levenson, M. Van- gel, D. Banks, A. Heckert, J. Dray, and S. Vo, “A statistical test suite for random and pseudorandom number generators for cryptographic applications,” NIST special publication 800-22, Rev. 1-a, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, (2010).
S. Lecomte, R. Paschotta, S. Pawlik, B. Schmidt, K. Furusawa, A. Malinowski, D. J. Richardson, and U. Keller, “Synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator with a repetition rate of 81.8 GHz,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.17, 483–485 (2005). [CrossRef]
J. U. Furst, D. V. Strekalov, D. Elser, A. Aiello, U. L. Andersen, Ch. Marquardt, and G. Leuchs, “Quantum light from a whispering-gallery-mode disk resonator,” Phys. Rev. Lett.106, 113901 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. S. Levy, A. Gondarenko, M. A. Foster, A. C. Turner-Foster, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “CMOS-compatible multiple-wavelength oscillator for on-chip optical interconnects,” Nat. Photonics4, 37–40 (2010). [CrossRef]
L. Razzari, D. Duchesne, M. Ferrera, R. Morandotti, S. Chu, B. E. Little, and D. J. Moss, “CMOS-compatible integrated optical hyper-parametric oscillator,” Nat. Photonics4, 41–45 (2010). [CrossRef]
X. Liu, R. M. Osgood, Y. A. Vlasov, and W. M. J. Green, “Mid-infrared optical parametric amplifier using silicon nanophotonic waveguides,” Nat. Photonics4, 557–560 (2010). [CrossRef]

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[1] S. Pironio, A. Acin, S. Massar, A. B. de la Giroday, D. N. Matsukevich, P. Maunz, S. Olmschenk, D. Hayes, L. Luo, T. A. Manning, and C. Monroe, “Random numbers certified by Bell’s theorem,” Nature464, 1021–1024 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[2] M. Fiorentino, C. Santori, S. M. Spillane, R. G. Beausoleil, and W. J. Munro, “Secure self-calibrating quantum random-bit generator,” Phys. Rev. A75, 032334 (2007). [CrossRef]

[3] C. Gabriel, C. Wittmann, D. Sych, R. Dong, W. Mauerer, U. L. Andersen, C. Marquardt, and G. Leuchs, “A generator for unique quantum random numbers based on vacuum states,” Nat. Photonics4, 711–715 (2010). [CrossRef]

[4] M. Wahl, M. Leifgen, M. Berlin, T. Rhlicke, H. Rahn, and O. Benson, “An ultrafast quantum random number generator with provably bounded output bias based on photon arrival time measurements,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98, 171105 (2011). [CrossRef]

[5] M. Ren, E. Wu, Y. Liang, Y. Jian, G. Wu, and H. Zeng, “Quantum random-number generator based on a photon-number-resolving detector,” Phys. Rev. A83, 023820 (2011). [CrossRef]

[6] M. Jofre, M. Curty, F. Steinlechner, G. Anzolin, J. P. Torres, M. W. Mitchell, and V. Pruneri, “True random numbers from amplified quantum vacuum,” Opt. Express19, 20665–20672 (2011) [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[7] B. Qi, Y. Chi, H. Lo, and Li Qian, “High-speed quantum random number generation by measuring phase noise of a single-mode laser,” Opt. Lett.35, 312–314 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] P. J. Bustard, D. Moffatt, R. Lausten, G. Wu, I. A. Walmsley, and B. J. Sussman, “Quantum random bit generation using stimulated Raman scattering,” Opt. Express19, 25173–25180 (2011). [CrossRef]

[9] L. Wu, H. J. Kimble, J. L. Hall, and H. Wu, “Generation of squeezed states by parametric down conversion,” Phys. Rev. Lett.57, 2520–2523 (1986). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[10] Y. H. Shih and C. O. Alley, “New Type of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm experiment using pairs of light quanta produced by optical parametric down conversion,” Phys. Rev. Lett.61, 2921–2924 (1988). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] W. H. Louisell, A. Yariv, and A. E. Siegman, “Quantum fluctuations and noise in parametric processes I,” Phys. Rev.124, 1646–1654 (1961). [CrossRef]

[12] S. E. Harris, M. K. Oshman, and R. L. Byer, “Observation of tunable optical parametric fluorescence,” Phys. Rev. Lett.18, 732–734 (1967). [CrossRef]

[13] C. D. Nabors, S. T. Yang, T. Day, and R. L. Byer, “Coherence properties of a doubly-resonant monolithic optical parametric oscillator,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B7, 815–820 (1990). [CrossRef]

[14] L. E. Myers, R. C. Eckardt, M. M. Fejer, R. L. Byer, W. R. Bosenberg, and J. W. Pierce, “Quasi-phase-matched optical parametric oscillators in bulk periodically poled LiNbO3,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B12, 2102–2116 (1995). [CrossRef]

[15] A. Yariv and P. Yeh, Photonics: Optical Electronics in Modern Communications (Oxford University Press, 2007).

[16] N. Leindecker, A. Marandi, R. L. Byer, and K. L. Vodopyanov, “Broadband degenerate OPO for mid-infrared frequency comb generation,” Opt. Express19, 6296–6302 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[17] S. T. Wong, K. L. Vodopyanov, and R. L. Byer, “Self-phase-locked divide-by-2 optical parametric oscillator as a broadband frequency comb source,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B27, 876–882 (2010). [CrossRef]

[18] A. Marandi, N. Leindecker, V. Pervak, R. L. Byer, and K. L. Vodopyanov, “Coherence properties of a broadband femtosecond mid-IR optical parametric oscillator operating at degeneracy,” Opt. Express20, 7255–7262 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[19] A. Rukhin, J. Soto, J. Nechvatal, M. Smid, E. Barker, S. Leigh, M. Levenson, M. Van- gel, D. Banks, A. Heckert, J. Dray, and S. Vo, “A statistical test suite for random and pseudorandom number generators for cryptographic applications,” NIST special publication 800-22, Rev. 1-a, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, (2010).

[20] S. Lecomte, R. Paschotta, S. Pawlik, B. Schmidt, K. Furusawa, A. Malinowski, D. J. Richardson, and U. Keller, “Synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator with a repetition rate of 81.8 GHz,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.17, 483–485 (2005). [CrossRef]

[21] J. U. Furst, D. V. Strekalov, D. Elser, A. Aiello, U. L. Andersen, Ch. Marquardt, and G. Leuchs, “Quantum light from a whispering-gallery-mode disk resonator,” Phys. Rev. Lett.106, 113901 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[22] J. S. Levy, A. Gondarenko, M. A. Foster, A. C. Turner-Foster, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “CMOS-compatible multiple-wavelength oscillator for on-chip optical interconnects,” Nat. Photonics4, 37–40 (2010). [CrossRef]

[23] L. Razzari, D. Duchesne, M. Ferrera, R. Morandotti, S. Chu, B. E. Little, and D. J. Moss, “CMOS-compatible integrated optical hyper-parametric oscillator,” Nat. Photonics4, 41–45 (2010). [CrossRef]

[24] X. Liu, R. M. Osgood, Y. A. Vlasov, and W. M. J. Green, “Mid-infrared optical parametric amplifier using silicon nanophotonic waveguides,” Nat. Photonics4, 557–560 (2010). [CrossRef]

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All-optical quantum random bit generation from intrinsically binary phase of parametric oscillators