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Correlated electron dynamics in nonsequential double ionization of molecules by mid-infrared fieldsQingbin Tang, Yueming Zhou, Cheng Huang, Qing Liao, and Peixiang Lu »View Author Affiliations
Qingbin Tang,1
Yueming Zhou,1,3
Cheng Huang,1
Qing Liao,1
and Peixiang Lu1,2,*
1Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China 2Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China 3zhouymhust@gmail.com *Corresponding author: lupeixiang@mail.hust.edu.cn |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 17, pp. 19580-19588 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.019580
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Abstract
The electron dynamics in strong field nonsequential double ionization (NSDI) of nitrogen molecules by mid-infrared (MIR) laser pulses is investigated with the three-dimensional classical ensemble model. The numerical results show that in the MIR regime, the correlated behavior of the two electrons from NSDI is independent on the molecular alignment, contrary to the case in the near-infrared (NIR) regime where the electron correlations exhibit a strong alignment dependence. In consistent with the experimental results, our numerical results show that the longitudinal momentum spectrum of the doubly charged ion evolves from a wide single-hump structure at NIR regime into a double-hump structure when wavelength enters the MIR regime. This double-hump structure becomes more pronounced as the wavelength further increases. The responsible microscopic electron dynamics of NSDI at the MIR regime is explored by back analysis of the classical trajectories.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(020.4180) Atomic and molecular physics : Multiphoton processes
(260.3230) Physical optics : Ionization
(270.6620) Quantum optics : Strong-field processes
ToC Category:
Atomic and Molecular Physics
History
Original Manuscript: June 29, 2012
Revised Manuscript: August 3, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: August 6, 2012
Published: August 10, 2012
Citation
Qingbin Tang, Yueming Zhou, Cheng Huang, Qing Liao, and Peixiang Lu, "Correlated electron dynamics in nonsequential double ionization of molecules by mid-infrared fields," Opt. Express 20, 19580-19588 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-17-19580
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References
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- B. Feuerstein, R. Moshammer, D. Fischer, A. Dorn, C. D. Schröter, J. Deipenwisch, J. R. Crespo Lopez-Urrutia, C. Höhr, P. Neumayer, J. Ullrich, H. Rottke, C. Trump, M. Wittmann, G. Korn, and W. Sandner, “Separation of recollision mechanisms in nonsequential strong field double ionizaion of Ar: the role of excitation tunneling,” Phys. Rev. Lett.87, 043003 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- A. Rudenko, K. Zrost, B. Feuerstein, V. L. B. de Jesus, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Correlated multielectron dynamics in ultrafast laser pulse interactions with atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 253001 (2004). [CrossRef]
- B. Feuerstein, R. Moshammer, D. Fischer, A. Dorn, C. D. Schröter, J. Deipenwisch, J. R. Crespo Lopez-Urrutia, C. Höhr, P. Neumayer, J. Ullrich, H. Rottke, C. Trump, M. Wittmann, G. Korn, and W. Sandner, “Separation of recollision mechanisms in nonsequential strong field double ionizaion of Ar: the role of excitation tunneling,” Phys. Rev. Lett.87, 043003 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- G. Doumy, J. Wheeler, C. Roedig, R. Chirla, P. Agostini, and L. F. DiMauro, “Attosecond synchronization of high-order harmonics from midinfrared drivers,” Phys. Rev. Lett.102, 093002 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- K. J. Schafer, B. Yang, L. F. DiMauro, and K. C. Kulander, “Above threshold ionization beyond the high harmonic cutoff,” Phys. Rev. Lett.70, 1599–1602 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, T. Shaaran, X. Liu, and W. Yang, “Quantum interference in laser-induced nonsequential double ionization in diatomic molecules: Role of alignment and orbital symmetry,” Phys. Rev. A78, 043407 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Q. Liao, P. X. Lu, Q. B. Zhang, W. Y. Hong, and Z. Y. Yang, “Phase-dependent nonsequential double ionization by few-cycle laser pulses,” J. Phys. B41, 125601 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. Staudte, C. Ruiz, M. Schöffler, S. Schössler, D. Zeidler, Th. Weber, M. Meckel, D. M. Villeneuve, P. B. Corkum, A. Becker, and R. Dörner, “Binary and recoil collisions in strong field double ionization of helium,” Phys. Rev. Lett.99, 263002 (2007). [CrossRef]
- D. Zeidler, A. Staudte, A. B. Bardon, D. M. Villeneuve, R. Dörner, and P. B. Corkum, “Controlling attosecond double ionization dynamics via molecular alignment,” Phys. Rev. Lett.95, 203003 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Weckenbrock, D. Zeidler, A. Staudte, Th. Weber, M. Schöffler, M. Meckel, S. Kammer, M. Smolarski, O. Jagutzki, V. R. Bhardwaj, D. M. Rayner, D. M. Villeneuve, P. B. Corkum, and R. Dörner, “Fully differential rates for femtosecond multiphoton double ionization of neon,” Phys. Rev. Lett.92, 213002 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q. Liao, P. X. Lu, Q. B. Zhang, W. Y. Hong, and Z. Y. Yang, “Phase-dependent nonsequential double ionization by few-cycle laser pulses,” J. Phys. B41, 125601 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Q. Liao, Y. Zhou, C. Huang, and P. Lu, “Multiphoton Rabi oscillations of correlated electrons in strong-field nonsequential double ionization,” New J. Phys.14, 013001 (2012). [CrossRef]
- Y. Zhou, C. Huang, Q. Liao, and P. Lu, “Classical simulations including electron correlations for sequential double ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett.109, 053004 (2012). [CrossRef]
- C. Huang, Y. Zhou, A. H. Tong, Q. Liao, W. Hong, and P. Lu, “The effect of molecular alignment on correlated electron dynamics in nonsequential double ionization,” Opt. Express19, 5627–5634 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Zhou, C. Huang, A. H. Tong, Q. Liao, and P. Lu, “Correlated electron dynamics in nonsequential double ionization by orthogonal two-color laser pulses,” Opt. Express19, 2301–2308 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Zhou, C. Huang, Q. Liao, W. Hong, and P. Lu, “Control the revisit time of the electron wave packet” Opt. Lett.36, 2758–2760 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Zhou, Q. Liao, and P. Lu, “Asymmetric electron energy sharing in strong-field double ionization of helium,” Phys. Rev. A82, 053402 (2010). [CrossRef]
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- Y. Zhou, Q. Liao, and P. Lu, “Complex sub-laser-cycle electron dynamics in strong-field nonsequential triple ionizaion,” Opt. Express18, 16025–16034 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Zhou, Q. Liao, and P. Lu, “Mechanism for high-energy electrons in nonsequential double ionization below the recollision-excitation threshold,” Phys. Rev. A80, 023412 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. Rudenko, K. Zrost, B. Feuerstein, V. L. B. de Jesus, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Correlated multielectron dynamics in ultrafast laser pulse interactions with atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 253001 (2004). [CrossRef]
Contemp. Phys.
- P. Agostini and L. F. DiMauro, “Atoms in high intensity mid-infrared pulses,” Contemp. Phys.49, 179–197 (2008). [CrossRef]
J. Phys. B
- A. S. Alnaser, D. Comtois, A. T. Hasan, D. M. Villeneuve, J-C. Kieffer, and I. V. Litvinyuk, “Strong-field nonsequential double ionization: wavelength dependence of ion momentum distributions for neon and argon,” J. Phys. B41, 031001 (2008). [CrossRef]
- S. L. Haan, Z. S. Smith, K. N. Shomsky, and P. W. Plantinga, “Electron drift directions in strong-field double ionization of atoms,” J. Phys. B42, 134009 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. Becker, R. Dörner, and R. Moshammer, “Multiple fragmentation of atoms in femtosecond laser pulses,” J. Phys. B38, S753–S772 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Q. Liao, P. X. Lu, Q. B. Zhang, W. Y. Hong, and Z. Y. Yang, “Phase-dependent nonsequential double ionization by few-cycle laser pulses,” J. Phys. B41, 125601 (2008). [CrossRef]
- X. Liu, C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, W. Becker, and P. B. Corkum, “Attosecond electron thermalization by laser-driven electron recollision in atoms,” J. Phys. B39, L305–L311 (2006). [CrossRef]
Nat. Phys.
- P. Colosimo, G. Doumy, C. I. Blaga, J. Wheeler, C. Hauri, F. Catoire, J. Tate, R. Chirla, A. M. March, G. G. Paulus, H. G. Muller, P. Agostini, and L. F. Dimauro, “Scaling strong-field interactions towards the classical limit,” Nat. Phys.4, 386–389 (2008). [CrossRef]
- C. I. Blaga, F. Catoire, P. Colosimo, G. G. Paulus, H. G. Muller, P. Agostini, and F. Dimauro, “Srong-field photoionization revisited,” Nat. phys.5, 335–338 (2009). [CrossRef]
Nature (London)
- Th. Weber, H. Giessen, M. Weckenbrock, G. Urbasch, A. Staudte, L. Spielberger, O. Jagutzki, V. Mergel, M. Vollmer, and R. Dörner, “Correlated electron emmision in multiphoton double ionization,” Nature (London)405, 658–661 (2000). [CrossRef]
New J. Phys.
- Q. Liao, Y. Zhou, C. Huang, and P. Lu, “Multiphoton Rabi oscillations of correlated electrons in strong-field nonsequential double ionization,” New J. Phys.14, 013001 (2012). [CrossRef]
- O. Herrwerth, A. Rudenko, M. Kremer, V. L. B. de Jesus, B. Fischer, G. Gademann, K. Simeonidis, A. Achtelik, Th. Ergler, B. Feuerstein, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Wavelength dependence of sub-lasercycle few-electron dynamics in strong-field multiple ionization,” New J. Phys.10, 025007 (2008). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- C. Huang, Y. Zhou, A. H. Tong, Q. Liao, W. Hong, and P. Lu, “The effect of molecular alignment on correlated electron dynamics in nonsequential double ionization,” Opt. Express19, 5627–5634 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Zhou, Q. Liao, Q. Zhang, W. Hong, and P. Lu, “Controlling nonsequential double ionization via two-color few-cycle pulses,” Opt. Express18, 632–638 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Zhou, C. Huang, A. H. Tong, Q. Liao, and P. Lu, “Correlated electron dynamics in nonsequential double ionization by orthogonal two-color laser pulses,” Opt. Express19, 2301–2308 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Zhou, Q. Liao, and P. Lu, “Complex sub-laser-cycle electron dynamics in strong-field nonsequential triple ionizaion,” Opt. Express18, 16025–16034 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- Y. Zhou, C. Huang, Q. Liao, W. Hong, and P. Lu, “Control the revisit time of the electron wave packet” Opt. Lett.36, 2758–2760 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev. A
- Y. Zhou, Q. Liao, and P. Lu, “Mechanism for high-energy electrons in nonsequential double ionization below the recollision-excitation threshold,” Phys. Rev. A80, 023412 (2009). [CrossRef]
- K. Sacha and B. Eckhardt, “Pathways to double ionization of atoms in strong fields,” Phys. Rev. A63, 043414 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Y. Zhou, Q. Liao, and P. Lu, “Asymmetric electron energy sharing in strong-field double ionization of helium,” Phys. Rev. A82, 053402 (2010). [CrossRef]
- C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, T. Shaaran, X. Liu, and W. Yang, “Quantum interference in laser-induced nonsequential double ionization in diatomic molecules: Role of alignment and orbital symmetry,” Phys. Rev. A78, 043407 (2008). [CrossRef]
- T. Shaaran, B. B. Augstein, and C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, “Excitation two-center interference and the orbital geometry in laser-induced nonsequential double ionization of diatomic molecules,” Phys. Rev. A84, 013429 (2011). [CrossRef]
- X. Y. Jia, W. D. Li, J. Fan, J. Liu, and J. Chen, “Suppression effect in the nonsequential double ionization of molecules by an intense laser field,” Phys. Rev. A77, 063407 (2008). [CrossRef]
- X. Y. Jia, W. D. Li, J. Liu, and J. Chen, “Alignment-dependent nonsequential double ionization of N2 in intense laser fields: The role of different valence orbitals” Phys. Rev. A80, 053405 (2009). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- E. Eremina, X. Liu, H. Rottke, W. Sandner, M. G. Schätzel, A. Dreischuh, G. G. Paulus, H. Walther, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Influence of molecular structure on double ionization of N2 and O2 by high intensity ultra-short laser pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett.92, 173001 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. L. Haan, L. Breen, A. Karim, and J. H. Eberly, “Variable time lag and backward ejection in full-dimensional analysis of strong-field double ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett.97, 103008 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Quan, Z. Lin, M. Wu, H. Kang, H. Liu, X. Liu, J. Chen, J. Liu, X. T. He, S. G. Chen, H. Xiong, L. Guo, H. Xu, Y. Fu, Y. Cheng, and Z. Z. Xu, “Classical aspects in above-threshold ionization with a midinfrared strong laser field,” Phys. Rev. Lett.103, 093001 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. D. DiChiara, E. Sistrunk, C. I. Blaga, U. B. Szafruga, P. Agostini, and L. F. DiMauro, “Inelastic scattering of broadband electron wave packets driven by an intense midinfrared laser field,” Phys. Rev. Lett.108, 033002 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Zeidler, A. Staudte, A. B. Bardon, D. M. Villeneuve, R. Dörner, and P. B. Corkum, “Controlling attosecond double ionization dynamics via molecular alignment,” Phys. Rev. Lett.95, 203003 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. L. Haan, J. S. Van Dyke, and Z. S. Smith, “Recollision excitation, electron correlation, and the production of high-momentum electrons in double ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett.101, 113001 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Zhou, C. Huang, Q. Liao, and P. Lu, “Classical simulations including electron correlations for sequential double ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett.109, 053004 (2012). [CrossRef]
- G. Doumy, J. Wheeler, C. Roedig, R. Chirla, P. Agostini, and L. F. DiMauro, “Attosecond synchronization of high-order harmonics from midinfrared drivers,” Phys. Rev. Lett.102, 093002 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Kopold, W. Becker, H. Rottke, and W. Sandner, “Routes to nonsequential double ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett.85, 3781–3784 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Lein, E. K. U. Gross, and V. Engel, “Intense-field double ionization of helium: identifying the mechanism,” Phys. Rev. Lett.85, 4707–4710 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. B. Corkum, “Plasma perspective on strong-field multiphoton ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett.71, 1994–1997 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. J. Schafer, B. Yang, L. F. DiMauro, and K. C. Kulander, “Above threshold ionization beyond the high harmonic cutoff,” Phys. Rev. Lett.70, 1599–1602 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Weckenbrock, D. Zeidler, A. Staudte, Th. Weber, M. Schöffler, M. Meckel, S. Kammer, M. Smolarski, O. Jagutzki, V. R. Bhardwaj, D. M. Rayner, D. M. Villeneuve, P. B. Corkum, and R. Dörner, “Fully differential rates for femtosecond multiphoton double ionization of neon,” Phys. Rev. Lett.92, 213002 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Rudenko, K. Zrost, B. Feuerstein, V. L. B. de Jesus, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Correlated multielectron dynamics in ultrafast laser pulse interactions with atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 253001 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. Staudte, C. Ruiz, M. Schöffler, S. Schössler, D. Zeidler, Th. Weber, M. Meckel, D. M. Villeneuve, P. B. Corkum, A. Becker, and R. Dörner, “Binary and recoil collisions in strong field double ionization of helium,” Phys. Rev. Lett.99, 263002 (2007). [CrossRef]
- B. Feuerstein, R. Moshammer, D. Fischer, A. Dorn, C. D. Schröter, J. Deipenwisch, J. R. Crespo Lopez-Urrutia, C. Höhr, P. Neumayer, J. Ullrich, H. Rottke, C. Trump, M. Wittmann, G. Korn, and W. Sandner, “Separation of recollision mechanisms in nonsequential strong field double ionizaion of Ar: the role of excitation tunneling,” Phys. Rev. Lett.87, 043003 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. N. Fittinghoff, P. R. Bolton, B. Chang, and K. C. Kulander, “Observation of nonsequential double ionization of helium with optical tunneling,” Phys. Rev. Lett.69, 2642–2645 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Walker, B. Sheehy, L. F. Dimauro, P. Agostini, K. J. Schafer, and K. C. Kulander, “Precision measurement of strong field double ionizaiton of helium,” Phys. Rev. Lett.73, 1227–1230 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2012, Liao, New J. Phys.
- Q. Liao, Y. Zhou, C. Huang, and P. Lu, “Multiphoton Rabi oscillations of correlated electrons in strong-field nonsequential double ionization,” New J. Phys.14, 013001 (2012). [CrossRef]
- A. D. DiChiara, E. Sistrunk, C. I. Blaga, U. B. Szafruga, P. Agostini, and L. F. DiMauro, “Inelastic scattering of broadband electron wave packets driven by an intense midinfrared laser field,” Phys. Rev. Lett.108, 033002 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Zhou, C. Huang, Q. Liao, and P. Lu, “Classical simulations including electron correlations for sequential double ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett.109, 053004 (2012). [CrossRef]
- T. Shaaran, B. B. Augstein, and C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, “Excitation two-center interference and the orbital geometry in laser-induced nonsequential double ionization of diatomic molecules,” Phys. Rev. A84, 013429 (2011). [CrossRef]
- Y. Zhou, Q. Liao, and P. Lu, “Asymmetric electron energy sharing in strong-field double ionization of helium,” Phys. Rev. A82, 053402 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. L. Haan, Z. S. Smith, K. N. Shomsky, and P. W. Plantinga, “Electron drift directions in strong-field double ionization of atoms,” J. Phys. B42, 134009 (2009). [CrossRef]
- G. Doumy, J. Wheeler, C. Roedig, R. Chirla, P. Agostini, and L. F. DiMauro, “Attosecond synchronization of high-order harmonics from midinfrared drivers,” Phys. Rev. Lett.102, 093002 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. I. Blaga, F. Catoire, P. Colosimo, G. G. Paulus, H. G. Muller, P. Agostini, and F. Dimauro, “Srong-field photoionization revisited,” Nat. phys.5, 335–338 (2009). [CrossRef]
- W. Quan, Z. Lin, M. Wu, H. Kang, H. Liu, X. Liu, J. Chen, J. Liu, X. T. He, S. G. Chen, H. Xiong, L. Guo, H. Xu, Y. Fu, Y. Cheng, and Z. Z. Xu, “Classical aspects in above-threshold ionization with a midinfrared strong laser field,” Phys. Rev. Lett.103, 093001 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Zhou, Q. Liao, and P. Lu, “Mechanism for high-energy electrons in nonsequential double ionization below the recollision-excitation threshold,” Phys. Rev. A80, 023412 (2009). [CrossRef]
- X. Y. Jia, W. D. Li, J. Liu, and J. Chen, “Alignment-dependent nonsequential double ionization of N2 in intense laser fields: The role of different valence orbitals” Phys. Rev. A80, 053405 (2009). [CrossRef]
- P. Colosimo, G. Doumy, C. I. Blaga, J. Wheeler, C. Hauri, F. Catoire, J. Tate, R. Chirla, A. M. March, G. G. Paulus, H. G. Muller, P. Agostini, and L. F. Dimauro, “Scaling strong-field interactions towards the classical limit,” Nat. Phys.4, 386–389 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Q. Liao, P. X. Lu, Q. B. Zhang, W. Y. Hong, and Z. Y. Yang, “Phase-dependent nonsequential double ionization by few-cycle laser pulses,” J. Phys. B41, 125601 (2008). [CrossRef]
- P. Agostini and L. F. DiMauro, “Atoms in high intensity mid-infrared pulses,” Contemp. Phys.49, 179–197 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. S. Alnaser, D. Comtois, A. T. Hasan, D. M. Villeneuve, J-C. Kieffer, and I. V. Litvinyuk, “Strong-field nonsequential double ionization: wavelength dependence of ion momentum distributions for neon and argon,” J. Phys. B41, 031001 (2008). [CrossRef]
- O. Herrwerth, A. Rudenko, M. Kremer, V. L. B. de Jesus, B. Fischer, G. Gademann, K. Simeonidis, A. Achtelik, Th. Ergler, B. Feuerstein, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Wavelength dependence of sub-lasercycle few-electron dynamics in strong-field multiple ionization,” New J. Phys.10, 025007 (2008). [CrossRef]
- S. L. Haan, J. S. Van Dyke, and Z. S. Smith, “Recollision excitation, electron correlation, and the production of high-momentum electrons in double ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett.101, 113001 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, T. Shaaran, X. Liu, and W. Yang, “Quantum interference in laser-induced nonsequential double ionization in diatomic molecules: Role of alignment and orbital symmetry,” Phys. Rev. A78, 043407 (2008). [CrossRef]
- X. Y. Jia, W. D. Li, J. Fan, J. Liu, and J. Chen, “Suppression effect in the nonsequential double ionization of molecules by an intense laser field,” Phys. Rev. A77, 063407 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. Staudte, C. Ruiz, M. Schöffler, S. Schössler, D. Zeidler, Th. Weber, M. Meckel, D. M. Villeneuve, P. B. Corkum, A. Becker, and R. Dörner, “Binary and recoil collisions in strong field double ionization of helium,” Phys. Rev. Lett.99, 263002 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. L. Haan, L. Breen, A. Karim, and J. H. Eberly, “Variable time lag and backward ejection in full-dimensional analysis of strong-field double ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett.97, 103008 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. Liu, C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, W. Becker, and P. B. Corkum, “Attosecond electron thermalization by laser-driven electron recollision in atoms,” J. Phys. B39, L305–L311 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. Becker, R. Dörner, and R. Moshammer, “Multiple fragmentation of atoms in femtosecond laser pulses,” J. Phys. B38, S753–S772 (2005). [CrossRef]
- D. Zeidler, A. Staudte, A. B. Bardon, D. M. Villeneuve, R. Dörner, and P. B. Corkum, “Controlling attosecond double ionization dynamics via molecular alignment,” Phys. Rev. Lett.95, 203003 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Weckenbrock, D. Zeidler, A. Staudte, Th. Weber, M. Schöffler, M. Meckel, S. Kammer, M. Smolarski, O. Jagutzki, V. R. Bhardwaj, D. M. Rayner, D. M. Villeneuve, P. B. Corkum, and R. Dörner, “Fully differential rates for femtosecond multiphoton double ionization of neon,” Phys. Rev. Lett.92, 213002 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Rudenko, K. Zrost, B. Feuerstein, V. L. B. de Jesus, C. D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Correlated multielectron dynamics in ultrafast laser pulse interactions with atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 253001 (2004). [CrossRef]
- E. Eremina, X. Liu, H. Rottke, W. Sandner, M. G. Schätzel, A. Dreischuh, G. G. Paulus, H. Walther, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Influence of molecular structure on double ionization of N2 and O2 by high intensity ultra-short laser pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett.92, 173001 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Feuerstein, R. Moshammer, D. Fischer, A. Dorn, C. D. Schröter, J. Deipenwisch, J. R. Crespo Lopez-Urrutia, C. Höhr, P. Neumayer, J. Ullrich, H. Rottke, C. Trump, M. Wittmann, G. Korn, and W. Sandner, “Separation of recollision mechanisms in nonsequential strong field double ionizaion of Ar: the role of excitation tunneling,” Phys. Rev. Lett.87, 043003 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Sacha and B. Eckhardt, “Pathways to double ionization of atoms in strong fields,” Phys. Rev. A63, 043414 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Th. Weber, H. Giessen, M. Weckenbrock, G. Urbasch, A. Staudte, L. Spielberger, O. Jagutzki, V. Mergel, M. Vollmer, and R. Dörner, “Correlated electron emmision in multiphoton double ionization,” Nature (London)405, 658–661 (2000). [CrossRef]
- M. Lein, E. K. U. Gross, and V. Engel, “Intense-field double ionization of helium: identifying the mechanism,” Phys. Rev. Lett.85, 4707–4710 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Kopold, W. Becker, H. Rottke, and W. Sandner, “Routes to nonsequential double ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett.85, 3781–3784 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Walker, B. Sheehy, L. F. Dimauro, P. Agostini, K. J. Schafer, and K. C. Kulander, “Precision measurement of strong field double ionizaiton of helium,” Phys. Rev. Lett.73, 1227–1230 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. B. Corkum, “Plasma perspective on strong-field multiphoton ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett.71, 1994–1997 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. J. Schafer, B. Yang, L. F. DiMauro, and K. C. Kulander, “Above threshold ionization beyond the high harmonic cutoff,” Phys. Rev. Lett.70, 1599–1602 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. N. Fittinghoff, P. R. Bolton, B. Chang, and K. C. Kulander, “Observation of nonsequential double ionization of helium with optical tunneling,” Phys. Rev. Lett.69, 2642–2645 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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