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6-micron interaction length electro-optic modulation based on lithium niobate photonic crystal cavityH. Lu, B. Sadani, G. Ulliac, N. Courjal, C. Guyot, J. -M. Merolla, M. Collet, F. I. Baida, and M.-P. Bernal »View Author Affiliations
H. Lu,*
B. Sadani,
G. Ulliac,
N. Courjal,
C. Guyot,
J. -M. Merolla,
M. Collet,
F. I. Baida,
and M.-P. Bernal
Institut FEMTO-ST, UMR CNRS 6174, Université de Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France *Corresponding author: huihui.lu@femto-st.fr |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 19, pp. 20884-20893 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.020884
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Abstract
We report on electro-optic modulation using a Lithium Niobate (LN) Photonic Crystal (PC) cavity structure. The compact device (6 μm in length) consists of a 2D photonic crystal cavity made on an Annealed Proton Exchange (APE) LN waveguide with vertical deposited electrodes. Experimental results show a tunability of 0.6 nm/V. This compact design opens a way towards micro and nano-scale tunable photonic devices with low driving electrical power.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(130.0250) Integrated optics : Optoelectronics
(130.3730) Integrated optics : Lithium niobate
(250.5300) Optoelectronics : Photonic integrated circuits
(250.4110) Optoelectronics : Modulators
(130.3990) Integrated optics : Micro-optical devices
ToC Category:
Integrated Optics
History
Original Manuscript: June 6, 2012
Revised Manuscript: July 16, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: July 31, 2012
Published: August 28, 2012
Citation
H. Lu, B. Sadani, G. Ulliac, N. Courjal, C. Guyot, J. -M. Merolla, M. Collet, F. I. Baida, and M.-P. Bernal, "6-micron interaction length electro-optic modulation based on lithium niobate photonic crystal cavity," Opt. Express 20, 20884-20893 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-19-20884
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References
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- D. Djukic, G. Cerda-Pons, R. M. Roth, R. M. Osgood, S. Bakhru, and H. Bakhru, “Electro-optically tunable second-harmonic generation gratings in ion-exfoliated thin films of periodically poled lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(17), 171116 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- N. Courjal, B. Guichardaz, G. Ulliac, J.-Y. Rauch, B. Sadani, H. Lu, and M.-P. Bernal, “High aspect ratio lithium niobate ridge waveguides fabricated by optical grade dicing,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.44(30), 305101 (2011). [CrossRef]
- G. W. Burr, S. Diziain, and M.-P. Bernal, “The impact of finite-depth cylindrical and conical holes in lithium niobate photonic crystals,” Opt. Express16(9), 6302–6316 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Roussey, M.-P. Bernal, and F. I. Baida, “Experimental and theoretical observations of the slow-light effect on a tunable photonic crystal,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B24(6), 1416–1422 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Roussey, M.-P. Bernal, N. Courjal, D. Van Labeke, F. I. Baida, and R. Salut, “Electro-optic effect exaltation on lithium niobate photonic crystals due to slow photons,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(24), 241110 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Paturzo, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, D. Alfieri, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, A. Finizio, S. De Nicola, G. Pierattini, F. Caccavale, D. Callejo, and A. Morbiato, “On the origin of internal field in Lithium Niobate crystals directly observed by digital holography,” Opt. Express13(14), 5416–5423 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Paturzo, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, D. Alfieri, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, A. Finizio, S. De Nicola, G. Pierattini, F. Caccavale, D. Callejo, and A. Morbiato, “On the origin of internal field in Lithium Niobate crystals directly observed by digital holography,” Opt. Express13(14), 5416–5423 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Levy, R. M. Osgood, R. Liu, L. E. Cross, G. S. Cargill, A. Kumar, and H. Bakhru, “Fabrication of single-crystal lithium niobate films by crystal ion slicing,” Appl. Phys. Lett.73(16), 2293 (1998). [CrossRef]
- D. Djukic, G. Cerda-Pons, R. M. Roth, R. M. Osgood, S. Bakhru, and H. Bakhru, “Electro-optically tunable second-harmonic generation gratings in ion-exfoliated thin films of periodically poled lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(17), 171116 (2007). [CrossRef]
- H. M. H. Chong and R. M. De La Rue, “Tuning of photonic crystal waveguide microcavity by thermooptic effect,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.16(6), 1528–1530 (2004). [CrossRef]
- H. Lu, B. Sadani, N. Courjal, G. Ulliac, N. Smith, V. Stenger, M. Collet, F. I. Baida, and M.-P. Bernal, “Enhanced electro-optical lithium niobate photonic crystal wire waveguide on a smart-cut thin film,” Opt. Express20(3), 2974–2981 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. Courjal, B. Guichardaz, G. Ulliac, J.-Y. Rauch, B. Sadani, H. Lu, and M.-P. Bernal, “High aspect ratio lithium niobate ridge waveguides fabricated by optical grade dicing,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.44(30), 305101 (2011). [CrossRef]
- N. Courjal, S. Benchabane, J. Dahdah, G. Ulliac, Y. Gruson, and V. Laude, “Acousto-optically tunable lithium niobate photonic crystal,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(13), 131103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Roussey, M.-P. Bernal, N. Courjal, D. Van Labeke, F. I. Baida, and R. Salut, “Electro-optic effect exaltation on lithium niobate photonic crystals due to slow photons,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(24), 241110 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Levy, R. M. Osgood, R. Liu, L. E. Cross, G. S. Cargill, A. Kumar, and H. Bakhru, “Fabrication of single-crystal lithium niobate films by crystal ion slicing,” Appl. Phys. Lett.73(16), 2293 (1998). [CrossRef]
- N. Courjal, S. Benchabane, J. Dahdah, G. Ulliac, Y. Gruson, and V. Laude, “Acousto-optically tunable lithium niobate photonic crystal,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(13), 131103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Paturzo, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, D. Alfieri, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, A. Finizio, S. De Nicola, G. Pierattini, F. Caccavale, D. Callejo, and A. Morbiato, “On the origin of internal field in Lithium Niobate crystals directly observed by digital holography,” Opt. Express13(14), 5416–5423 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, L. Sansone, D. Alfieri, and P. De Natale, “Two-dimensional mapping of electro-optic phase retardation in lithium niobate crystals by digital holography,” Opt. Lett.30(13), 1671–1673 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Paturzo, D. Alfieri, S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Fińizio, and G. Pierattini, “Investigation of electric internal field in congruent LiNbO3 by electro-optic effect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(23), 2875 (2004). [CrossRef]
- H. M. H. Chong and R. M. De La Rue, “Tuning of photonic crystal waveguide microcavity by thermooptic effect,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.16(6), 1528–1530 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. Paturzo, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, D. Alfieri, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, A. Finizio, S. De Nicola, G. Pierattini, F. Caccavale, D. Callejo, and A. Morbiato, “On the origin of internal field in Lithium Niobate crystals directly observed by digital holography,” Opt. Express13(14), 5416–5423 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, L. Sansone, D. Alfieri, and P. De Natale, “Two-dimensional mapping of electro-optic phase retardation in lithium niobate crystals by digital holography,” Opt. Lett.30(13), 1671–1673 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Paturzo, D. Alfieri, S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Fińizio, and G. Pierattini, “Investigation of electric internal field in congruent LiNbO3 by electro-optic effect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(23), 2875 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, L. Sansone, D. Alfieri, and P. De Natale, “Two-dimensional mapping of electro-optic phase retardation in lithium niobate crystals by digital holography,” Opt. Lett.30(13), 1671–1673 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Paturzo, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, D. Alfieri, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, A. Finizio, S. De Nicola, G. Pierattini, F. Caccavale, D. Callejo, and A. Morbiato, “On the origin of internal field in Lithium Niobate crystals directly observed by digital holography,” Opt. Express13(14), 5416–5423 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Paturzo, D. Alfieri, S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Fińizio, and G. Pierattini, “Investigation of electric internal field in congruent LiNbO3 by electro-optic effect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(23), 2875 (2004). [CrossRef]
- R. Geiss, S. Diziain, R. Iliew, C. Etrich, H. Hartung, N. Janunts, F. Schrempel, F. Lederer, T. Pertsch, and E.-B. Kley, “Light propagation in a free-standing lithium niobate photonic crystal waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. W. Burr, S. Diziain, and M.-P. Bernal, “The impact of finite-depth cylindrical and conical holes in lithium niobate photonic crystals,” Opt. Express16(9), 6302–6316 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Djukic, G. Cerda-Pons, R. M. Roth, R. M. Osgood, S. Bakhru, and H. Bakhru, “Electro-optically tunable second-harmonic generation gratings in ion-exfoliated thin films of periodically poled lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(17), 171116 (2007). [CrossRef]
- R. Geiss, S. Diziain, R. Iliew, C. Etrich, H. Hartung, N. Janunts, F. Schrempel, F. Lederer, T. Pertsch, and E.-B. Kley, “Light propagation in a free-standing lithium niobate photonic crystal waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, L. Sansone, D. Alfieri, and P. De Natale, “Two-dimensional mapping of electro-optic phase retardation in lithium niobate crystals by digital holography,” Opt. Lett.30(13), 1671–1673 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Paturzo, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, D. Alfieri, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, A. Finizio, S. De Nicola, G. Pierattini, F. Caccavale, D. Callejo, and A. Morbiato, “On the origin of internal field in Lithium Niobate crystals directly observed by digital holography,” Opt. Express13(14), 5416–5423 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Paturzo, D. Alfieri, S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Fińizio, and G. Pierattini, “Investigation of electric internal field in congruent LiNbO3 by electro-optic effect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(23), 2875 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, L. Sansone, D. Alfieri, and P. De Natale, “Two-dimensional mapping of electro-optic phase retardation in lithium niobate crystals by digital holography,” Opt. Lett.30(13), 1671–1673 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Paturzo, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, D. Alfieri, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, A. Finizio, S. De Nicola, G. Pierattini, F. Caccavale, D. Callejo, and A. Morbiato, “On the origin of internal field in Lithium Niobate crystals directly observed by digital holography,” Opt. Express13(14), 5416–5423 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Paturzo, D. Alfieri, S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Fińizio, and G. Pierattini, “Investigation of electric internal field in congruent LiNbO3 by electro-optic effect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(23), 2875 (2004). [CrossRef]
- R. Geiss, S. Diziain, R. Iliew, C. Etrich, H. Hartung, N. Janunts, F. Schrempel, F. Lederer, T. Pertsch, and E.-B. Kley, “Light propagation in a free-standing lithium niobate photonic crystal waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, L. Sansone, D. Alfieri, and P. De Natale, “Two-dimensional mapping of electro-optic phase retardation in lithium niobate crystals by digital holography,” Opt. Lett.30(13), 1671–1673 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Paturzo, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, D. Alfieri, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, A. Finizio, S. De Nicola, G. Pierattini, F. Caccavale, D. Callejo, and A. Morbiato, “On the origin of internal field in Lithium Niobate crystals directly observed by digital holography,” Opt. Express13(14), 5416–5423 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Paturzo, D. Alfieri, S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Fińizio, and G. Pierattini, “Investigation of electric internal field in congruent LiNbO3 by electro-optic effect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(23), 2875 (2004). [CrossRef]
- N. Courjal, S. Benchabane, J. Dahdah, G. Ulliac, Y. Gruson, and V. Laude, “Acousto-optically tunable lithium niobate photonic crystal,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(13), 131103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. Poberaj, M. Koechlin, F. Sulser, A. Guarino, J. Hajfler, and P. Günter, “Ion-sliced lithium niobate thin films for active photonic devices,” Opt. Mater.31(7), 1054–1058 (2009). [CrossRef]
- N. Courjal, B. Guichardaz, G. Ulliac, J.-Y. Rauch, B. Sadani, H. Lu, and M.-P. Bernal, “High aspect ratio lithium niobate ridge waveguides fabricated by optical grade dicing,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.44(30), 305101 (2011). [CrossRef]
- G. Poberaj, M. Koechlin, F. Sulser, A. Guarino, J. Hajfler, and P. Günter, “Ion-sliced lithium niobate thin films for active photonic devices,” Opt. Mater.31(7), 1054–1058 (2009). [CrossRef]
- F. Sulser, G. Poberaj, M. Koechlin, and P. Günter, “Photonic crystal structures in ion-sliced lithium niobate thin films,” Opt. Express17(22), 20291–20300 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Poberaj, M. Koechlin, F. Sulser, A. Guarino, J. Hajfler, and P. Günter, “Ion-sliced lithium niobate thin films for active photonic devices,” Opt. Mater.31(7), 1054–1058 (2009). [CrossRef]
- R. Geiss, S. Diziain, R. Iliew, C. Etrich, H. Hartung, N. Janunts, F. Schrempel, F. Lederer, T. Pertsch, and E.-B. Kley, “Light propagation in a free-standing lithium niobate photonic crystal waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. Geiss, S. Diziain, R. Iliew, C. Etrich, H. Hartung, N. Janunts, F. Schrempel, F. Lederer, T. Pertsch, and E.-B. Kley, “Light propagation in a free-standing lithium niobate photonic crystal waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. Geiss, S. Diziain, R. Iliew, C. Etrich, H. Hartung, N. Janunts, F. Schrempel, F. Lederer, T. Pertsch, and E.-B. Kley, “Light propagation in a free-standing lithium niobate photonic crystal waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Soljacić and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Enhancement of nonlinear effects using photonic crystals,” Nat. Mater.3(4), 211–219 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. John, “Strong localization of photons in certain disordered dielectric superlattices,” Phys. Rev. Lett.58(23), 2486–2489 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Geiss, S. Diziain, R. Iliew, C. Etrich, H. Hartung, N. Janunts, F. Schrempel, F. Lederer, T. Pertsch, and E.-B. Kley, “Light propagation in a free-standing lithium niobate photonic crystal waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- F. Sulser, G. Poberaj, M. Koechlin, and P. Günter, “Photonic crystal structures in ion-sliced lithium niobate thin films,” Opt. Express17(22), 20291–20300 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Poberaj, M. Koechlin, F. Sulser, A. Guarino, J. Hajfler, and P. Günter, “Ion-sliced lithium niobate thin films for active photonic devices,” Opt. Mater.31(7), 1054–1058 (2009). [CrossRef]
- M. Levy, R. M. Osgood, R. Liu, L. E. Cross, G. S. Cargill, A. Kumar, and H. Bakhru, “Fabrication of single-crystal lithium niobate films by crystal ion slicing,” Appl. Phys. Lett.73(16), 2293 (1998). [CrossRef]
- N. Courjal, S. Benchabane, J. Dahdah, G. Ulliac, Y. Gruson, and V. Laude, “Acousto-optically tunable lithium niobate photonic crystal,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(13), 131103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. Geiss, S. Diziain, R. Iliew, C. Etrich, H. Hartung, N. Janunts, F. Schrempel, F. Lederer, T. Pertsch, and E.-B. Kley, “Light propagation in a free-standing lithium niobate photonic crystal waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. T. Tinker and J.-B. Lee, “Thermo-optic photonic crystal light modulator,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86(22), 221111 (2005). [CrossRef]
- W. Park and J.-B. Lee, “Mechanically tunable photonic crystal structure,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(21), 4845 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. Levy, R. M. Osgood, R. Liu, L. E. Cross, G. S. Cargill, A. Kumar, and H. Bakhru, “Fabrication of single-crystal lithium niobate films by crystal ion slicing,” Appl. Phys. Lett.73(16), 2293 (1998). [CrossRef]
- B. Li, J. Zhou, L. Li, X. J. Wang, X. H. Liu, and J. Zi, “Ferroelectric inverse opals with electrically tunable photonic band gap,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(23), 4704 (2003). [CrossRef]
- B. Li, J. Zhou, L. Li, X. J. Wang, X. H. Liu, and J. Zi, “Ferroelectric inverse opals with electrically tunable photonic band gap,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(23), 4704 (2003). [CrossRef]
- M. Levy, R. M. Osgood, R. Liu, L. E. Cross, G. S. Cargill, A. Kumar, and H. Bakhru, “Fabrication of single-crystal lithium niobate films by crystal ion slicing,” Appl. Phys. Lett.73(16), 2293 (1998). [CrossRef]
- B. Li, J. Zhou, L. Li, X. J. Wang, X. H. Liu, and J. Zi, “Ferroelectric inverse opals with electrically tunable photonic band gap,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(23), 4704 (2003). [CrossRef]
- H. Lu, B. Sadani, N. Courjal, G. Ulliac, N. Smith, V. Stenger, M. Collet, F. I. Baida, and M.-P. Bernal, “Enhanced electro-optical lithium niobate photonic crystal wire waveguide on a smart-cut thin film,” Opt. Express20(3), 2974–2981 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. Courjal, B. Guichardaz, G. Ulliac, J.-Y. Rauch, B. Sadani, H. Lu, and M.-P. Bernal, “High aspect ratio lithium niobate ridge waveguides fabricated by optical grade dicing,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.44(30), 305101 (2011). [CrossRef]
- M. Paturzo, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, D. Alfieri, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, A. Finizio, S. De Nicola, G. Pierattini, F. Caccavale, D. Callejo, and A. Morbiato, “On the origin of internal field in Lithium Niobate crystals directly observed by digital holography,” Opt. Express13(14), 5416–5423 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Djukic, G. Cerda-Pons, R. M. Roth, R. M. Osgood, S. Bakhru, and H. Bakhru, “Electro-optically tunable second-harmonic generation gratings in ion-exfoliated thin films of periodically poled lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(17), 171116 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Levy, R. M. Osgood, R. Liu, L. E. Cross, G. S. Cargill, A. Kumar, and H. Bakhru, “Fabrication of single-crystal lithium niobate films by crystal ion slicing,” Appl. Phys. Lett.73(16), 2293 (1998). [CrossRef]
- W. Park and J.-B. Lee, “Mechanically tunable photonic crystal structure,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(21), 4845 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. Paturzo, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, D. Alfieri, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, A. Finizio, S. De Nicola, G. Pierattini, F. Caccavale, D. Callejo, and A. Morbiato, “On the origin of internal field in Lithium Niobate crystals directly observed by digital holography,” Opt. Express13(14), 5416–5423 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, L. Sansone, D. Alfieri, and P. De Natale, “Two-dimensional mapping of electro-optic phase retardation in lithium niobate crystals by digital holography,” Opt. Lett.30(13), 1671–1673 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Paturzo, D. Alfieri, S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Fińizio, and G. Pierattini, “Investigation of electric internal field in congruent LiNbO3 by electro-optic effect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(23), 2875 (2004). [CrossRef]
- R. Geiss, S. Diziain, R. Iliew, C. Etrich, H. Hartung, N. Janunts, F. Schrempel, F. Lederer, T. Pertsch, and E.-B. Kley, “Light propagation in a free-standing lithium niobate photonic crystal waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, L. Sansone, D. Alfieri, and P. De Natale, “Two-dimensional mapping of electro-optic phase retardation in lithium niobate crystals by digital holography,” Opt. Lett.30(13), 1671–1673 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Paturzo, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, D. Alfieri, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, A. Finizio, S. De Nicola, G. Pierattini, F. Caccavale, D. Callejo, and A. Morbiato, “On the origin of internal field in Lithium Niobate crystals directly observed by digital holography,” Opt. Express13(14), 5416–5423 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Paturzo, D. Alfieri, S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Fińizio, and G. Pierattini, “Investigation of electric internal field in congruent LiNbO3 by electro-optic effect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(23), 2875 (2004). [CrossRef]
- G. Poberaj, M. Koechlin, F. Sulser, A. Guarino, J. Hajfler, and P. Günter, “Ion-sliced lithium niobate thin films for active photonic devices,” Opt. Mater.31(7), 1054–1058 (2009). [CrossRef]
- F. Sulser, G. Poberaj, M. Koechlin, and P. Günter, “Photonic crystal structures in ion-sliced lithium niobate thin films,” Opt. Express17(22), 20291–20300 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. Courjal, B. Guichardaz, G. Ulliac, J.-Y. Rauch, B. Sadani, H. Lu, and M.-P. Bernal, “High aspect ratio lithium niobate ridge waveguides fabricated by optical grade dicing,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.44(30), 305101 (2011). [CrossRef]
- D. Djukic, G. Cerda-Pons, R. M. Roth, R. M. Osgood, S. Bakhru, and H. Bakhru, “Electro-optically tunable second-harmonic generation gratings in ion-exfoliated thin films of periodically poled lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(17), 171116 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Roussey, M.-P. Bernal, and F. I. Baida, “Experimental and theoretical observations of the slow-light effect on a tunable photonic crystal,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B24(6), 1416–1422 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Roussey, M.-P. Bernal, N. Courjal, D. Van Labeke, F. I. Baida, and R. Salut, “Electro-optic effect exaltation on lithium niobate photonic crystals due to slow photons,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(24), 241110 (2006). [CrossRef]
- H. Lu, B. Sadani, N. Courjal, G. Ulliac, N. Smith, V. Stenger, M. Collet, F. I. Baida, and M.-P. Bernal, “Enhanced electro-optical lithium niobate photonic crystal wire waveguide on a smart-cut thin film,” Opt. Express20(3), 2974–2981 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. Courjal, B. Guichardaz, G. Ulliac, J.-Y. Rauch, B. Sadani, H. Lu, and M.-P. Bernal, “High aspect ratio lithium niobate ridge waveguides fabricated by optical grade dicing,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.44(30), 305101 (2011). [CrossRef]
- M. Roussey, M.-P. Bernal, N. Courjal, D. Van Labeke, F. I. Baida, and R. Salut, “Electro-optic effect exaltation on lithium niobate photonic crystals due to slow photons,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(24), 241110 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, L. Sansone, D. Alfieri, and P. De Natale, “Two-dimensional mapping of electro-optic phase retardation in lithium niobate crystals by digital holography,” Opt. Lett.30(13), 1671–1673 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Geiss, S. Diziain, R. Iliew, C. Etrich, H. Hartung, N. Janunts, F. Schrempel, F. Lederer, T. Pertsch, and E.-B. Kley, “Light propagation in a free-standing lithium niobate photonic crystal waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Soljacić and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Enhancement of nonlinear effects using photonic crystals,” Nat. Mater.3(4), 211–219 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Poberaj, M. Koechlin, F. Sulser, A. Guarino, J. Hajfler, and P. Günter, “Ion-sliced lithium niobate thin films for active photonic devices,” Opt. Mater.31(7), 1054–1058 (2009). [CrossRef]
- F. Sulser, G. Poberaj, M. Koechlin, and P. Günter, “Photonic crystal structures in ion-sliced lithium niobate thin films,” Opt. Express17(22), 20291–20300 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. T. Tinker and J.-B. Lee, “Thermo-optic photonic crystal light modulator,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86(22), 221111 (2005). [CrossRef]
- H. Lu, B. Sadani, N. Courjal, G. Ulliac, N. Smith, V. Stenger, M. Collet, F. I. Baida, and M.-P. Bernal, “Enhanced electro-optical lithium niobate photonic crystal wire waveguide on a smart-cut thin film,” Opt. Express20(3), 2974–2981 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. Courjal, B. Guichardaz, G. Ulliac, J.-Y. Rauch, B. Sadani, H. Lu, and M.-P. Bernal, “High aspect ratio lithium niobate ridge waveguides fabricated by optical grade dicing,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.44(30), 305101 (2011). [CrossRef]
- N. Courjal, S. Benchabane, J. Dahdah, G. Ulliac, Y. Gruson, and V. Laude, “Acousto-optically tunable lithium niobate photonic crystal,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(13), 131103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Roussey, M.-P. Bernal, N. Courjal, D. Van Labeke, F. I. Baida, and R. Salut, “Electro-optic effect exaltation on lithium niobate photonic crystals due to slow photons,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(24), 241110 (2006). [CrossRef]
- B. Li, J. Zhou, L. Li, X. J. Wang, X. H. Liu, and J. Zi, “Ferroelectric inverse opals with electrically tunable photonic band gap,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(23), 4704 (2003). [CrossRef]
- E. Yablonovitch, “Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-state physics and electronics,” Phys. Rev. Lett.58(20), 2059–2062 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Li, J. Zhou, L. Li, X. J. Wang, X. H. Liu, and J. Zi, “Ferroelectric inverse opals with electrically tunable photonic band gap,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(23), 4704 (2003). [CrossRef]
- B. Li, J. Zhou, L. Li, X. J. Wang, X. H. Liu, and J. Zi, “Ferroelectric inverse opals with electrically tunable photonic band gap,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(23), 4704 (2003). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- M. Roussey, M.-P. Bernal, N. Courjal, D. Van Labeke, F. I. Baida, and R. Salut, “Electro-optic effect exaltation on lithium niobate photonic crystals due to slow photons,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(24), 241110 (2006). [CrossRef]
- B. Li, J. Zhou, L. Li, X. J. Wang, X. H. Liu, and J. Zi, “Ferroelectric inverse opals with electrically tunable photonic band gap,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(23), 4704 (2003). [CrossRef]
- W. Park and J.-B. Lee, “Mechanically tunable photonic crystal structure,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(21), 4845 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. T. Tinker and J.-B. Lee, “Thermo-optic photonic crystal light modulator,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86(22), 221111 (2005). [CrossRef]
- N. Courjal, S. Benchabane, J. Dahdah, G. Ulliac, Y. Gruson, and V. Laude, “Acousto-optically tunable lithium niobate photonic crystal,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(13), 131103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Paturzo, D. Alfieri, S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Fińizio, and G. Pierattini, “Investigation of electric internal field in congruent LiNbO3 by electro-optic effect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(23), 2875 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. Levy, R. M. Osgood, R. Liu, L. E. Cross, G. S. Cargill, A. Kumar, and H. Bakhru, “Fabrication of single-crystal lithium niobate films by crystal ion slicing,” Appl. Phys. Lett.73(16), 2293 (1998). [CrossRef]
- D. Djukic, G. Cerda-Pons, R. M. Roth, R. M. Osgood, S. Bakhru, and H. Bakhru, “Electro-optically tunable second-harmonic generation gratings in ion-exfoliated thin films of periodically poled lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(17), 171116 (2007). [CrossRef]
- R. Geiss, S. Diziain, R. Iliew, C. Etrich, H. Hartung, N. Janunts, F. Schrempel, F. Lederer, T. Pertsch, and E.-B. Kley, “Light propagation in a free-standing lithium niobate photonic crystal waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131109 (2010). [CrossRef]
IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.
- H. M. H. Chong and R. M. De La Rue, “Tuning of photonic crystal waveguide microcavity by thermooptic effect,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.16(6), 1528–1530 (2004). [CrossRef]
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
- M. Roussey, M.-P. Bernal, and F. I. Baida, “Experimental and theoretical observations of the slow-light effect on a tunable photonic crystal,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B24(6), 1416–1422 (2007). [CrossRef]
J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.
- N. Courjal, B. Guichardaz, G. Ulliac, J.-Y. Rauch, B. Sadani, H. Lu, and M.-P. Bernal, “High aspect ratio lithium niobate ridge waveguides fabricated by optical grade dicing,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.44(30), 305101 (2011). [CrossRef]
Nat. Mater.
- M. Soljacić and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Enhancement of nonlinear effects using photonic crystals,” Nat. Mater.3(4), 211–219 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nat. Photonics
- T. Baba, “Slow light in photonic crystals,” Nat. Photonics2(8), 465–473 (2008). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- T. Nishikawa, A. Ozawa, Y. Nishida, M. Asobe, F.-L. Hong, and T. W. Hänsch, “Efficient 494 mW sum-frequency generation of sodium resonance radiation at 589 nm by using a periodically poled Zn:LiNbO3 ridge waveguide,” Opt. Express17(20), 17792–17800 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Shambat, B. Ellis, M. A. Mayer, A. Majumdar, E. E. Haller, and J. Vučković, “Ultra-low power fiber-coupled gallium arsenide photonic crystal cavity electro-optic modulator,” Opt. Express19(8), 7530–7536 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Schmidt, Q. Xu, J. Shakya, S. Manipatruni, and M. Lipson, “Compact electro-optic modulator on silicon-on-insulator substrates using cavities with ultra-small modal volumes,” Opt. Express15(6), 3140–3148 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Lu, B. Sadani, N. Courjal, G. Ulliac, N. Smith, V. Stenger, M. Collet, F. I. Baida, and M.-P. Bernal, “Enhanced electro-optical lithium niobate photonic crystal wire waveguide on a smart-cut thin film,” Opt. Express20(3), 2974–2981 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Sulser, G. Poberaj, M. Koechlin, and P. Günter, “Photonic crystal structures in ion-sliced lithium niobate thin films,” Opt. Express17(22), 20291–20300 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Paturzo, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, D. Alfieri, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, A. Finizio, S. De Nicola, G. Pierattini, F. Caccavale, D. Callejo, and A. Morbiato, “On the origin of internal field in Lithium Niobate crystals directly observed by digital holography,” Opt. Express13(14), 5416–5423 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. W. Burr, S. Diziain, and M.-P. Bernal, “The impact of finite-depth cylindrical and conical holes in lithium niobate photonic crystals,” Opt. Express16(9), 6302–6316 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, L. Sansone, D. Alfieri, and P. De Natale, “Two-dimensional mapping of electro-optic phase retardation in lithium niobate crystals by digital holography,” Opt. Lett.30(13), 1671–1673 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Mater.
- G. Poberaj, M. Koechlin, F. Sulser, A. Guarino, J. Hajfler, and P. Günter, “Ion-sliced lithium niobate thin films for active photonic devices,” Opt. Mater.31(7), 1054–1058 (2009). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- E. Yablonovitch, “Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-state physics and electronics,” Phys. Rev. Lett.58(20), 2059–2062 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. John, “Strong localization of photons in certain disordered dielectric superlattices,” Phys. Rev. Lett.58(23), 2486–2489 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2012, Lu, Opt. Express
- N. Courjal, B. Guichardaz, G. Ulliac, J.-Y. Rauch, B. Sadani, H. Lu, and M.-P. Bernal, “High aspect ratio lithium niobate ridge waveguides fabricated by optical grade dicing,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.44(30), 305101 (2011). [CrossRef]
- N. Courjal, S. Benchabane, J. Dahdah, G. Ulliac, Y. Gruson, and V. Laude, “Acousto-optically tunable lithium niobate photonic crystal,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(13), 131103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. Geiss, S. Diziain, R. Iliew, C. Etrich, H. Hartung, N. Janunts, F. Schrempel, F. Lederer, T. Pertsch, and E.-B. Kley, “Light propagation in a free-standing lithium niobate photonic crystal waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. Poberaj, M. Koechlin, F. Sulser, A. Guarino, J. Hajfler, and P. Günter, “Ion-sliced lithium niobate thin films for active photonic devices,” Opt. Mater.31(7), 1054–1058 (2009). [CrossRef]
- T. Baba, “Slow light in photonic crystals,” Nat. Photonics2(8), 465–473 (2008). [CrossRef]
- D. Djukic, G. Cerda-Pons, R. M. Roth, R. M. Osgood, S. Bakhru, and H. Bakhru, “Electro-optically tunable second-harmonic generation gratings in ion-exfoliated thin films of periodically poled lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(17), 171116 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Roussey, M.-P. Bernal, N. Courjal, D. Van Labeke, F. I. Baida, and R. Salut, “Electro-optic effect exaltation on lithium niobate photonic crystals due to slow photons,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(24), 241110 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. T. Tinker and J.-B. Lee, “Thermo-optic photonic crystal light modulator,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86(22), 221111 (2005). [CrossRef]
- M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, L. Sansone, D. Alfieri, and P. De Natale, “Two-dimensional mapping of electro-optic phase retardation in lithium niobate crystals by digital holography,” Opt. Lett.30(13), 1671–1673 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Paturzo, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, D. Alfieri, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, A. Finizio, S. De Nicola, G. Pierattini, F. Caccavale, D. Callejo, and A. Morbiato, “On the origin of internal field in Lithium Niobate crystals directly observed by digital holography,” Opt. Express13(14), 5416–5423 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Paturzo, D. Alfieri, S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, A. Fińizio, and G. Pierattini, “Investigation of electric internal field in congruent LiNbO3 by electro-optic effect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(23), 2875 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. Soljacić and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Enhancement of nonlinear effects using photonic crystals,” Nat. Mater.3(4), 211–219 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Park and J.-B. Lee, “Mechanically tunable photonic crystal structure,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(21), 4845 (2004). [CrossRef]
- H. M. H. Chong and R. M. De La Rue, “Tuning of photonic crystal waveguide microcavity by thermooptic effect,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.16(6), 1528–1530 (2004). [CrossRef]
- B. Li, J. Zhou, L. Li, X. J. Wang, X. H. Liu, and J. Zi, “Ferroelectric inverse opals with electrically tunable photonic band gap,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(23), 4704 (2003). [CrossRef]
- M. Levy, R. M. Osgood, R. Liu, L. E. Cross, G. S. Cargill, A. Kumar, and H. Bakhru, “Fabrication of single-crystal lithium niobate films by crystal ion slicing,” Appl. Phys. Lett.73(16), 2293 (1998). [CrossRef]
- E. Yablonovitch, “Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-state physics and electronics,” Phys. Rev. Lett.58(20), 2059–2062 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. John, “Strong localization of photons in certain disordered dielectric superlattices,” Phys. Rev. Lett.58(23), 2486–2489 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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