We report the successful fabrication of mid-infrared waveguides written in a gallium lanthanum sulphide (GLS) substrate via the ultrafast laser inscription technique. Single mode guiding at 2485 nm and 3850 nm is observed. Spectral broadening spanning 1500 nm (−15dB points) is demonstrated under 3850 nm excitation.

© 2012 OSA

1. A. Kosterev, G. Wysocki, Y. Bakhirkin, S. So, R. Lewicki, M. Fraser, F. Tittel, and R. F. Curl, “Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis,” Appl. Phys. B90(2), 165–176 (2008). [CrossRef]
2. P. Lucas, M. A. Solis, D. Le Coq, C. Juncker, M. R. Riley, J. Collier, D. E. Boesewetter, C. Boussard-Plédel, and B. Bureau, “Infrared biosensors using hydrophobic chalcogenide fibers sensitized with live cells,” Sens. Actuators B Chem.119(2), 355–362 (2006). [CrossRef]
3. P. Houizot, C. Boussard-Plédel, A. J. Faber, L. K. Cheng, B. Bureau, P. A. Van Nijnatten, W. L. M. Gielesen, J. Pereira do Carmo, and J. Lucas, “Infrared single mode chalcogenide glass fiber for space,” Opt. Express15(19), 12529–12538 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. M. Balu, J. Hales, D. J. Hagan, and E. W. Van Stryland, “Dispersion of nonlinear refraction and two-photon absorption using a white-light continuum Z-scan,” Opt. Express13(10), 3594–3599 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. R. Grille, G. Martin, L. Labadie, B. Arezki, P. Kern, T. Lewi, A. Tsun, and A. Katzir, “Single mode mid-infrared silver halide asymmetric flat waveguide obtained from crystal extrusion,” Opt. Express17(15), 12516–12522 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. L. Le Neindre, F. Smektala, K. Le Foulgoc, X. H. Zhang, and J. Lucas, “Tellurium halide optical fibers,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids242(2-3), 99–103 (1998). [CrossRef]
7. C. Tsay, Y. Zha, and C. B. Arnold, “Solution-processed chalcogenide glass for integrated single-mode mid-infrared waveguides,” Opt. Express18(25), 26744–26753 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. A. Zakery and S. R. Elliott, “Optical properties and applications of chalcogenide glasses: a review,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids330(1-3), 1–12 (2003). [CrossRef]
9. Z. G. Lian, W. J. Pan, D. Furniss, T. M. Benson, A. B. Seddon, T. Kohoutek, J. Orava, and T. Wagner, “Embossing of chalcogenide glasses: monomode rib optical waveguides in evaporated thin films,” Opt. Lett.34(8), 1234–1236 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. C. Tsay, E. Mujagić, C. K. Madsen, C. F. Gmachl, and C. B. Arnold, “Mid-infrared characterization of solution-processed As2Se3 chalcogenide glass waveguides,” Opt. Express18(15), 15523–15530 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. M. Frumar, B. Frumarova, P. Nemec, T. Wagner, J. Jedelsky, and M. Hrdlicka, “Thin Chalcogenide films prepared by pulsed laser deposition – new amorphous materials applicable in optoelectronics and chemical sensors,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids352(6-7), 544–561 (2006). [CrossRef]
12. K. M. Davis, K. Miura, N. Sugimoto, and K. Hirao, “Writing waveguides in glass with a femtosecond laser,” Opt. Lett.21(21), 1729–1731 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Y. Cheng, K. Sugioka, and K. Midorikawa, “Freestanding optical fibers fabricated in a glass chip using femtosecond laser micromachining for lab-on-a-chip application,” Opt. Express13(18), 7225–7232 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. R. R. Thomson, H. T. Bookey, N. D. Psaila, A. Fender, S. Campbell, W. N. Macpherson, J. S. Barton, D. T. Reid, and A. K. Kar, “Ultrafast-laser inscription of a three dimensional fan-out device for multicore fiber coupling applications,” Opt. Express15(18), 11691–11697 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. H. T. Bookey, R. R. Thomson, N. D. Psaila, A. K. Kar, N. Chiodo, R. Osellame, and G. Cerullo, “Femtosecond laser inscription of low insertion loss waveguides in Z-cut lithium niobate,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.19(12), 892–894 (2007). [CrossRef]
16. S. M. Eaton, H. Zhang, M. L. Ng, J. Z. Li, W. J. Chen, S. Ho, and P. R. Herman, “Transition from thermal diffusion to heat accumulation in high repetition rate femtosecond laser writing of buried optical waveguides,” Opt. Express16(13), 9443–9458 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. R. R. Thomson, T. A. Birks, S. G. Leon-Saval, A. K. Kar, and J. Bland-Hawthorn, “Ultrafast laser inscription of an integrated photonic lantern,” Opt. Express19(6), 5698–5705 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. A. Martinez, M. Dubov, I. Khrushchev, and I. Bennion, “Direct writing of fibre Bragg gratings by femtosecond laser,” Electron. Lett.40(19), 1170–1172 (2004). [CrossRef]
19. N. D. Psaila, R. R. Thomson, H. T. Bookey, S. Shen, N. Chiodo, R. Osellame, G. Cerullo, A. Jha, and A. K. Kar, “Supercontinuum generation in an ultrafast laser inscribed chalcogenide glass waveguide,” Opt. Express15(24), 15776–15781 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. M. A. Hughes, W. Yang, and D. W. Hewak, “Spectral broadening in femtosecond laser written waveguides in Chalcogenide glass,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B26(7), 1370–1378 (2009). [CrossRef]
21. M. Sheik-Bahae, A. A. Said, T. H. Wei, D. J. Hagan, and E. W. Van Stryland, “Sensitive measurement of optical nonlinearities using a single beam,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.26(4), 760–769 (1990). [CrossRef]
22. J. T. Gopinath, M. Soljačić, E. P. Ippen, V. N. Fuflyigin, W. A. King, and M. Shurgalin, “Third order nonlinearities in Ge-As-Se- based glasses for telecommunications applications,” J. Appl. Phys.96(11), 6931–6933 (2004). [CrossRef]
23. X. Orignac, D. Barbier, X. Min Du, R. M. Almeida, O. McCarthy, and E. Yeatman, “Sol-Gel silica/titania-on-silicon Er/Yb-doped waveguides for optical amplification at 1.5 µm,” Opt. Mater.12(1), 1–18 (1999). [CrossRef]
24. G. Genty, M. Lehtonen, H. Ludvigsen, J. Broeng, and M. Kaivola, “Spectral broadening of femtosecond pulses into continuum radiation in microstructured fibers,” Opt. Express10(20), 1083–1098 (2002). [PubMed]
25. G. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 3rd ed. (Academic Press, 2001).
26. D. Blömer, A. Szameit, F. Dreisow, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, and A. Tünnermann, “Nonlinear refractive index of fs-laser-written waveguides in fused silica,” Opt. Express14(6), 2151–2157 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. B

• A. Kosterev, G. Wysocki, Y. Bakhirkin, S. So, R. Lewicki, M. Fraser, F. Tittel, and R. F. Curl, “Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis,” Appl. Phys. B90(2), 165–176 (2008). [CrossRef]

Electron. Lett.

• A. Martinez, M. Dubov, I. Khrushchev, and I. Bennion, “Direct writing of fibre Bragg gratings by femtosecond laser,” Electron. Lett.40(19), 1170–1172 (2004). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

• M. Sheik-Bahae, A. A. Said, T. H. Wei, D. J. Hagan, and E. W. Van Stryland, “Sensitive measurement of optical nonlinearities using a single beam,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.26(4), 760–769 (1990). [CrossRef]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

• H. T. Bookey, R. R. Thomson, N. D. Psaila, A. K. Kar, N. Chiodo, R. Osellame, and G. Cerullo, “Femtosecond laser inscription of low insertion loss waveguides in Z-cut lithium niobate,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.19(12), 892–894 (2007). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

• J. T. Gopinath, M. Soljačić, E. P. Ippen, V. N. Fuflyigin, W. A. King, and M. Shurgalin, “Third order nonlinearities in Ge-As-Se- based glasses for telecommunications applications,” J. Appl. Phys.96(11), 6931–6933 (2004). [CrossRef]

J. Non-Cryst. Solids

• M. Frumar, B. Frumarova, P. Nemec, T. Wagner, J. Jedelsky, and M. Hrdlicka, “Thin Chalcogenide films prepared by pulsed laser deposition – new amorphous materials applicable in optoelectronics and chemical sensors,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids352(6-7), 544–561 (2006). [CrossRef]
• L. Le Neindre, F. Smektala, K. Le Foulgoc, X. H. Zhang, and J. Lucas, “Tellurium halide optical fibers,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids242(2-3), 99–103 (1998). [CrossRef]
• A. Zakery and S. R. Elliott, “Optical properties and applications of chalcogenide glasses: a review,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids330(1-3), 1–12 (2003). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

• M. A. Hughes, W. Yang, and D. W. Hewak, “Spectral broadening in femtosecond laser written waveguides in Chalcogenide glass,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B26(7), 1370–1378 (2009). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

• C. Tsay, E. Mujagić, C. K. Madsen, C. F. Gmachl, and C. B. Arnold, “Mid-infrared characterization of solution-processed As2Se3 chalcogenide glass waveguides,” Opt. Express18(15), 15523–15530 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• G. Genty, M. Lehtonen, H. Ludvigsen, J. Broeng, and M. Kaivola, “Spectral broadening of femtosecond pulses into continuum radiation in microstructured fibers,” Opt. Express10(20), 1083–1098 (2002). [PubMed]
• D. Blömer, A. Szameit, F. Dreisow, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, and A. Tünnermann, “Nonlinear refractive index of fs-laser-written waveguides in fused silica,” Opt. Express14(6), 2151–2157 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• C. Tsay, Y. Zha, and C. B. Arnold, “Solution-processed chalcogenide glass for integrated single-mode mid-infrared waveguides,” Opt. Express18(25), 26744–26753 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• P. Houizot, C. Boussard-Plédel, A. J. Faber, L. K. Cheng, B. Bureau, P. A. Van Nijnatten, W. L. M. Gielesen, J. Pereira do Carmo, and J. Lucas, “Infrared single mode chalcogenide glass fiber for space,” Opt. Express15(19), 12529–12538 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Balu, J. Hales, D. J. Hagan, and E. W. Van Stryland, “Dispersion of nonlinear refraction and two-photon absorption using a white-light continuum Z-scan,” Opt. Express13(10), 3594–3599 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• R. Grille, G. Martin, L. Labadie, B. Arezki, P. Kern, T. Lewi, A. Tsun, and A. Katzir, “Single mode mid-infrared silver halide asymmetric flat waveguide obtained from crystal extrusion,” Opt. Express17(15), 12516–12522 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• Y. Cheng, K. Sugioka, and K. Midorikawa, “Freestanding optical fibers fabricated in a glass chip using femtosecond laser micromachining for lab-on-a-chip application,” Opt. Express13(18), 7225–7232 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• R. R. Thomson, H. T. Bookey, N. D. Psaila, A. Fender, S. Campbell, W. N. Macpherson, J. S. Barton, D. T. Reid, and A. K. Kar, “Ultrafast-laser inscription of a three dimensional fan-out device for multicore fiber coupling applications,” Opt. Express15(18), 11691–11697 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. M. Eaton, H. Zhang, M. L. Ng, J. Z. Li, W. J. Chen, S. Ho, and P. R. Herman, “Transition from thermal diffusion to heat accumulation in high repetition rate femtosecond laser writing of buried optical waveguides,” Opt. Express16(13), 9443–9458 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• R. R. Thomson, T. A. Birks, S. G. Leon-Saval, A. K. Kar, and J. Bland-Hawthorn, “Ultrafast laser inscription of an integrated photonic lantern,” Opt. Express19(6), 5698–5705 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• N. D. Psaila, R. R. Thomson, H. T. Bookey, S. Shen, N. Chiodo, R. Osellame, G. Cerullo, A. Jha, and A. K. Kar, “Supercontinuum generation in an ultrafast laser inscribed chalcogenide glass waveguide,” Opt. Express15(24), 15776–15781 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

• K. M. Davis, K. Miura, N. Sugimoto, and K. Hirao, “Writing waveguides in glass with a femtosecond laser,” Opt. Lett.21(21), 1729–1731 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• Z. G. Lian, W. J. Pan, D. Furniss, T. M. Benson, A. B. Seddon, T. Kohoutek, J. Orava, and T. Wagner, “Embossing of chalcogenide glasses: monomode rib optical waveguides in evaporated thin films,” Opt. Lett.34(8), 1234–1236 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Mater.

• X. Orignac, D. Barbier, X. Min Du, R. M. Almeida, O. McCarthy, and E. Yeatman, “Sol-Gel silica/titania-on-silicon Er/Yb-doped waveguides for optical amplification at 1.5 µm,” Opt. Mater.12(1), 1–18 (1999). [CrossRef]

Sens. Actuators B Chem.

• P. Lucas, M. A. Solis, D. Le Coq, C. Juncker, M. R. Riley, J. Collier, D. E. Boesewetter, C. Boussard-Plédel, and B. Bureau, “Infrared biosensors using hydrophobic chalcogenide fibers sensitized with live cells,” Sens. Actuators B Chem.119(2), 355–362 (2006). [CrossRef]

Other

• G. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 3rd ed. (Academic Press, 2001).

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