Continuous real-time correction and averaging for frequency comb interferometry

doi:10.1364/OE.20.021932

Continuous real-time correction and averaging for frequency comb interferometry

Julien Roy, Jean-Daniel Deschênes, Simon Potvin, and Jérôme Genest »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 20, pp. 21932-21939 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.021932

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Abstract
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Abstract

Interferograms from a dual-comb spectrometer are continuously corrected and averaged in real-time. The algorithm is implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) development board. The chosen approach and the algorithm are described. Measurements with high signal-to-noise ratio, resolution and bandwidth are shown to demonstrate the accuracy of the optical referencing and the processing algorithm with 24 hours of averaging time, reaching a signal to noise ratio of 10,750,000 (>21 bits) in the interferogram and 316,000 in the spectrum at 100 MHz resolution. An interferogram where signal dominates the noise over the full delay range imposed by the 100 MHz repetition rate is reported for the first time.

OCIS Codes
(120.3940) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Metrology
(120.4640) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Optical instruments
(140.4050) Lasers and laser optics : Mode-locked lasers
(300.6300) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy, Fourier transforms

ToC Category:
Instrumentation, Measurement, and Metrology

History
Original Manuscript: July 31, 2012
Revised Manuscript: August 30, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: August 30, 2012
Published: September 11, 2012

Citation
Julien Roy, Jean-Daniel Deschênes, Simon Potvin, and Jérôme Genest, "Continuous real-time correction and averaging for frequency comb interferometry," Opt. Express 20, 21932-21939 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-20-21932

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References

S.-J. Lee, B. Widiyatmoko, M. Kourogi, and M. Ohtsu, “Ultrahigh scanning speed optical coherence tomography,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.40(Part 2, No. 8B), L878–L880 (2001). [CrossRef]
S. Schiller, “Spectrometry with frequency combs,” Opt. Lett.27(9), 766–768 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Keilmann, C. Gohle, and R. Holzwarth, “Time-domain mid-infrared frequency-comb spectrometer,” Opt. Lett.29(13), 1542–1544 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Schliesser, M. Brehm, F. Keilmann, and D. van der Weide, “Frequency-comb infrared spectrometer for rapid, remote chemical sensing,” Opt. Express13(22), 9029–9038 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
B. Bernhardt, A. Ozawa, P. Jacquet, M. Jacquey, Y. Kobayashi, T. Udem, R. Holzwarth, G. Guelachvili, T. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Cavity-enhanced dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics4(1), 55–57 (2010). [CrossRef]
I. Coddington, W. C. Swann, and N. R. Newbury, “Coherent linear optical sampling at 15 bits of resolution,” Opt. Lett.34(14), 2153–2155 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. M. Zolot, F. R. Giorgetta, E. Baumann, J. W. Nicholson, W. C. Swann, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Direct-comb molecular spectroscopy with accurate, resolved comb teeth over 43 THz,” Opt. Lett.37(4), 638–640 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Kray, F. Spöler, T. Hellerer, and H. Kurz, “Electronically controlled coherent linear optical sampling for optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express18(10), 9976–9990 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
I. Coddington, W. C. Swann, and N. R. Newbury, “Coherent dual-comb spectroscopy at high signal-to-noise ratio,” Phys. Rev. A82(4), 043817 (2010). [CrossRef]
A. Poisson, T. Ideguchi, G. Guelachvili, N. Picqué, and T. Hänsch, “Adaptive dual-comb spectroscopy with free-running lasers and resolved comb lines,” in CLEO: Science and Innovations, OSA Technical Digest paper CW1J.1, (2012).
T. Ideguchi, A. Poisson, G. Guelachvili, N. Picqué, and T. Hänsch, “Adaptive real-time dual-comb spectroscopy”, arXiv:1201.4177v1 (2012).
J.-D. Deschênes, P. Giaccarri, and J. Genest, “Optical referencing technique with CW lasers as intermediate oscillators for continuous full delay range frequency comb interferometry,” Opt. Express18(22), 23358–23370 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Giaccari, J.-D. Deschênes, P. Saucier, J. Genest, and P. Tremblay, “Active Fourier-transform spectroscopy combining the direct RF beating of two fiber-based mode-locked lasers with a novel referencing method,” Opt. Express16(6), 4347–4365 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. Mohr, A. Romann, A. Ruehl, I. Hartl, and M. Fermann, “Fourier transform spectrometry using a single cavity length modulated mode-locked fiber laser,” in Fiber Laser Applications, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper FWA2.
A. Ambardar, “Digital signal processing: a modern introduction” Thomson, p.294 (2007).
W. Swann and S. Gilbert, “Pressure-induced shift and broadening of 1510–1540-nm acetylene wavelength calibration lines,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B17(7), 1263–1270 (2000). [CrossRef]
W. Swann and S. Gilbert, “Line centers, pressure shift, and pressure broadening of 1530-1560 nm hydrogen cyanide wavelength calibration lines,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B22(8), 1749–1756 (2005). [CrossRef]
V. Michaud-Belleau, J. Roy, S. Potvin, J.-R. Carrier, L.-S. Verret, M. Charlebois, J. Genest, and C. Nì Allen, “Whispering gallery mode sensing with a dual frequency comb probe,” Opt. Express20(3), 3066–3075 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Jacquet, J. Mandon, B. Bernhardt, R. Holzwarth, G. Guelachvili, T. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency comb Fourier transform spectroscopy with kHz optical resolution,” in Fourier Transform Spectroscopy, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper FMB2.

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[1] S.-J. Lee, B. Widiyatmoko, M. Kourogi, and M. Ohtsu, “Ultrahigh scanning speed optical coherence tomography,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.40(Part 2, No. 8B), L878–L880 (2001). [CrossRef]

[2] S. Schiller, “Spectrometry with frequency combs,” Opt. Lett.27(9), 766–768 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[3] F. Keilmann, C. Gohle, and R. Holzwarth, “Time-domain mid-infrared frequency-comb spectrometer,” Opt. Lett.29(13), 1542–1544 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] A. Schliesser, M. Brehm, F. Keilmann, and D. van der Weide, “Frequency-comb infrared spectrometer for rapid, remote chemical sensing,” Opt. Express13(22), 9029–9038 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[5] B. Bernhardt, A. Ozawa, P. Jacquet, M. Jacquey, Y. Kobayashi, T. Udem, R. Holzwarth, G. Guelachvili, T. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Cavity-enhanced dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics4(1), 55–57 (2010). [CrossRef]

[6] I. Coddington, W. C. Swann, and N. R. Newbury, “Coherent linear optical sampling at 15 bits of resolution,” Opt. Lett.34(14), 2153–2155 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[7] A. M. Zolot, F. R. Giorgetta, E. Baumann, J. W. Nicholson, W. C. Swann, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Direct-comb molecular spectroscopy with accurate, resolved comb teeth over 43 THz,” Opt. Lett.37(4), 638–640 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] S. Kray, F. Spöler, T. Hellerer, and H. Kurz, “Electronically controlled coherent linear optical sampling for optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express18(10), 9976–9990 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[9] I. Coddington, W. C. Swann, and N. R. Newbury, “Coherent dual-comb spectroscopy at high signal-to-noise ratio,” Phys. Rev. A82(4), 043817 (2010). [CrossRef]

[10] A. Poisson, T. Ideguchi, G. Guelachvili, N. Picqué, and T. Hänsch, “Adaptive dual-comb spectroscopy with free-running lasers and resolved comb lines,” in CLEO: Science and Innovations, OSA Technical Digest paper CW1J.1, (2012).

[11] T. Ideguchi, A. Poisson, G. Guelachvili, N. Picqué, and T. Hänsch, “Adaptive real-time dual-comb spectroscopy”, arXiv:1201.4177v1 (2012).

[12] J.-D. Deschênes, P. Giaccarri, and J. Genest, “Optical referencing technique with CW lasers as intermediate oscillators for continuous full delay range frequency comb interferometry,” Opt. Express18(22), 23358–23370 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[13] P. Giaccari, J.-D. Deschênes, P. Saucier, J. Genest, and P. Tremblay, “Active Fourier-transform spectroscopy combining the direct RF beating of two fiber-based mode-locked lasers with a novel referencing method,” Opt. Express16(6), 4347–4365 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[14] C. Mohr, A. Romann, A. Ruehl, I. Hartl, and M. Fermann, “Fourier transform spectrometry using a single cavity length modulated mode-locked fiber laser,” in Fiber Laser Applications, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper FWA2.

[15] A. Ambardar, “Digital signal processing: a modern introduction” Thomson, p.294 (2007).

[16] W. Swann and S. Gilbert, “Pressure-induced shift and broadening of 1510–1540-nm acetylene wavelength calibration lines,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B17(7), 1263–1270 (2000). [CrossRef]

[17] W. Swann and S. Gilbert, “Line centers, pressure shift, and pressure broadening of 1530-1560 nm hydrogen cyanide wavelength calibration lines,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B22(8), 1749–1756 (2005). [CrossRef]

[18] V. Michaud-Belleau, J. Roy, S. Potvin, J.-R. Carrier, L.-S. Verret, M. Charlebois, J. Genest, and C. Nì Allen, “Whispering gallery mode sensing with a dual frequency comb probe,” Opt. Express20(3), 3066–3075 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[19] P. Jacquet, J. Mandon, B. Bernhardt, R. Holzwarth, G. Guelachvili, T. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency comb Fourier transform spectroscopy with kHz optical resolution,” in Fourier Transform Spectroscopy, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper FMB2.

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Continuous real-time correction and averaging for frequency comb interferometry