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Experimental quantum teleportation over a high-loss free-space channelXiao-song Ma, Sebastian Kropatschek, William Naylor, Thomas Scheidl, Johannes Kofler, Thomas Herbst, Anton Zeilinger, and Rupert Ursin »View Author Affiliations
Xiao-song Ma,1,2,5
Sebastian Kropatschek,1
William Naylor,1
Thomas Scheidl,1
Johannes Kofler,1,4
Thomas Herbst,3
Anton Zeilinger,1,2,3
and Rupert Ursin1,6
1Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria 2Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria 3Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria 4Present address: Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching/Munich, Germany 5Xiaosong.Ma@univie.ac.at 6Rupert.Ursin@univie.ac.at |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 21, pp. 23126-23137 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.023126
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Abstract
We present a high-fidelity quantum teleportation experiment over a high-loss free-space channel between two laboratories. We teleported six states of three mutually unbiased bases and obtained an average state fidelity of 0.82(1), well beyond the classical limit of 2/3. With the obtained data, we tomographically reconstructed the process matrices of quantum teleportation. The free-space channel attenuation of 31 dB corresponds to the estimated attenuation regime for a down-link from a low-earth-orbit satellite to a ground station. We also discussed various important technical issues for future experiments, including the dark counts of single-photon detectors, coincidence-window width etc. Our experiment tested the limit of performing quantum teleportation with state-of-the-art resources. It is an important step towards future satellite-based quantum teleportation and paves the way for establishing a worldwide quantum communication network.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(270.5565) Quantum optics : Quantum communications
(270.5585) Quantum optics : Quantum information and processing
ToC Category:
Quantum Optics
History
Original Manuscript: April 11, 2012
Revised Manuscript: May 27, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: May 27, 2012
Published: September 24, 2012
Citation
Xiao-song Ma, Sebastian Kropatschek, William Naylor, Thomas Scheidl, Johannes Kofler, Thomas Herbst, Anton Zeilinger, and Rupert Ursin, "Experimental quantum teleportation over a high-loss free-space channel," Opt. Express 20, 23126-23137 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-21-23126
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References
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- D. Gottesmann and I. L. Chuang, “Quantum teleportation is a universal computational primitive,” Nature402, 390–393 (1999). [CrossRef]
- L. M. Duan, M. D. Lukin, J. I Cirac, and P. Zoller, “Long-distance quantum communication with atomic ensembles and linear optics,” Nature414, 413–418 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- I. Marcikic, H. De Riedmatten, W. Tittel, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, “Long distance teleportation of qubits at telecommunication wavelengths,” Nature421, 509–513 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. J. Hughes, J. E. Nordholt, D. Derkacs, and C. G. Peterson, “Practical free-space quantum key distribution over 10 km in daylight and at night,” New J. Phys.4, 43.1–43.14 (2002). [CrossRef]
- L. M. Duan, M. D. Lukin, J. I Cirac, and P. Zoller, “Long-distance quantum communication with atomic ensembles and linear optics,” Nature414, 413–418 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- M. Žukowski, A. Zeilinger, M. A. Horne, and A. K. Ekert, “‘Event-ready-detectors’ Bell experiment via entanglement swapping,” Phys. Rev. Lett.71, 4287–4290 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- T. Scheidl, R. Ursin, A. Fedrizzi, S. Ramelow, X.-S. Ma, T. Herbst, R. Prevedel, L. Ratschbacher, J. Kofler, T. Jennewein, and A. Zeilinger, “Feasibility of 300 km quantum key distribution with entangled states,” New J. Phys.11085002 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- X.-M. Jin, J.-G. Ren, B. Yang, Z.-H. Yi, F. Zhou, X.-F. Xu, S.-K. Wang, D. Yang, Y.-F. Hu, S. Jiang, T. Yang, H. Yin, K. Chen, C.-Z. Peng, and J.-W. Pan, “Experimental free-space quantum teleportation,” Nat. Photon.4, 376–381 (2010). [CrossRef]
- X.-M. Jin, J.-G. Ren, B. Yang, Z.-H. Yi, F. Zhou, X.-F. Xu, S.-K. Wang, D. Yang, Y.-F. Hu, S. Jiang, T. Yang, H. Yin, K. Chen, C.-Z. Peng, and J.-W. Pan, “Experimental free-space quantum teleportation,” Nat. Photon.4, 376–381 (2010). [CrossRef]
- C.-Z. Peng, T. Yang, X.-H. Bao, J. Zhang, X.-M. Jin, F.-Y. Feng, B. Yang, J. Yang, J. Yin, Q. Zhang, N. Li, B.-L. Tian, and J.-W. Pan, “Experimental free-space distribution of entangled photon pairs over a noisy ground atmosphere of 13 km: towards satellite-based global quantum communication,” Phys. Rev. Lett.94, 150501 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Yurke and D. Stoler, “Bell’s-inequality experiments using independent-particle sources,” Phys. Rev. A46, 2229–2234 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Kurtsiefer, P. Zarda, M. Halder, H. Weinfurter, P. M. Gorman, P. R. Tapster, and J. G. Rarity, “Quantum cryptography: a step towards global key distribution,” Nature419, 450 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Halder, A. Beveratos, N. Gisin, V. Scarani, C. Simon, and H. Zbinden, “Entangling independent photons by time measurement,” Nat. Phys.3, 692–695 (2007). [CrossRef]
- I. Marcikic, H. De Riedmatten, W. Tittel, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, “Long distance teleportation of qubits at telecommunication wavelengths,” Nature421, 509–513 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Scheidl, R. Ursin, J. Kofler, S. Ramelow, X.-S. Ma, T. Herbst, L. Ratschbacher, A. Fedrizzi, N. K. Langford, T. Jennewein, and A. Zeilinger “Violation of local realism with freedom of choice,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA107, 19709–19713 (2010). [CrossRef]
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- A. Fedrizzi, R. Ursin, T. Herbst, M. Nespoli, R. Prevedel, T. Scheidl, F. Tiefenbacher, T. Jennewein, and A. Zeilinger, “High-fidelity transmission of entanglement over a high-loss free-space channel,” Nat. Phys.5, 389–392 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- R. Ursin, F. Tiefenbacher, T. Schmitt-Manderbach, H. Weier, T. Scheidl, M. Lindenthal, B. Blauensteiner, T. Jennewein, J. Perdigues, P. Trojek, B. Ömer, M. Fürst, M. Meyenburg, J. Rarity, Z. Sodnik, C. Barbieri, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, “Free-space distribution of entanglement and single photons over 144 km,” Nat. Phys.3, 481–486 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. Schmitt-Manderbach, H. Weier, M. Fürst, R. Ursin, F. Tiefenbacher, T. Scheidl, J. Perdigues, Z. Sodnik, C. Kurtsiefer, J. G. Rarity, A. Zeilinger, and H. Weinfurter, “Experimental demonstration of free-space decoy-state quantum key distribution over 144 km,” Phys. Rev. Lett.98, 010504 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Resch, M. Lindenthal, B. Blauensteiner, H. R. Böhm, A. Fedrizzi, C. Kurtsiefer, A. Poppe, T. Schmitt-Manderbach, M. Taraba, R. Ursin, P. Walther, H. Weier, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, “Distributing entanglement and single photons through an intra-city free-space quantum channel,” Opt. Express13, 202–209 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Ursin, T. Jennewein, M. Aspelmeyer, R. Kaltenbaek, M. Lindenthal, P. Walther, and A. Zeilinger, “Quantum teleportation across the Danube,” Nature430, 849 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Aspelmeyer, H. R. Böhm, T. Gyatso, T. Jennewein, R. Kaltenbaek, M. Lindenthal, G. Molina-Terriza, A. Poppe, K. Resch, M. Taraba, R. Ursin, P. Walther, and A. Zeilinger, “Long-distance free-space distribution of quantum entanglement,” Science301, 621–623 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Aspelmeyer, T. Jennewein, M. Pfennigbauer, W. Leeb, and A. Zeilinger “Long-distance quantum communication with entangled photons using satellites,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.9, 1541–1551 (2003). [CrossRef]
- D. Bouwmeester, J. W. Pan, K. Mattle, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, “Experimental quantum teleportation,” Nature390, 575–579 (1997). [CrossRef]
- P. G. Kwiat, K. Mattle, H. Weinfurter, A. Zeilinger, A. V. Sergienko, and Y. Shih, “New High-Intensity Source of Polarization-Entangled Photon Pairs,” Phys. Rev. Lett.75, 4337–4341 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Žukowski, A. Zeilinger, M. A. Horne, and A. K. Ekert, “‘Event-ready-detectors’ Bell experiment via entanglement swapping,” Phys. Rev. Lett.71, 4287–4290 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C.-Z. Peng, T. Yang, X.-H. Bao, J. Zhang, X.-M. Jin, F.-Y. Feng, B. Yang, J. Yang, J. Yin, Q. Zhang, N. Li, B.-L. Tian, and J.-W. Pan, “Experimental free-space distribution of entangled photon pairs over a noisy ground atmosphere of 13 km: towards satellite-based global quantum communication,” Phys. Rev. Lett.94, 150501 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C.-Z. Peng, T. Yang, X.-H. Bao, J. Zhang, X.-M. Jin, F.-Y. Feng, B. Yang, J. Yang, J. Yin, Q. Zhang, N. Li, B.-L. Tian, and J.-W. Pan, “Experimental free-space distribution of entangled photon pairs over a noisy ground atmosphere of 13 km: towards satellite-based global quantum communication,” Phys. Rev. Lett.94, 150501 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X.-M. Jin, J.-G. Ren, B. Yang, Z.-H. Yi, F. Zhou, X.-F. Xu, S.-K. Wang, D. Yang, Y.-F. Hu, S. Jiang, T. Yang, H. Yin, K. Chen, C.-Z. Peng, and J.-W. Pan, “Experimental free-space quantum teleportation,” Nat. Photon.4, 376–381 (2010). [CrossRef]
- L. M. Duan, M. D. Lukin, J. I Cirac, and P. Zoller, “Long-distance quantum communication with atomic ensembles and linear optics,” Nature414, 413–418 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. J. Briegel, W. Dür, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, “Quantum repeaters: the role of imperfect local operations in quantum communication,” Phys. Rev. Lett.81, 5932–5935 (1998). [CrossRef]
- M. Žukowski, A. Zeilinger, M. A. Horne, and A. K. Ekert, “‘Event-ready-detectors’ Bell experiment via entanglement swapping,” Phys. Rev. Lett.71, 4287–4290 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. K. Wootters and W. H. Zurek, “A single quantum cannot be cloned,” Nature299, 802–803 (1982). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. B
- J. Calsamiglia and Norbert Lütkenhaus, “Maximum efficiency of a linear-optical Bell-state analyzer,” Appl. Phys. B72, 67–71 (2001). [CrossRef]
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.
- M. Aspelmeyer, T. Jennewein, M. Pfennigbauer, W. Leeb, and A. Zeilinger “Long-distance quantum communication with entangled photons using satellites,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.9, 1541–1551 (2003). [CrossRef]
Nat. Photon.
- X.-M. Jin, J.-G. Ren, B. Yang, Z.-H. Yi, F. Zhou, X.-F. Xu, S.-K. Wang, D. Yang, Y.-F. Hu, S. Jiang, T. Yang, H. Yin, K. Chen, C.-Z. Peng, and J.-W. Pan, “Experimental free-space quantum teleportation,” Nat. Photon.4, 376–381 (2010). [CrossRef]
Nat. Phys.
- A. Fedrizzi, R. Ursin, T. Herbst, M. Nespoli, R. Prevedel, T. Scheidl, F. Tiefenbacher, T. Jennewein, and A. Zeilinger, “High-fidelity transmission of entanglement over a high-loss free-space channel,” Nat. Phys.5, 389–392 (2009). [CrossRef]
- M. Halder, A. Beveratos, N. Gisin, V. Scarani, C. Simon, and H. Zbinden, “Entangling independent photons by time measurement,” Nat. Phys.3, 692–695 (2007). [CrossRef]
- R. Ursin, F. Tiefenbacher, T. Schmitt-Manderbach, H. Weier, T. Scheidl, M. Lindenthal, B. Blauensteiner, T. Jennewein, J. Perdigues, P. Trojek, B. Ömer, M. Fürst, M. Meyenburg, J. Rarity, Z. Sodnik, C. Barbieri, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, “Free-space distribution of entanglement and single photons over 144 km,” Nat. Phys.3, 481–486 (2007). [CrossRef]
Nature
- I. Marcikic, H. De Riedmatten, W. Tittel, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, “Long distance teleportation of qubits at telecommunication wavelengths,” Nature421, 509–513 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Ursin, T. Jennewein, M. Aspelmeyer, R. Kaltenbaek, M. Lindenthal, P. Walther, and A. Zeilinger, “Quantum teleportation across the Danube,” Nature430, 849 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Kurtsiefer, P. Zarda, M. Halder, H. Weinfurter, P. M. Gorman, P. R. Tapster, and J. G. Rarity, “Quantum cryptography: a step towards global key distribution,” Nature419, 450 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Gottesmann and I. L. Chuang, “Quantum teleportation is a universal computational primitive,” Nature402, 390–393 (1999). [CrossRef]
- E. Knill, R. Laflamme, and G. J. Milburn, “A scheme for efficient quantum computation with linear optics,” Nature409, 46–52 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. D. Ladd, F. Jelezko, R. Laflamme, Y. Nakamura, C. Monroe, and J. L. O’Brien, “Quantum computers,” Nature464, 45–53 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Bouwmeester, J. W. Pan, K. Mattle, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, “Experimental quantum teleportation,” Nature390, 575–579 (1997). [CrossRef]
- L. M. Duan, M. D. Lukin, J. I Cirac, and P. Zoller, “Long-distance quantum communication with atomic ensembles and linear optics,” Nature414, 413–418 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. K. Wootters and W. H. Zurek, “A single quantum cannot be cloned,” Nature299, 802–803 (1982). [CrossRef]
New J. Phys.
- T. Scheidl, R. Ursin, A. Fedrizzi, S. Ramelow, X.-S. Ma, T. Herbst, R. Prevedel, L. Ratschbacher, J. Kofler, T. Jennewein, and A. Zeilinger, “Feasibility of 300 km quantum key distribution with entangled states,” New J. Phys.11085002 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- P. Villoresi, T. Jennewein, F. Tamburini, M. Aspelmeyer, C. Bonato, R. Ursin, C. Pernechele, V. Luceri, G. Bianco, A. Zeilinger, and C. Barbieri, “Experimental verification of the feasibility of a quantum channel between space and Earth,” New J. Phys.10, 033038 (2008). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- K. Resch, M. Lindenthal, B. Blauensteiner, H. R. Böhm, A. Fedrizzi, C. Kurtsiefer, A. Poppe, T. Schmitt-Manderbach, M. Taraba, R. Ursin, P. Walther, H. Weier, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, “Distributing entanglement and single photons through an intra-city free-space quantum channel,” Opt. Express13, 202–209 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express.
- M. Stipčević, H. Skenderović, and D. Gracin “Characterization of a novel avalanche photodiode for single photon detection in VIS-NIR range,” Opt. Express.18, 17448–17459 (2010). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. A
- D. F. V. James, P. G. Kwiat, W. J. Munro, and A. G. White “Measurement of qubits,” Phys. Rev. A, 64, 052312 (2001). [CrossRef]
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- B. Yurke and D. Stoler, “Bell’s-inequality experiments using independent-particle sources,” Phys. Rev. A46, 2229–2234 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- M. Žukowski, A. Zeilinger, M. A. Horne, and A. K. Ekert, “‘Event-ready-detectors’ Bell experiment via entanglement swapping,” Phys. Rev. Lett.71, 4287–4290 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. J. Briegel, W. Dür, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, “Quantum repeaters: the role of imperfect local operations in quantum communication,” Phys. Rev. Lett.81, 5932–5935 (1998). [CrossRef]
- D. Boschi, S. Branca, F. De Martini, L. Hardy, and S. Popescu, “Experimental realization of teleporting an unknown pure quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels,” Phys. Rev. Lett.80, 1121–1125 (1998). [CrossRef]
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- T. Schmitt-Manderbach, H. Weier, M. Fürst, R. Ursin, F. Tiefenbacher, T. Scheidl, J. Perdigues, Z. Sodnik, C. Kurtsiefer, J. G. Rarity, A. Zeilinger, and H. Weinfurter, “Experimental demonstration of free-space decoy-state quantum key distribution over 144 km,” Phys. Rev. Lett.98, 010504 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Popescu, “Bell’s inequalities versus teleportation: What is nonlocality?” Phys. Rev. Lett.72, 797–799 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. H. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crépeau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres, and W. K. Wootters, “Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels,” Phys. Rev. Lett.70, 1895–1899 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. G. Kwiat, K. Mattle, H. Weinfurter, A. Zeilinger, A. V. Sergienko, and Y. Shih, “New High-Intensity Source of Polarization-Entangled Photon Pairs,” Phys. Rev. Lett.75, 4337–4341 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. G. White, D. F. V. James, P. H. Eberhard, and P. G. Kwiat, “Nonmaximally entangled states: Production, characterization, and utilization,” Phys. Rev. Lett.83, 3103–3107 (1999). [CrossRef]
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
- T. Scheidl, R. Ursin, J. Kofler, S. Ramelow, X.-S. Ma, T. Herbst, L. Ratschbacher, A. Fedrizzi, N. K. Langford, T. Jennewein, and A. Zeilinger “Violation of local realism with freedom of choice,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA107, 19709–19713 (2010). [CrossRef]
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
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Science
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2011, Kim, Rev. Sci. Instrum.
- Y.-S. Kim, Y.-C. Jeong, S. Sauge, V. Makarov, and Y.-H. Kim “Ultra-low noise single-photon detector based on Si avalanche photodiode,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.82, 093110 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X.-M. Jin, J.-G. Ren, B. Yang, Z.-H. Yi, F. Zhou, X.-F. Xu, S.-K. Wang, D. Yang, Y.-F. Hu, S. Jiang, T. Yang, H. Yin, K. Chen, C.-Z. Peng, and J.-W. Pan, “Experimental free-space quantum teleportation,” Nat. Photon.4, 376–381 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. Scheidl, R. Ursin, J. Kofler, S. Ramelow, X.-S. Ma, T. Herbst, L. Ratschbacher, A. Fedrizzi, N. K. Langford, T. Jennewein, and A. Zeilinger “Violation of local realism with freedom of choice,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA107, 19709–19713 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. D. Ladd, F. Jelezko, R. Laflamme, Y. Nakamura, C. Monroe, and J. L. O’Brien, “Quantum computers,” Nature464, 45–53 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Stipčević, H. Skenderović, and D. Gracin “Characterization of a novel avalanche photodiode for single photon detection in VIS-NIR range,” Opt. Express.18, 17448–17459 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. Fedrizzi, R. Ursin, T. Herbst, M. Nespoli, R. Prevedel, T. Scheidl, F. Tiefenbacher, T. Jennewein, and A. Zeilinger, “High-fidelity transmission of entanglement over a high-loss free-space channel,” Nat. Phys.5, 389–392 (2009). [CrossRef]
- T. Scheidl, R. Ursin, A. Fedrizzi, S. Ramelow, X.-S. Ma, T. Herbst, R. Prevedel, L. Ratschbacher, J. Kofler, T. Jennewein, and A. Zeilinger, “Feasibility of 300 km quantum key distribution with entangled states,” New J. Phys.11085002 (2009). [CrossRef]
- P. Villoresi, T. Jennewein, F. Tamburini, M. Aspelmeyer, C. Bonato, R. Ursin, C. Pernechele, V. Luceri, G. Bianco, A. Zeilinger, and C. Barbieri, “Experimental verification of the feasibility of a quantum channel between space and Earth,” New J. Phys.10, 033038 (2008). [CrossRef]
- T. Schmitt-Manderbach, H. Weier, M. Fürst, R. Ursin, F. Tiefenbacher, T. Scheidl, J. Perdigues, Z. Sodnik, C. Kurtsiefer, J. G. Rarity, A. Zeilinger, and H. Weinfurter, “Experimental demonstration of free-space decoy-state quantum key distribution over 144 km,” Phys. Rev. Lett.98, 010504 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Ursin, F. Tiefenbacher, T. Schmitt-Manderbach, H. Weier, T. Scheidl, M. Lindenthal, B. Blauensteiner, T. Jennewein, J. Perdigues, P. Trojek, B. Ömer, M. Fürst, M. Meyenburg, J. Rarity, Z. Sodnik, C. Barbieri, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, “Free-space distribution of entanglement and single photons over 144 km,” Nat. Phys.3, 481–486 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Halder, A. Beveratos, N. Gisin, V. Scarani, C. Simon, and H. Zbinden, “Entangling independent photons by time measurement,” Nat. Phys.3, 692–695 (2007). [CrossRef]
- K. Resch, M. Lindenthal, B. Blauensteiner, H. R. Böhm, A. Fedrizzi, C. Kurtsiefer, A. Poppe, T. Schmitt-Manderbach, M. Taraba, R. Ursin, P. Walther, H. Weier, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, “Distributing entanglement and single photons through an intra-city free-space quantum channel,” Opt. Express13, 202–209 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C.-Z. Peng, T. Yang, X.-H. Bao, J. Zhang, X.-M. Jin, F.-Y. Feng, B. Yang, J. Yang, J. Yin, Q. Zhang, N. Li, B.-L. Tian, and J.-W. Pan, “Experimental free-space distribution of entangled photon pairs over a noisy ground atmosphere of 13 km: towards satellite-based global quantum communication,” Phys. Rev. Lett.94, 150501 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Ursin, T. Jennewein, M. Aspelmeyer, R. Kaltenbaek, M. Lindenthal, P. Walther, and A. Zeilinger, “Quantum teleportation across the Danube,” Nature430, 849 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Marcikic, H. De Riedmatten, W. Tittel, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, “Long distance teleportation of qubits at telecommunication wavelengths,” Nature421, 509–513 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Aspelmeyer, T. Jennewein, M. Pfennigbauer, W. Leeb, and A. Zeilinger “Long-distance quantum communication with entangled photons using satellites,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.9, 1541–1551 (2003). [CrossRef]
- M. Aspelmeyer, H. R. Böhm, T. Gyatso, T. Jennewein, R. Kaltenbaek, M. Lindenthal, G. Molina-Terriza, A. Poppe, K. Resch, M. Taraba, R. Ursin, P. Walther, and A. Zeilinger, “Long-distance free-space distribution of quantum entanglement,” Science301, 621–623 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. J. Hughes, J. E. Nordholt, D. Derkacs, and C. G. Peterson, “Practical free-space quantum key distribution over 10 km in daylight and at night,” New J. Phys.4, 43.1–43.14 (2002). [CrossRef]
- C. Kurtsiefer, P. Zarda, M. Halder, H. Weinfurter, P. M. Gorman, P. R. Tapster, and J. G. Rarity, “Quantum cryptography: a step towards global key distribution,” Nature419, 450 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. M. Duan, M. D. Lukin, J. I Cirac, and P. Zoller, “Long-distance quantum communication with atomic ensembles and linear optics,” Nature414, 413–418 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Knill, R. Laflamme, and G. J. Milburn, “A scheme for efficient quantum computation with linear optics,” Nature409, 46–52 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Calsamiglia and Norbert Lütkenhaus, “Maximum efficiency of a linear-optical Bell-state analyzer,” Appl. Phys. B72, 67–71 (2001). [CrossRef]
- D. F. V. James, P. G. Kwiat, W. J. Munro, and A. G. White “Measurement of qubits,” Phys. Rev. A, 64, 052312 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. G. White, D. F. V. James, P. H. Eberhard, and P. G. Kwiat, “Nonmaximally entangled states: Production, characterization, and utilization,” Phys. Rev. Lett.83, 3103–3107 (1999). [CrossRef]
- D. Gottesmann and I. L. Chuang, “Quantum teleportation is a universal computational primitive,” Nature402, 390–393 (1999). [CrossRef]
- D. Boschi, S. Branca, F. De Martini, L. Hardy, and S. Popescu, “Experimental realization of teleporting an unknown pure quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels,” Phys. Rev. Lett.80, 1121–1125 (1998). [CrossRef]
- S. Bose, V. Vedral, and P. L. Knight, “Multiparticle generalization of entanglement swapping,” Phys. Rev. A57, 822–829 (1998). [CrossRef]
- H. J. Briegel, W. Dür, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, “Quantum repeaters: the role of imperfect local operations in quantum communication,” Phys. Rev. Lett.81, 5932–5935 (1998). [CrossRef]
- D. Bouwmeester, J. W. Pan, K. Mattle, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, “Experimental quantum teleportation,” Nature390, 575–579 (1997). [CrossRef]
- P. G. Kwiat, K. Mattle, H. Weinfurter, A. Zeilinger, A. V. Sergienko, and Y. Shih, “New High-Intensity Source of Polarization-Entangled Photon Pairs,” Phys. Rev. Lett.75, 4337–4341 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Popescu, “Bell’s inequalities versus teleportation: What is nonlocality?” Phys. Rev. Lett.72, 797–799 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. H. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crépeau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres, and W. K. Wootters, “Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels,” Phys. Rev. Lett.70, 1895–1899 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Žukowski, A. Zeilinger, M. A. Horne, and A. K. Ekert, “‘Event-ready-detectors’ Bell experiment via entanglement swapping,” Phys. Rev. Lett.71, 4287–4290 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Yurke and D. Stoler, “Bell’s-inequality experiments using independent-particle sources,” Phys. Rev. A46, 2229–2234 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. K. Wootters and W. H. Zurek, “A single quantum cannot be cloned,” Nature299, 802–803 (1982). [CrossRef]
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