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Microwave and optical saturable absorption in grapheneZhiwei Zheng, Chujun Zhao, Shunbin Lu, Yu Chen, Ying Li, Han Zhang, and Shuangchun Wen »View Author Affiliations
Zhiwei Zheng,1
Chujun Zhao,2
Shunbin Lu,1
Yu Chen,1
Ying Li,2
Han Zhang,2,*
and Shuangchun Wen2
1College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China 2Key Laboratory for Micro-/Nano-Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Microelectronic Science, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China *Corresponding author: hanzhang@hnu.edu.cn |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 21, pp. 23201-23214 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.023201
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Abstract
We report on the first experiments on saturable absorption in graphene at microwave frequency band. Almost independent of the incident frequency, microwave absorbance of graphene always decreases with increasing the power and reaches at a constant level for power larger than 80 µW, evidencing the microwave saturable absorption property of graphene. Optical saturable absorption of the same graphene sample was also experimentally confirmed by an open-aperture Z-scan technique by one laser at telecommunication band and another pico-second laser at 1053 nm, respectively. Herein, we are able to conclude that graphene is indeed a broadband saturable absorber that can operate at both microwave and optical band.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(140.7090) Lasers and laser optics : Ultrafast lasers
(320.7110) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast nonlinear optics
(350.4010) Other areas of optics : Microwaves
(160.4236) Materials : Nanomaterials
ToC Category:
Materials
History
Original Manuscript: July 20, 2012
Revised Manuscript: September 19, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: September 21, 2012
Published: September 25, 2012
Citation
Zhiwei Zheng, Chujun Zhao, Shunbin Lu, Yu Chen, Ying Li, Han Zhang, and Shuangchun Wen, "Microwave and optical saturable absorption in graphene," Opt. Express 20, 23201-23214 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-21-23201
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- Y. Hernandez, V. Nicolosi, M. Lotya, F. M. Blighe, Z. Sun, S. De, I. T. McGovern, B. Holland, M. Byrne, Y. K. Gun’Ko, J. J. Boland, P. Niraj, G. Duesberg, S. Krishnamurthy, R. Goodhue, J. Hutchison, V. Scardaci, A. C. Ferrari, and J. N. Coleman, “High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite,” Nat. Nanotechnol.3(9), 563–568 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- M. Liu, X. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, “A graphene-based broadband optical modulator,” Nature474(7349), 64–67 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Popa, Z. Sun, F. Torrisi, T. Hasan, F. Wang, and A. C. Ferrari, “Sub 200 fs pulse generation from a graphene mode-locked fiber laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(20), 203106 (2010). [CrossRef]
- H. Wang, D. Nezich, J. Kong, and T. Palacios, “Graphene frequency multipliers,” IEEE Electron Device Lett.30(5), 547–549 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Q. Bao, H. Zhang, B. Wang, Z. Ni, C. H. Y. X. Lim, Y. Wang, D. Y. Tang, and K. P. Loh, “Broadband graphene polarizer,” Nat. Photonics5(7), 411–415 (2011). [CrossRef]
- Q. Bao, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Ni, Y. Yan, Z. X. Shen, K. P. Loh, and D. Y. Tang, “Atomic-layer graphene as a saturable absorber for ultrafast pulsed lasers,” Adv. Funct. Mater.19(19), 3077–3083 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. Liu, Y. G. Wang, Z. S. Qu, L. H. Zheng, L. B. Su, and J. Xu, “Graphene oxide absorber for 2 μm passive mode-locking Tm: YAlO3 laser,” Laser Phys. Lett.9(1), 15–19 (2012). [CrossRef]
- M. Lotya, Y. Hernandez, P. J. King, R. J. Smith, V. Nicolosi, L. S. Karlsson, F. M. Blighe, S. De, Z. Wang, I. T. McGovern, G. S. Duesberg, and J. N. Coleman, “Liquid phase production of graphene by exfoliation of graphite in surfactant/water solutions,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.131(10), 3611–3620 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Chen, H. Wen, and S. Wen, “A radio-over-fiber system with a novel scheme for millimeter-wave generation and wavelength reuse for up-link connection,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.18(19), 2056–2058 (2006). [CrossRef]
- Y. Li, Z. Zheng, L. Chen, S. Wen, and D. Fan, “Polarization-insensitive wavelength-division-multiplexing optical millimeter wave generation based on copolarized pump four wave mixing in a semiconductor optical amplifier,” Appl. Opt.48(16), 3008–3013 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Chen, H. Wen, and S. Wen, “A radio-over-fiber system with a novel scheme for millimeter-wave generation and wavelength reuse for up-link connection,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.18(19), 2056–2058 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. R. Wright, X. G. Xu, J. C. Cao, and C. Zhang, “Strong nonlinear optical response of graphene in the terahertz regime,” Appl. Phys. Lett.95(7), 072101 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. R. Wright, J. C. Cao, and C. Zhang, “Enhanced optical conductivity of bilayer graphene nanoribbons in the terahertz regime,” Phys. Rev. Lett.103(20), 207401 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Xia, T. Mueller, Y. M. Lin, A. Valdes-Garcia, and P. Avouris, “Ultrafast graphene photodetector,” Nat. Nanotechnol.4(12), 839–843 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. D. Tan, C. Y. Su, R. J. Knize, G. Q. Xie, L. J. Li, and D. Y. Tang, “Mode locking of ceramic Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet with graphene as a saturable absorber,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(3), 031106 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. Liu, Y. G. Wang, Z. S. Qu, L. H. Zheng, L. B. Su, and J. Xu, “Graphene oxide absorber for 2 μm passive mode-locking Tm: YAlO3 laser,” Laser Phys. Lett.9(1), 15–19 (2012). [CrossRef]
- A. R. Wright, X. G. Xu, J. C. Cao, and C. Zhang, “Strong nonlinear optical response of graphene in the terahertz regime,” Appl. Phys. Lett.95(7), 072101 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. Martinez, K. Fuse, and S. Yamashita, “Mechanical exfoliation of graphene for the passive mode-locking of fiber lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.99(12), 121107 (2011). [CrossRef]
- Q. Bao, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Ni, Y. Yan, Z. X. Shen, K. P. Loh, and D. Y. Tang, “Atomic-layer graphene as a saturable absorber for ultrafast pulsed lasers,” Adv. Funct. Mater.19(19), 3077–3083 (2009). [CrossRef]
- W. Li and J. Yao, “Investigation of photonically assisted microwave frequency multiplication based on external modulation,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech.58(11), 3259–3268 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Liu, X. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, “A graphene-based broadband optical modulator,” Nature474(7349), 64–67 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Yu, G.-K. Chang, Z. Jia, A. Chowdhury, M.-F. Huang, H.-C. Chien, Y.-T. Hsueh, W. Jian, C. Liu, and Z. Dong, “Cost-effective optical millimeter technologies and field demonstrations for very high throughput wireless-over-fiber access systems,” J. Lightwave Technol.28(16), 2376–2397 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Liu, X. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, “A graphene-based broadband optical modulator,” Nature474(7349), 64–67 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. R. Wright, J. C. Cao, and C. Zhang, “Enhanced optical conductivity of bilayer graphene nanoribbons in the terahertz regime,” Phys. Rev. Lett.103(20), 207401 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. R. Wright, X. G. Xu, J. C. Cao, and C. Zhang, “Strong nonlinear optical response of graphene in the terahertz regime,” Appl. Phys. Lett.95(7), 072101 (2009). [CrossRef]
- H. Zhang, S. Virally, Q. Bao, L. Kian Ping, S. Massar, N. Godbout, and P. Kockaert, “Z-scan measurement of the nonlinear refractive index of graphene,” Opt. Lett.37(11), 1856–1858 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Adv. Funct. Mater.
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Appl. Opt.
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Appl. Phys. Lett.
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- H. Zhang, D. Tang, R. J. Knize, L. Zhao, Q. Bao, and K. P. Loh, “Graphene mode locked, wavelength-tunable, dissipative soliton fiber laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(11), 111112 (2010). [CrossRef]
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Astrophys. Space Sci.
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Electron. Lett.
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IEEE Electron Device Lett.
- H. Wang, D. Nezich, J. Kong, and T. Palacios, “Graphene frequency multipliers,” IEEE Electron Device Lett.30(5), 547–549 (2009). [CrossRef]
IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.
- L. Chen, H. Wen, and S. Wen, “A radio-over-fiber system with a novel scheme for millimeter-wave generation and wavelength reuse for up-link connection,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.18(19), 2056–2058 (2006). [CrossRef]
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech.
- W. Li and J. Yao, “Investigation of photonically assisted microwave frequency multiplication based on external modulation,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech.58(11), 3259–3268 (2010). [CrossRef]
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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J. Lightwave Technol.
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J. Phys. Condens. Matter
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Laser Phys. Lett.
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Nat. Nanotechnol.
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Nat. Photonics
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Nature
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Opt. Lett.
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Phys. Rev. B
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Phys. Rev. Lett.
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Rev. Mod. Phys.
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Other
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2012, Liu, Laser Phys. Lett.
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- M. Liu, X. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, “A graphene-based broadband optical modulator,” Nature474(7349), 64–67 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q. Bao, H. Zhang, B. Wang, Z. Ni, C. H. Y. X. Lim, Y. Wang, D. Y. Tang, and K. P. Loh, “Broadband graphene polarizer,” Nat. Photonics5(7), 411–415 (2011). [CrossRef]
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- Y. W. Song, S. Y. Jang, W. S. Han, and M. K. Bae, “Graphene mode-lockers for fiber lasers functioned with evanescent field interaction,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(5), 051122 (2010). [CrossRef]
- Y. M. Chang, H. Kim, J. H. Lee, and Y. W. Song, “Multilayered graphene efficiently formed by mechanical exfoliation for nonlinear saturable absorbers in fiber mode-locked lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(21), 211102 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. Deligeorgis, M. Dragoman, D. Neculoiu, D. Dragoman, G. Konstantinidis, A. Cismaru, and R. Plana, “Microwave switching of graphene field effect transistor at and far from the Dirac point,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(10), 103105 (2010). [CrossRef]
- E. Hendry, P. J. Hale, J. Moger, A. K. Savchenko, and S. A. Mikhailov, “Coherent nonlinear optical response of graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett.105(9), 097401 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. D. Tan, C. Y. Su, R. J. Knize, G. Q. Xie, L. J. Li, and D. Y. Tang, “Mode locking of ceramic Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet with graphene as a saturable absorber,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(3), 031106 (2010). [CrossRef]
- W. Li and J. Yao, “Investigation of photonically assisted microwave frequency multiplication based on external modulation,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech.58(11), 3259–3268 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. Yu, G.-K. Chang, Z. Jia, A. Chowdhury, M.-F. Huang, H.-C. Chien, Y.-T. Hsueh, W. Jian, C. Liu, and Z. Dong, “Cost-effective optical millimeter technologies and field demonstrations for very high throughput wireless-over-fiber access systems,” J. Lightwave Technol.28(16), 2376–2397 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. H. Castro Neto, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, “The electronic properties of graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys.81(1), 109–162 (2009). [CrossRef]
- F. Xia, T. Mueller, Y. M. Lin, A. Valdes-Garcia, and P. Avouris, “Ultrafast graphene photodetector,” Nat. Nanotechnol.4(12), 839–843 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q. Bao, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Ni, Y. Yan, Z. X. Shen, K. P. Loh, and D. Y. Tang, “Atomic-layer graphene as a saturable absorber for ultrafast pulsed lasers,” Adv. Funct. Mater.19(19), 3077–3083 (2009). [CrossRef]
- M. Lotya, Y. Hernandez, P. J. King, R. J. Smith, V. Nicolosi, L. S. Karlsson, F. M. Blighe, S. De, Z. Wang, I. T. McGovern, G. S. Duesberg, and J. N. Coleman, “Liquid phase production of graphene by exfoliation of graphite in surfactant/water solutions,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.131(10), 3611–3620 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Wang, D. Nezich, J. Kong, and T. Palacios, “Graphene frequency multipliers,” IEEE Electron Device Lett.30(5), 547–549 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. R. Wright, X. G. Xu, J. C. Cao, and C. Zhang, “Strong nonlinear optical response of graphene in the terahertz regime,” Appl. Phys. Lett.95(7), 072101 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. R. Wright, J. C. Cao, and C. Zhang, “Enhanced optical conductivity of bilayer graphene nanoribbons in the terahertz regime,” Phys. Rev. Lett.103(20), 207401 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Deligeorgis, M. Dragoman, D. Neculoiu, D. Dragoman, G. Konstantinidis, A. Cismaru, and R. Plana, “Microwave propagation in graphene,” Appl. Phys. Lett.95(7), 073107 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. A. Mikhailov and K. Ziegler, “Nonlinear electromagnetic response of graphene: frequency multiplication and the self-consistent-field effects,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter20(38), 384204 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Hernandez, V. Nicolosi, M. Lotya, F. M. Blighe, Z. Sun, S. De, I. T. McGovern, B. Holland, M. Byrne, Y. K. Gun’Ko, J. J. Boland, P. Niraj, G. Duesberg, S. Krishnamurthy, R. Goodhue, J. Hutchison, V. Scardaci, A. C. Ferrari, and J. N. Coleman, “High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite,” Nat. Nanotechnol.3(9), 563–568 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. P. Gusynin, S. G. Sharapov, and J. P. Carbotte, “Unusual microwave response of Dirac quasiparticles in graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett.96(25), 256802 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Chen, H. Wen, and S. Wen, “A radio-over-fiber system with a novel scheme for millimeter-wave generation and wavelength reuse for up-link connection,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.18(19), 2056–2058 (2006). [CrossRef]
- E. McCann, “Asymmetry gap in the electronic band structure of bilayer graphene,” Phys. Rev. B74(16), 161403 (2006). [CrossRef]
- K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, M. I. Katsnelson, I. V. Grigorieva, S. V. Dubonos, and A. A. Firsov, “Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene,” Nature438(7065), 197–200 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. J. O’Reilly, P. M. Lane, R. Heidemann, and R. Hofstetter, “Optical generation of very narrowlinewidth millimetrewave signals,” Electron. Lett.28, 2309–2311 (1992).
- L. Mertz, “Mode-locked maser theory of pulsars,” Astrophys. Space Sci.30(1), 43–55 (1974). [CrossRef]
- R. N. Zitter, “Saturated optical absorption through band filling in semiconductors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.14(2), 73–74 (1969). [CrossRef]
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- High-energy short-pulse diode-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser and its application for material science and biomedical imaging
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