Time domain measurement of the THz refractivity of water vapor

doi:10.1364/OE.20.026208

Time domain measurement of the THz refractivity of water vapor

Yihong Yang, Mahboubeh Mandehgar, and D. Grischkowsky »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 24, pp. 26208-26218 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.026208

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Abstract

We report the measurement of the essentially frequency independent refractivity of water vapor from 0.1 to 1 THz, independent of the simultaneous strong THz pulse broadening and absorption. The humidity dependent transit time of THz pulses through a 170 m long round trip path was measured to a precision of 0.1 ps, using a mode-locked laser as an optical clock.

OCIS Codes
(010.1320) Atmospheric and oceanic optics : Atmospheric transmittance
(250.0250) Optoelectronics : Optoelectronics
(320.7160) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast technology
(300.6495) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy, teraherz

ToC Category:
Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics

History
Original Manuscript: August 7, 2012
Revised Manuscript: October 3, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: October 30, 2012
Published: November 5, 2012

Citation
Yihong Yang, Mahboubeh Mandehgar, and D. Grischkowsky, "Time domain measurement of the THz refractivity of water vapor," Opt. Express 20, 26208-26218 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-24-26208

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References

L. Essen, “The refractive indices of water vapour, air, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, deuterium and helium,” Proc. Phys. Soc. B66(3), 189–193 (1953). [CrossRef]
L. Essen and K. D. Froome, “The refractive indices and dielectric constants of air and its principal constituents at 24,000 Mc/s,” Proc. Phys. Soc. B64(10), 862–875 (1951). [CrossRef]
K. D. Froome, “The refractive indices of water vapour, air, oxygen, nitrogen and argon at 72 kMc/s,” Proc. Phys. Soc. B68(11), 833–835 (1955). [CrossRef]
T. Manabe, Y. Furuhama, T. Ihara, S. Saito, H. Tanaka, and A. Ono, “Measurements of attenuation and refractive dispersion due to atmospheric water vapor at 80 and 240 GHz,” Int. J. Infrared Millim. Waves6(4), 313–322 (1985). [CrossRef]
C. C. Bradley and H. A. Gebbie, “Refractive index of nitrogen, water vapor, and their mixtures at submillimeter wavelengths,” Appl. Opt.10(4), 755–758 (1971). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. Matsumoto, “The refractive index of moist air in the 3-µm region,” Metrologia18(2), 49–52 (1982). [CrossRef]
R. J. Hill and R. S. Lawrence, “Refractive index of water vapor in the infrared windows,” Infrared Phys.26(6), 371–376 (1986). [CrossRef]
R. Schödel, A. Walkov, and A. Abou-Zeid, “High-accuracy determination of water vapor refractivity by length interferometry,” Opt. Lett.31(13), 1979–1981 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. Grischkowsky, S. Keiding, M. Exter, and C. Fattinger, “Far-infrared time-domain spectroscopy with terahz beams of dielectrics and semiconductors,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys.7(10), 2006–2015 (1990). [CrossRef]
Y. Yang, A. Shutler, and D. Grischkowsky, “Measurement of the transmission of the atmosphere from 0.2 to 2 THz,” Opt. Express19(9), 8830–8838 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. Yang, M. Mandehgar, and D. Grischkowsky, “Broad-band THz pulse transmission through the atmosphere,” IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol.1, 264–273 (2011).
Y. Yang, M. Mandehgar, and D. Grischkowsky, “Understanding THz pulse transmission in the atmosphere,” IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol.2, 406–415 (2012).
I. Wilke, A. M. MacLeod, W. A. Gillespie, G. Berden, G. M. H. Knippels, and A. F. G. van der Meer, “Single-shot electron-beam bunch length measurements,” Phys. Rev. Lett.88(12), 124801 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. M. Weiner, Ultrafast Optics, (John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2009).
H. M. Pickett, R. L. Poynter, E. A. Cohen, M. L. Delitsky, J. C. Pearson, and H. S. P. Muller, “Sub-millimeter, millimeter, and microwave spectral line catalog,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer60(5), 883–890 (1998). [CrossRef]
P. Debye, Polar Molecules, 89–90 (Dover Publ. Co., 1957).
B. R. Bean, and E. J. Dutton, Radio Meteorology (National Bureau of Standards, Monograph #92, March 1966), Chap. 1
J. H. van-Vleck and V. F. Weisskopf, “On the shape of collision-broadened lines,” Rev. Mod. Phys.17(2-3), 227–236 (1945). [CrossRef]
C. H. Townes and A. L. Schawlow, Microwave Spectroscopy (Dover Publ. Co., 1975).
M. van Exter and D. Grischkowsky, “Optical and electronic properties of doped silicon from 0.1 to 2 THz,” Appl. Phys. Lett.56(17), 1694–1696 (1990). [CrossRef]
A. Deepak, T. D. Wilkerson, and L. H. Ruhnke, eds., Atmospheric Water Vapor, (Academic Press, 1980). This book is the Proceedings of the International Workshop on Atmospheric Water Vapor, Vail, Colorado, September 11–13, 1979.
D. E. Burch and D. A. Gryvnak, “Continuum absorption by water vapor in the infrared and millimeter regions,” Proceedings of the International Workshop on Atmospheric Water Vapor, [21] 47–76 (1979).
Y. Scribano and C. Leforestier, “Contribution of water dimer absorption to the millimeter and far infrared atmospheric water continuum,” J. Chem. Phys.126(23), 234301 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Abou-Zeid, A.
Berden, G.
Bradley, C. C.
Cohen, E. A.
Delitsky, M. L.
Essen, L.
Exter, M.
Fattinger, C.
Froome, K. D.
Furuhama, Y.
Gebbie, H. A.
Gillespie, W. A.
Grischkowsky, D.
Hill, R. J.
Ihara, T.
Keiding, S.
Knippels, G. M. H.
Lawrence, R. S.
Leforestier, C.
MacLeod, A. M.
Manabe, T.
Mandehgar, M.
Matsumoto, H.
Muller, H. S. P.
Ono, A.
Pearson, J. C.
Pickett, H. M.
Poynter, R. L.
Saito, S.
Schödel, R.
Scribano, Y.
Shutler, A.
Tanaka, H.
van der Meer, A. F. G.
van Exter, M.
van-Vleck, J. H.
Walkov, A.
Weisskopf, V. F.
Wilke, I.
Yang, Y.

Appl. Opt.

C. C. Bradley and H. A. Gebbie, “Refractive index of nitrogen, water vapor, and their mixtures at submillimeter wavelengths,” Appl. Opt.10(4), 755–758 (1971). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

M. van Exter and D. Grischkowsky, “Optical and electronic properties of doped silicon from 0.1 to 2 THz,” Appl. Phys. Lett.56(17), 1694–1696 (1990). [CrossRef]

IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol.

Y. Yang, M. Mandehgar, and D. Grischkowsky, “Broad-band THz pulse transmission through the atmosphere,” IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol.1, 264–273 (2011).
Y. Yang, M. Mandehgar, and D. Grischkowsky, “Understanding THz pulse transmission in the atmosphere,” IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol.2, 406–415 (2012).

Infrared Phys.

R. J. Hill and R. S. Lawrence, “Refractive index of water vapor in the infrared windows,” Infrared Phys.26(6), 371–376 (1986). [CrossRef]

Int. J. Infrared Millim. Waves

T. Manabe, Y. Furuhama, T. Ihara, S. Saito, H. Tanaka, and A. Ono, “Measurements of attenuation and refractive dispersion due to atmospheric water vapor at 80 and 240 GHz,” Int. J. Infrared Millim. Waves6(4), 313–322 (1985). [CrossRef]

J. Chem. Phys.

Y. Scribano and C. Leforestier, “Contribution of water dimer absorption to the millimeter and far infrared atmospheric water continuum,” J. Chem. Phys.126(23), 234301 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys.

D. Grischkowsky, S. Keiding, M. Exter, and C. Fattinger, “Far-infrared time-domain spectroscopy with terahz beams of dielectrics and semiconductors,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys.7(10), 2006–2015 (1990). [CrossRef]

J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer

H. M. Pickett, R. L. Poynter, E. A. Cohen, M. L. Delitsky, J. C. Pearson, and H. S. P. Muller, “Sub-millimeter, millimeter, and microwave spectral line catalog,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer60(5), 883–890 (1998). [CrossRef]

Metrologia

H. Matsumoto, “The refractive index of moist air in the 3-µm region,” Metrologia18(2), 49–52 (1982). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

Y. Yang, A. Shutler, and D. Grischkowsky, “Measurement of the transmission of the atmosphere from 0.2 to 2 THz,” Opt. Express19(9), 8830–8838 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

R. Schödel, A. Walkov, and A. Abou-Zeid, “High-accuracy determination of water vapor refractivity by length interferometry,” Opt. Lett.31(13), 1979–1981 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

I. Wilke, A. M. MacLeod, W. A. Gillespie, G. Berden, G. M. H. Knippels, and A. F. G. van der Meer, “Single-shot electron-beam bunch length measurements,” Phys. Rev. Lett.88(12), 124801 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Proc. Phys. Soc. B

L. Essen, “The refractive indices of water vapour, air, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, deuterium and helium,” Proc. Phys. Soc. B66(3), 189–193 (1953). [CrossRef]
L. Essen and K. D. Froome, “The refractive indices and dielectric constants of air and its principal constituents at 24,000 Mc/s,” Proc. Phys. Soc. B64(10), 862–875 (1951). [CrossRef]
K. D. Froome, “The refractive indices of water vapour, air, oxygen, nitrogen and argon at 72 kMc/s,” Proc. Phys. Soc. B68(11), 833–835 (1955). [CrossRef]

Rev. Mod. Phys.

J. H. van-Vleck and V. F. Weisskopf, “On the shape of collision-broadened lines,” Rev. Mod. Phys.17(2-3), 227–236 (1945). [CrossRef]

Other

C. H. Townes and A. L. Schawlow, Microwave Spectroscopy (Dover Publ. Co., 1975).
P. Debye, Polar Molecules, 89–90 (Dover Publ. Co., 1957).
B. R. Bean, and E. J. Dutton, Radio Meteorology (National Bureau of Standards, Monograph #92, March 1966), Chap. 1
A. M. Weiner, Ultrafast Optics, (John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2009).
A. Deepak, T. D. Wilkerson, and L. H. Ruhnke, eds., Atmospheric Water Vapor, (Academic Press, 1980). This book is the Proceedings of the International Workshop on Atmospheric Water Vapor, Vail, Colorado, September 11–13, 1979.
D. E. Burch and D. A. Gryvnak, “Continuum absorption by water vapor in the infrared and millimeter regions,” Proceedings of the International Workshop on Atmospheric Water Vapor, [21] 47–76 (1979).

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[1] L. Essen, “The refractive indices of water vapour, air, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, deuterium and helium,” Proc. Phys. Soc. B66(3), 189–193 (1953). [CrossRef]

[2] L. Essen and K. D. Froome, “The refractive indices and dielectric constants of air and its principal constituents at 24,000 Mc/s,” Proc. Phys. Soc. B64(10), 862–875 (1951). [CrossRef]

[3] K. D. Froome, “The refractive indices of water vapour, air, oxygen, nitrogen and argon at 72 kMc/s,” Proc. Phys. Soc. B68(11), 833–835 (1955). [CrossRef]

[4] T. Manabe, Y. Furuhama, T. Ihara, S. Saito, H. Tanaka, and A. Ono, “Measurements of attenuation and refractive dispersion due to atmospheric water vapor at 80 and 240 GHz,” Int. J. Infrared Millim. Waves6(4), 313–322 (1985). [CrossRef]

[5] C. C. Bradley and H. A. Gebbie, “Refractive index of nitrogen, water vapor, and their mixtures at submillimeter wavelengths,” Appl. Opt.10(4), 755–758 (1971). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[6] H. Matsumoto, “The refractive index of moist air in the 3-µm region,” Metrologia18(2), 49–52 (1982). [CrossRef]

[7] R. J. Hill and R. S. Lawrence, “Refractive index of water vapor in the infrared windows,” Infrared Phys.26(6), 371–376 (1986). [CrossRef]

[8] R. Schödel, A. Walkov, and A. Abou-Zeid, “High-accuracy determination of water vapor refractivity by length interferometry,” Opt. Lett.31(13), 1979–1981 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[9] D. Grischkowsky, S. Keiding, M. Exter, and C. Fattinger, “Far-infrared time-domain spectroscopy with terahz beams of dielectrics and semiconductors,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys.7(10), 2006–2015 (1990). [CrossRef]

[10] Y. Yang, A. Shutler, and D. Grischkowsky, “Measurement of the transmission of the atmosphere from 0.2 to 2 THz,” Opt. Express19(9), 8830–8838 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] Y. Yang, M. Mandehgar, and D. Grischkowsky, “Broad-band THz pulse transmission through the atmosphere,” IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol.1, 264–273 (2011).

[12] Y. Yang, M. Mandehgar, and D. Grischkowsky, “Understanding THz pulse transmission in the atmosphere,” IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol.2, 406–415 (2012).

[13] I. Wilke, A. M. MacLeod, W. A. Gillespie, G. Berden, G. M. H. Knippels, and A. F. G. van der Meer, “Single-shot electron-beam bunch length measurements,” Phys. Rev. Lett.88(12), 124801 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[14] A. M. Weiner, Ultrafast Optics, (John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2009).

[15] H. M. Pickett, R. L. Poynter, E. A. Cohen, M. L. Delitsky, J. C. Pearson, and H. S. P. Muller, “Sub-millimeter, millimeter, and microwave spectral line catalog,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer60(5), 883–890 (1998). [CrossRef]

[16] P. Debye, Polar Molecules, 89–90 (Dover Publ. Co., 1957).

[17] B. R. Bean, and E. J. Dutton, Radio Meteorology (National Bureau of Standards, Monograph #92, March 1966), Chap. 1

[18] J. H. van-Vleck and V. F. Weisskopf, “On the shape of collision-broadened lines,” Rev. Mod. Phys.17(2-3), 227–236 (1945). [CrossRef]

[19] C. H. Townes and A. L. Schawlow, Microwave Spectroscopy (Dover Publ. Co., 1975).

[20] M. van Exter and D. Grischkowsky, “Optical and electronic properties of doped silicon from 0.1 to 2 THz,” Appl. Phys. Lett.56(17), 1694–1696 (1990). [CrossRef]

[21] A. Deepak, T. D. Wilkerson, and L. H. Ruhnke, eds., Atmospheric Water Vapor, (Academic Press, 1980). This book is the Proceedings of the International Workshop on Atmospheric Water Vapor, Vail, Colorado, September 11–13, 1979.

[22] D. E. Burch and D. A. Gryvnak, “Continuum absorption by water vapor in the infrared and millimeter regions,” Proceedings of the International Workshop on Atmospheric Water Vapor, [21] 47–76 (1979).

[23] Y. Scribano and C. Leforestier, “Contribution of water dimer absorption to the millimeter and far infrared atmospheric water continuum,” J. Chem. Phys.126(23), 234301 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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Time domain measurement of the THz refractivity of water vapor

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Abstract

References

Appl. Opt.

Appl. Phys. Lett.

IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol.

Infrared Phys.

Int. J. Infrared Millim. Waves

J. Chem. Phys.

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys.

J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer

Metrologia

Opt. Express

Opt. Lett.

Phys. Rev. Lett.

Proc. Phys. Soc. B

Rev. Mod. Phys.

Other

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