Pump and probe reflective imaging using a soft x-ray laser probe was applied to the observation of the early stage of femtosecond laser ablation process on platinum. In strongly excited area, drastic and fast reflectivity drop was observed. In moderately excited area, the decay of the reflectivity is slower than that in the strongly excited area, and the reflectivity reaches its minimum at t = 160 ps. In weakly excited area, laser-induced reflectivity change was not observed. In addition, the point where the reflectivity dip was observed at t = 10 ps and t = 40 ps, coincides with the position of the edge of reflectivity drop at t = 160 ps. These results give the critical information about the femtosecond laser ablation.

© 2012 OSA

1. E. G. Gamaly, S. Juodkazis, K. Nishimura, H. Misawa, B. Luther-Davies, L. Hallo, P. Nicolai, and V. T. Tikhonchuk, “Laser-matter interaction in the bulk of a transparent solid: confined microexplosion and void formation,” Phys. Rev. B73, 214101 (2006). [CrossRef]
2. F. Korte, J. Koch, and B. N. Chichkov, “Formation of microbumps and nanojets on gold targets by femtosecond laser pulses,” Appl. Phys. A.79, 879–881 (2004). [CrossRef]
3. A. Pereira, A. Cros, P. Delaporte, S. Georgiou, A. Manousaki, W. Marine, and M. Sentis, “Surface nanostructuring of metals by laser irradiation: effects of pulse duration, wavelength and gas atmosphere,” Appl. Phys. A.79, 1433–1437 (2004). [CrossRef]
4. T-H. Her, R. J. Finlay, C. Wu, S. Deliwala, and E. Mazur, “Microstructuring of silicon with femtosecond laser pulses,” Appl. Phys. Lett.73, 1673–1675 (1998). [CrossRef]
5. F. Korte, J. Serbin, J. Koch, A. Egbert, C. Fallnich, A. Ostendorf, and B. B. Chichkov, “Towards nanostructuring with femtosecond laser pulses,” Appl. Phys. A.77, 229–235 (2003).
6. D. von der Linde, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, and J. Bialkowski, “Lasersolid interaction in the femtosecond time regime,” Appl. Surf. Sci.109–110, 1–10 (1997). [CrossRef]
7. K. Sokolowski-Tinten, J. Bialkowski, A. Cavalleri, D. von der Linde, A. Oparin, J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, and S. I. Anisimov, “Transient states of matter during short pulse laser ablation,” Phys. Rev. Lett.81, 224–227 (1998). [CrossRef]
8. K. Sokolowski-Tinten, J. Bialkowski, A. Cavalleri, and D. von der Linde, “Observation of a transient insulating phase of metals and semiconductors during short-pulse laser ablation,” Appl. Surf. Sci.127129, 755–760 (1998). [CrossRef]
9. D. von der Linde and K. Sokolowski-Tinten, “The physical mechanisms of short-pulse laser ablation,” Appl. Surf. Sci.154–155, 1–10 (2000). [CrossRef]
10. D. Perez and L. J. Lewis, “Molecular-dynamics study of ablation of solids under femtosecond laser pulses,” Phys. Rev.B67, 184102 (2003). [CrossRef]
11. P. Lorazo, L. J. Lewis, and M. Meunier, “Thermodynamic pathways to melting, ablation, and solidification in absorbing solids under pulsed laser irradiation,” Phys. Rev. B73, 134108 (2006). [CrossRef]
12. B. J. Garrison, T. E. Itina, and L. V. Zhigilei, “Limit of overheating and the threshold behavior in laser ablation,” Phys. Rev. E68, 041501 (2003). [CrossRef]
13. L. V. Zhigilei, Z. Lin, and D. S. Ivanov, “Atomistic modeling of short pulse laser ablation of metals: connections between melting, spallation, and phase explosion,” J. Phys. Chem. C113, 11892–11906 (2009). [CrossRef]
14. A. M. Lindenberg, S. Engemann, K. J. Gaffney, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, J. Larsson, P. B. Hillyard, D. A. Reis, D. M. Fritz, J. Arthur, R. A. Akre, M. J. George, A. Deb, P. H. Bucksbaum, J. Hajdu, D. A. Meyer, M. Nicoul, C. Blome, Th. Tschentscher, A. L. Cavalieri, R.W. Falcone, S. H. Lee, R. Pahl, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, A. J. Nelson, P. Krejcik, D. P. Siddons, P. Lorazo, and J. B. Hastings, “X-ray diffuse scattering measurements of nucleation dynamics at femtosecond resolution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.100, 135502 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. A. Barty, S. Boutet, M. J. Bogan, S. Hau-Riege, S. Marchesini, K. Sokolowsli-Tinten, N. Stojanovic, R. Tobey, H. Ehrke, A. Cavalleri, S. Düsterer, M. Frank, S. Bajt, B. W. Woods, M. M. Seibert, J. Hajdu, R. Treusch, and H. N. Chapman, “Ultrafast single-shot diffraction imaging of nanoscale dynamics,” Nat. Photonics2, 415–419 (2008). [CrossRef]
16. T. E. Glover, G. D. Ackerman, A. Belkacem, P. A. Heimann, Z. Hussain, R. W. Lee, H. A. Padmore, C. Ray, R. W. Schoenlein, W. F. Steele, and D. A. Young, “Metal-insulator transitions in an expanding metallic fluid: particle formation kinetics,” Phys. Rev. Lett.90, 236102 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. K. Oguri, Y. Okano, T. Nishikawa, and H. Nakano, “Dynamics of femtosecond laser ablation studied with time-resolved x-ray absorption fine structure imaging,” Phys. Rev. B79, 144106 (2009). [CrossRef]
18. K. Oguri, Y. Okano, T. Nishikawa, and H. Nakano, “Dynamical study of femtosecond-laser-ablated liquid-aluminum nanoparticles using spatiotemporally resolved X-ray-absorption fine-structure spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett.99, 165003 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. T. Suemoto, K. Terakawa, Y. Ochi, T. Tomita, M. Yamamoto, N. Hasegawa, M. Deki, Y. Minami, and T. Kawachi, “Single-shot picosecond interferometry with one-nanometer resolution for dynamical surface morphology using a soft x-ray laser,” Opt. Express18, 14114–14122 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. M. Yanagihara, T. Sasaki, M. Furudate, and M. Yamamoto, “Consistency of the surface roughness determined from soft-x-ray reflectance and surface profiles measured using a scanning tunnelling microscope: coherence length of the soft x-rays,” Opt. Rev.3, 65–70 (1996). [CrossRef]
21. http://henke.lbl.gov/optical_constants/
22. Y. Ochi, T. Kawachi, N. Hasegawa, M. Nishikino, T. Ohba, M. Tanaka, M. Kishimoto, T. Kaihori, K. Nagahima, and A. Sugiyama, “Demonstration of submicroJoule, spatially coherent soft-x-ray laser pumped by 0.1 hertz, 10 joule, picosecond laser,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.48, 120212 (2009). [CrossRef]
23. A. Y. Vorobyev and C. Guo, “Femtosecond laser nanostructuring of metals,” Opt. Express14, 2164–2169 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. A. Y. Vorobyev, V. S. Makin, and C. Guo, “Periodic ordering of random surface nanostructures induced by femtosecond laser pulses on metals,” J. Appl. Phys.101, 034903 (2007). [CrossRef]
25. K. Stoev and K. Sakurai, “Recent theoretical models in grazing incidence X-ray reflectometry,” Rigaku J.14, 22–37 (1997).
26. O. Albert, S. Roger, Y. Glinec, J. C. Loulergue, J. Etchepare, C. Boulmer-Leborgne, J. Perrière, and E. Millon, “Time-resolved spectroscopy measurements of a titanium plasma induced by nanosecond and femtosecond lasers,” Appl. Phys. A.76, 319–323 (2003). [CrossRef]
27. S. Amoruso, R. Bruzzese, N. Spinelli, R. Velotta, M. Vitiello, and X. Wang, “Emission of nanoparticles during ultrashort laser irradiation of silicon targets,” Europhys. Lett.67, 404–410 (2004). [CrossRef]
28. S. Eliezer, N. Eliaz, E. Grossman, D. Fisher, I. Gouzman, Z. Henis, S. Pecker, Y. Horovitz, M. Fraenkel, S. Maman, and Y. Lereah, “Synthesis of nanoparticles with femtosecond laser pulses,” Phys. Rev. B69, 144119 (2004). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. A.

• F. Korte, J. Koch, and B. N. Chichkov, “Formation of microbumps and nanojets on gold targets by femtosecond laser pulses,” Appl. Phys. A.79, 879–881 (2004). [CrossRef]
• A. Pereira, A. Cros, P. Delaporte, S. Georgiou, A. Manousaki, W. Marine, and M. Sentis, “Surface nanostructuring of metals by laser irradiation: effects of pulse duration, wavelength and gas atmosphere,” Appl. Phys. A.79, 1433–1437 (2004). [CrossRef]
• F. Korte, J. Serbin, J. Koch, A. Egbert, C. Fallnich, A. Ostendorf, and B. B. Chichkov, “Towards nanostructuring with femtosecond laser pulses,” Appl. Phys. A.77, 229–235 (2003).
• O. Albert, S. Roger, Y. Glinec, J. C. Loulergue, J. Etchepare, C. Boulmer-Leborgne, J. Perrière, and E. Millon, “Time-resolved spectroscopy measurements of a titanium plasma induced by nanosecond and femtosecond lasers,” Appl. Phys. A.76, 319–323 (2003). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

• T-H. Her, R. J. Finlay, C. Wu, S. Deliwala, and E. Mazur, “Microstructuring of silicon with femtosecond laser pulses,” Appl. Phys. Lett.73, 1673–1675 (1998). [CrossRef]

Appl. Surf. Sci.

• D. von der Linde, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, and J. Bialkowski, “Lasersolid interaction in the femtosecond time regime,” Appl. Surf. Sci.109–110, 1–10 (1997). [CrossRef]
• K. Sokolowski-Tinten, J. Bialkowski, A. Cavalleri, and D. von der Linde, “Observation of a transient insulating phase of metals and semiconductors during short-pulse laser ablation,” Appl. Surf. Sci.127129, 755–760 (1998). [CrossRef]
• D. von der Linde and K. Sokolowski-Tinten, “The physical mechanisms of short-pulse laser ablation,” Appl. Surf. Sci.154–155, 1–10 (2000). [CrossRef]

Europhys. Lett.

• S. Amoruso, R. Bruzzese, N. Spinelli, R. Velotta, M. Vitiello, and X. Wang, “Emission of nanoparticles during ultrashort laser irradiation of silicon targets,” Europhys. Lett.67, 404–410 (2004). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

• A. Y. Vorobyev, V. S. Makin, and C. Guo, “Periodic ordering of random surface nanostructures induced by femtosecond laser pulses on metals,” J. Appl. Phys.101, 034903 (2007). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Chem. C

• L. V. Zhigilei, Z. Lin, and D. S. Ivanov, “Atomistic modeling of short pulse laser ablation of metals: connections between melting, spallation, and phase explosion,” J. Phys. Chem. C113, 11892–11906 (2009). [CrossRef]

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

• Y. Ochi, T. Kawachi, N. Hasegawa, M. Nishikino, T. Ohba, M. Tanaka, M. Kishimoto, T. Kaihori, K. Nagahima, and A. Sugiyama, “Demonstration of submicroJoule, spatially coherent soft-x-ray laser pumped by 0.1 hertz, 10 joule, picosecond laser,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.48, 120212 (2009). [CrossRef]

Nat. Photonics

• A. Barty, S. Boutet, M. J. Bogan, S. Hau-Riege, S. Marchesini, K. Sokolowsli-Tinten, N. Stojanovic, R. Tobey, H. Ehrke, A. Cavalleri, S. Düsterer, M. Frank, S. Bajt, B. W. Woods, M. M. Seibert, J. Hajdu, R. Treusch, and H. N. Chapman, “Ultrafast single-shot diffraction imaging of nanoscale dynamics,” Nat. Photonics2, 415–419 (2008). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

• T. Suemoto, K. Terakawa, Y. Ochi, T. Tomita, M. Yamamoto, N. Hasegawa, M. Deki, Y. Minami, and T. Kawachi, “Single-shot picosecond interferometry with one-nanometer resolution for dynamical surface morphology using a soft x-ray laser,” Opt. Express18, 14114–14122 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. Y. Vorobyev and C. Guo, “Femtosecond laser nanostructuring of metals,” Opt. Express14, 2164–2169 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Rev.

• M. Yanagihara, T. Sasaki, M. Furudate, and M. Yamamoto, “Consistency of the surface roughness determined from soft-x-ray reflectance and surface profiles measured using a scanning tunnelling microscope: coherence length of the soft x-rays,” Opt. Rev.3, 65–70 (1996). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. B

• K. Oguri, Y. Okano, T. Nishikawa, and H. Nakano, “Dynamics of femtosecond laser ablation studied with time-resolved x-ray absorption fine structure imaging,” Phys. Rev. B79, 144106 (2009). [CrossRef]
• P. Lorazo, L. J. Lewis, and M. Meunier, “Thermodynamic pathways to melting, ablation, and solidification in absorbing solids under pulsed laser irradiation,” Phys. Rev. B73, 134108 (2006). [CrossRef]
• S. Eliezer, N. Eliaz, E. Grossman, D. Fisher, I. Gouzman, Z. Henis, S. Pecker, Y. Horovitz, M. Fraenkel, S. Maman, and Y. Lereah, “Synthesis of nanoparticles with femtosecond laser pulses,” Phys. Rev. B69, 144119 (2004). [CrossRef]
• E. G. Gamaly, S. Juodkazis, K. Nishimura, H. Misawa, B. Luther-Davies, L. Hallo, P. Nicolai, and V. T. Tikhonchuk, “Laser-matter interaction in the bulk of a transparent solid: confined microexplosion and void formation,” Phys. Rev. B73, 214101 (2006). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. E

• B. J. Garrison, T. E. Itina, and L. V. Zhigilei, “Limit of overheating and the threshold behavior in laser ablation,” Phys. Rev. E68, 041501 (2003). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

• K. Sokolowski-Tinten, J. Bialkowski, A. Cavalleri, D. von der Linde, A. Oparin, J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, and S. I. Anisimov, “Transient states of matter during short pulse laser ablation,” Phys. Rev. Lett.81, 224–227 (1998). [CrossRef]
• K. Oguri, Y. Okano, T. Nishikawa, and H. Nakano, “Dynamical study of femtosecond-laser-ablated liquid-aluminum nanoparticles using spatiotemporally resolved X-ray-absorption fine-structure spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett.99, 165003 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• T. E. Glover, G. D. Ackerman, A. Belkacem, P. A. Heimann, Z. Hussain, R. W. Lee, H. A. Padmore, C. Ray, R. W. Schoenlein, W. F. Steele, and D. A. Young, “Metal-insulator transitions in an expanding metallic fluid: particle formation kinetics,” Phys. Rev. Lett.90, 236102 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. M. Lindenberg, S. Engemann, K. J. Gaffney, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, J. Larsson, P. B. Hillyard, D. A. Reis, D. M. Fritz, J. Arthur, R. A. Akre, M. J. George, A. Deb, P. H. Bucksbaum, J. Hajdu, D. A. Meyer, M. Nicoul, C. Blome, Th. Tschentscher, A. L. Cavalieri, R.W. Falcone, S. H. Lee, R. Pahl, J. Rudati, P. H. Fuoss, A. J. Nelson, P. Krejcik, D. P. Siddons, P. Lorazo, and J. B. Hastings, “X-ray diffuse scattering measurements of nucleation dynamics at femtosecond resolution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.100, 135502 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev.B

• D. Perez and L. J. Lewis, “Molecular-dynamics study of ablation of solids under femtosecond laser pulses,” Phys. Rev.B67, 184102 (2003). [CrossRef]

Rigaku J.

• K. Stoev and K. Sakurai, “Recent theoretical models in grazing incidence X-ray reflectometry,” Rigaku J.14, 22–37 (1997).

Other

• http://henke.lbl.gov/optical_constants/

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