Fizeau interferometric cophasing of segmented mirrors

doi:10.1364/OE.20.029457

Fizeau interferometric cophasing of segmented mirrors

Anthony C. Cheetham, Peter G. Tuthill, Anand Sivaramakrishnan, and James P. Lloyd »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 28, pp. 29457-29471 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.029457

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Abstract

Segmented mirror telescope designs address issues of mechanical rigidity, but introduce the problem of aligning, or cophasing, the separate segments to conform to the optimum mirror shape. While several solutions have been widely adopted, a few difficulties persist — the introduction of non-common path errors and an artificial division of the problem into coarse and fine regimes involving separate dedicated hardware solutions. Here we propose a novel method that addresses many of these issues. Fizeau Interferometric Cophasing of Segmented Mirrors (FICSM) uses non-redundant sparse aperture interferometry to phase mirror segments to interferometric precision using unexceptional science hardware. To show the potential of this technique we numerically simulate conditions on NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), showing that the FICSM method has the potential to phase the primary mirror from an initial state with segment-to-segment pistons as large as 150 microns and tilts as large as 0.5 arcseconds, to produce a final state with 0.75 nm rms segment-to-segment pistons and 3.7 mas rms segment tilts. The image undergoes monotonic improvement during this process. This results in a rms wavefront error of 3.65 nm, well below the 100 nm requirement of JWST’s coarse phasing algorithm.

OCIS Codes
(120.3180) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Interferometry
(120.6085) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Space instrumentation
(110.1080) Imaging systems : Active or adaptive optics

ToC Category:
Instrumentation, Measurement, and Metrology

History
Original Manuscript: September 13, 2012
Revised Manuscript: November 9, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: November 24, 2012
Published: December 19, 2012

Citation
Anthony C. Cheetham, Peter G. Tuthill, Anand Sivaramakrishnan, and James P. Lloyd, "Fizeau interferometric cophasing of segmented mirrors," Opt. Express 20, 29457-29471 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-28-29457

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References

D. Acton, J. Knight, A. Contos, S. Grimaldi, J. Terry, P. Lightsey, A. Barto, B. League, B. Dean, J. Smith, C. Bowers, D. Aronstein, L. Feinberg, W. Hayden, T. Comeau, R. Soummer, E. Elliot, M. Perrin, and C. W. Starr, “Wavefront sensing and controls for the James Webb Space Telescope,” Proc. SPIE8442 (2012), 84422H.
G. Chanan, M. Troy, F. Dekens, S. Michaels, J. Nelson, T. Mast, and D. Kirkman, “Phasing the mirror segments of the Keck telescopes: the broadband phasing algorithm,” Appl. Opt.37, 140–155 (1998). [CrossRef]
G. Chanan, C. Ohara, and M. Troy, “Phasing the mirror segments of the Keck telescopes II: the narrow-band phasing algorithm,” Appl. Opt.39, 4706–4714 (2000). [CrossRef]
J. Rodríguez-Ramos and J. Fuensalida, “Phasing of segmented mirrors: a new algorithm for piston detection,” MNRAS328, 167–173 (2001). [CrossRef]
G. Chanan, M. Troy, and E. Sirko, “Phase discontinuity sensing: a method for phasing segmented mirrors in the infrared,” Appl. Opt.38, 704–713 (1999). [CrossRef]
A. Cheetham, Cophasing JWST’s segmented mirror using sparse aperture interferometry University of Sydney Hons. Thesis, (2011).
P. Tuthill, J. Monnier, W. Danchi, E. Wishnow, and C. Haniff, “Michelson interferometry with the Keck I telescope,” Pub. Ast. Soc. Pac.112, 555–565 (2000). [CrossRef]
J. Monnier, P. Tuthill, M. Ireland, R. Cohen, A. Tannirkulam, and M. Perrin, “Mid-infrared size survey of young stellar objects: Description of Keck segment-tilting experiment and basic results,” ApJ700, 491 (2009). [CrossRef]
JWST Mission Operations Concept Document, Revision C (2008).
R. Doyon, J. Hutchings, M. Beaulieu, L. Albert, D. Lafrenière, C. Willott, D. Touahri, N. Rowlands, M. Maszkiewicz, A. W. Fullerton, K. Volk, A. R. Martel, P. Chayer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Abraham, L. Ferrarese, R. Jayawardhana, D. Johnstone, M. R. Meyer, J. L. Pipher, and M. Sawicki, “The JWST fine guidance sensor (FGS) and near-infrared imager and slitless spectrograph (NIRISS),” Proc. SPIE8442 (2012), 84422R.
A. Sivaramakrishnan, D. Lafrenière, S. K. E. Ford, B. McKernan, A. Cheetham, A. Z. Greenbaum, P. G. Tuthill, J. P. Lloyd, M. J. Ireland, R. Doyon, M. Beaulieu, A. R. Martel, A. Koekemoer, F. Martinache, and P. Teuben, “Non-redundant aperture masking interferometry (AMI) and segment phasing with JWST-NIRISS,” Proc. SPIE8442 (2012), 84422S.
J. Lloyd, F. Martinache, M. Ireland, J. Monnier, S. Pravdo, S. Shaklan, and P. Tuthill, “Direct detection of the brown dwarf GJ 802B with adaptive optics masking interferometry,” ApJ Lett.650, L131 (2006). [CrossRef]
R. Bracewell, The Fourier Transform & its Applications, 3rd ed. (McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, 2000).
E. Sabatke, J. Burge, and D. Sabatke, “Analytic diffraction analysis of a 32-m telescope with hexagonal segments for high-contrast imaging,” Appl. Opt.44, 1360–1365 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. J. Allen, “Station-keeping requirements for constellations of free-flying collectors used for astronomical imaging in space,” Pub. Ast. Soc. Pac.119, 914–922 (2007). [CrossRef]
W. Press, B. Flannery, S. Teukolsky, and W. Vetterling, Numerical Recipes (Cambridge Univ Press, 1986).
M. Perrin, R. Soummer, E. Elliott, M. Lallo, and A. Sivaramakrishnan, “Simulating point-spread functions for the James Webb Space Telescope with WebbPSF,” Proc. SPIE8442 (2012), 84423D.
A. Sivaramakrishnan, P. Tuthill, M. Ireland, J. Lloyd, F. Martinache, R. Soummer, R. Makidon, R. Doyon, M. Beaulieu, and C. Beichman, “Planetary system and star formation science with non-redundant masking on JWST,” Proc. SPIE7440 (2009), 74400Y. [CrossRef]

Abraham, R.
Acton, D.
Albert, L.
Allen, R. J.
Aronstein, D.
Barto, A.
Beaulieu, M.
Beichman, C.
Bowers, C.
Bracewell, R.
Burge, J.
Chanan, G.
Chayer, P.
Cheetham, A.
Cohen, R.
Comeau, T.
Contos, A.
Danchi, W.
Dean, B.
Dekens, F.
Doyon, R.
Elliot, E.
Elliott, E.
Feinberg, L.
Ferrarese, L.
Flannery, B.
Ford, S. K. E.
Fuensalida, J.
Fullerton, A. W.
Greenbaum, A. Z.
Grimaldi, S.
Haniff, C.
Hayden, W.
Hutchings, J.
Ireland, M.
Ireland, M. J.
Jayawardhana, R.
Johnstone, D.
Kirkman, D.
Knight, J.
Koekemoer, A.
Lafrenière, D.
Lallo, M.
League, B.
Lightsey, P.
Lloyd, J.
Lloyd, J. P.
Makidon, R.
Martel, A. R.
Martinache, F.
Mast, T.
Maszkiewicz, M.
McKernan, B.
Meyer, M. R.
Michaels, S.
Monnier, J.
Nelson, J.
Ohara, C.
Perrin, M.
Pipher, J. L.
Pravdo, S.
Press, W.
Rodríguez-Ramos, J.
Rowlands, N.
Sabatke, D.
Sabatke, E.
Sawicki, M.
Shaklan, S.
Sirko, E.
Sivaramakrishnan, A.
Smith, J.
Soummer, R.
Starr, C. W.
Tannirkulam, A.
Terry, J.
Teuben, P.
Teukolsky, S.
Touahri, D.
Troy, M.
Tuthill, P.
Tuthill, P. G.
Vetterling, W.
Volk, K.
Willott, C.
Wishnow, E.

ApJ

J. Monnier, P. Tuthill, M. Ireland, R. Cohen, A. Tannirkulam, and M. Perrin, “Mid-infrared size survey of young stellar objects: Description of Keck segment-tilting experiment and basic results,” ApJ700, 491 (2009). [CrossRef]

ApJ Lett.

J. Lloyd, F. Martinache, M. Ireland, J. Monnier, S. Pravdo, S. Shaklan, and P. Tuthill, “Direct detection of the brown dwarf GJ 802B with adaptive optics masking interferometry,” ApJ Lett.650, L131 (2006). [CrossRef]

Appl. Opt.

MNRAS

J. Rodríguez-Ramos and J. Fuensalida, “Phasing of segmented mirrors: a new algorithm for piston detection,” MNRAS328, 167–173 (2001). [CrossRef]

Proc. SPIE

D. Acton, J. Knight, A. Contos, S. Grimaldi, J. Terry, P. Lightsey, A. Barto, B. League, B. Dean, J. Smith, C. Bowers, D. Aronstein, L. Feinberg, W. Hayden, T. Comeau, R. Soummer, E. Elliot, M. Perrin, and C. W. Starr, “Wavefront sensing and controls for the James Webb Space Telescope,” Proc. SPIE8442 (2012), 84422H.
M. Perrin, R. Soummer, E. Elliott, M. Lallo, and A. Sivaramakrishnan, “Simulating point-spread functions for the James Webb Space Telescope with WebbPSF,” Proc. SPIE8442 (2012), 84423D.
A. Sivaramakrishnan, P. Tuthill, M. Ireland, J. Lloyd, F. Martinache, R. Soummer, R. Makidon, R. Doyon, M. Beaulieu, and C. Beichman, “Planetary system and star formation science with non-redundant masking on JWST,” Proc. SPIE7440 (2009), 74400Y. [CrossRef]
R. Doyon, J. Hutchings, M. Beaulieu, L. Albert, D. Lafrenière, C. Willott, D. Touahri, N. Rowlands, M. Maszkiewicz, A. W. Fullerton, K. Volk, A. R. Martel, P. Chayer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Abraham, L. Ferrarese, R. Jayawardhana, D. Johnstone, M. R. Meyer, J. L. Pipher, and M. Sawicki, “The JWST fine guidance sensor (FGS) and near-infrared imager and slitless spectrograph (NIRISS),” Proc. SPIE8442 (2012), 84422R.
A. Sivaramakrishnan, D. Lafrenière, S. K. E. Ford, B. McKernan, A. Cheetham, A. Z. Greenbaum, P. G. Tuthill, J. P. Lloyd, M. J. Ireland, R. Doyon, M. Beaulieu, A. R. Martel, A. Koekemoer, F. Martinache, and P. Teuben, “Non-redundant aperture masking interferometry (AMI) and segment phasing with JWST-NIRISS,” Proc. SPIE8442 (2012), 84422S.

Pub. Ast. Soc. Pac.

R. J. Allen, “Station-keeping requirements for constellations of free-flying collectors used for astronomical imaging in space,” Pub. Ast. Soc. Pac.119, 914–922 (2007). [CrossRef]
P. Tuthill, J. Monnier, W. Danchi, E. Wishnow, and C. Haniff, “Michelson interferometry with the Keck I telescope,” Pub. Ast. Soc. Pac.112, 555–565 (2000). [CrossRef]

Other

JWST Mission Operations Concept Document, Revision C (2008).
A. Cheetham, Cophasing JWST’s segmented mirror using sparse aperture interferometry University of Sydney Hons. Thesis, (2011).
W. Press, B. Flannery, S. Teukolsky, and W. Vetterling, Numerical Recipes (Cambridge Univ Press, 1986).
R. Bracewell, The Fourier Transform & its Applications, 3rd ed. (McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, 2000).

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[1] D. Acton, J. Knight, A. Contos, S. Grimaldi, J. Terry, P. Lightsey, A. Barto, B. League, B. Dean, J. Smith, C. Bowers, D. Aronstein, L. Feinberg, W. Hayden, T. Comeau, R. Soummer, E. Elliot, M. Perrin, and C. W. Starr, “Wavefront sensing and controls for the James Webb Space Telescope,” Proc. SPIE8442 (2012), 84422H.

[2] G. Chanan, M. Troy, F. Dekens, S. Michaels, J. Nelson, T. Mast, and D. Kirkman, “Phasing the mirror segments of the Keck telescopes: the broadband phasing algorithm,” Appl. Opt.37, 140–155 (1998). [CrossRef]

[3] G. Chanan, C. Ohara, and M. Troy, “Phasing the mirror segments of the Keck telescopes II: the narrow-band phasing algorithm,” Appl. Opt.39, 4706–4714 (2000). [CrossRef]

[4] J. Rodríguez-Ramos and J. Fuensalida, “Phasing of segmented mirrors: a new algorithm for piston detection,” MNRAS328, 167–173 (2001). [CrossRef]

[5] G. Chanan, M. Troy, and E. Sirko, “Phase discontinuity sensing: a method for phasing segmented mirrors in the infrared,” Appl. Opt.38, 704–713 (1999). [CrossRef]

[6] A. Cheetham, Cophasing JWST’s segmented mirror using sparse aperture interferometry University of Sydney Hons. Thesis, (2011).

[7] P. Tuthill, J. Monnier, W. Danchi, E. Wishnow, and C. Haniff, “Michelson interferometry with the Keck I telescope,” Pub. Ast. Soc. Pac.112, 555–565 (2000). [CrossRef]

[8] J. Monnier, P. Tuthill, M. Ireland, R. Cohen, A. Tannirkulam, and M. Perrin, “Mid-infrared size survey of young stellar objects: Description of Keck segment-tilting experiment and basic results,” ApJ700, 491 (2009). [CrossRef]

[9] JWST Mission Operations Concept Document, Revision C (2008).

[10] R. Doyon, J. Hutchings, M. Beaulieu, L. Albert, D. Lafrenière, C. Willott, D. Touahri, N. Rowlands, M. Maszkiewicz, A. W. Fullerton, K. Volk, A. R. Martel, P. Chayer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Abraham, L. Ferrarese, R. Jayawardhana, D. Johnstone, M. R. Meyer, J. L. Pipher, and M. Sawicki, “The JWST fine guidance sensor (FGS) and near-infrared imager and slitless spectrograph (NIRISS),” Proc. SPIE8442 (2012), 84422R.

[11] A. Sivaramakrishnan, D. Lafrenière, S. K. E. Ford, B. McKernan, A. Cheetham, A. Z. Greenbaum, P. G. Tuthill, J. P. Lloyd, M. J. Ireland, R. Doyon, M. Beaulieu, A. R. Martel, A. Koekemoer, F. Martinache, and P. Teuben, “Non-redundant aperture masking interferometry (AMI) and segment phasing with JWST-NIRISS,” Proc. SPIE8442 (2012), 84422S.

[12] J. Lloyd, F. Martinache, M. Ireland, J. Monnier, S. Pravdo, S. Shaklan, and P. Tuthill, “Direct detection of the brown dwarf GJ 802B with adaptive optics masking interferometry,” ApJ Lett.650, L131 (2006). [CrossRef]

[13] R. Bracewell, The Fourier Transform & its Applications, 3rd ed. (McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, 2000).

[14] E. Sabatke, J. Burge, and D. Sabatke, “Analytic diffraction analysis of a 32-m telescope with hexagonal segments for high-contrast imaging,” Appl. Opt.44, 1360–1365 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[15] R. J. Allen, “Station-keeping requirements for constellations of free-flying collectors used for astronomical imaging in space,” Pub. Ast. Soc. Pac.119, 914–922 (2007). [CrossRef]

[16] W. Press, B. Flannery, S. Teukolsky, and W. Vetterling, Numerical Recipes (Cambridge Univ Press, 1986).

[17] M. Perrin, R. Soummer, E. Elliott, M. Lallo, and A. Sivaramakrishnan, “Simulating point-spread functions for the James Webb Space Telescope with WebbPSF,” Proc. SPIE8442 (2012), 84423D.

[18] A. Sivaramakrishnan, P. Tuthill, M. Ireland, J. Lloyd, F. Martinache, R. Soummer, R. Makidon, R. Doyon, M. Beaulieu, and C. Beichman, “Planetary system and star formation science with non-redundant masking on JWST,” Proc. SPIE7440 (2009), 74400Y. [CrossRef]

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