Broadband and anisotropic light emission from rare-earth doped tellurite thin films is demonstrated using Er³⁺-TeO₂ photonic crystals (PhCs). By adjusting the PhC parameters, photoluminescent light can be efficiently coupled into vertical surface emission or lateral waveguide propagation modes. Because of the flexibility of light projection direction, Er³⁺-TeO₂ is a potential broadband light source for integration with three-dimensional photonic circuits and on-chip biochemical sensors.

© 2012 OSA

1. M. Miritello, R. Lo Savio, F. Iacona, G. Franzò, A. Irrera, A. M. Piro, C. Bongiorno, and F. Priolo, “Efficient luminescence and energy transfer in erbium silicate thin films,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)19(12), 1582–1588 (2007). [CrossRef]
2. J. H. Kim and P. H. Holloway, “Near-infrared-electroluminescent light-emitting planar optical sources based on gallium nitride doped with rare earths,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)17(1), 91–96 (2005). [CrossRef]
3. K. Suh, M. Lee, J. S. Chang, H. Lee, N. Park, G. Y. Sung, and J. H. Shin, “Cooperative upconversion and optical gain in ion-beam sputter-deposited ErxY2-xSiO5,” Opt. Express18(8), 7724–7731 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. M. T. Carlson, A. Khan, and H. H. Richardson, “Local temperature determination of optically excited nanoparticles and nanodots,” Nano Lett.11(3), 1061–1069 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. S. Shen, A. Jha, X. Liu, M. Naftaly, K. Bindra, H. J. Bookey, and A. K. Kar, “Tellurite glasses for broadband amplifiers and integrated optics,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc.85(6), 1391–1395 (2002). [CrossRef]
6. J. S. Wang, E. M. Vogel, and E. Snitzer, “Tellurite glass: a new candidate for fiber devices,” Opt. Mater.3(3), 187–203 (1994). [CrossRef]
7. I. Jlassi, H. Elhouichet, and M. Ferid, “Thermal and optical properties of tellurite glasses doped erbium,” J. Mater. Sci.46(3), 806–812 (2011). [CrossRef]
8. S. Shen, B. Richards, and A. Jha, “Enhancement in pump inversion efficiency at 980 nm in Er3+, Er3+/Eu3++ and Er3+/Ce3+ doped tellurite glass fibers,” Opt. Express14(12), 5050–5054 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. M. R. Oermann, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, Y. Li, T.-C. Foo, and T. M. Monro, “Index matching between passive and active tellurite glasses for use in microstructured fiber lasers: erbium doped lanthanum-tellurite glass,” Opt. Express17(18), 15578–15584 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. A. Mori, “Tellurite-based fibers and their applications to optical communication networks,” J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn.116(1358), 1040–1051 (2008). [CrossRef]
11. M. Pollnau and S. D. Jackson, “Mid-infrared fiber lasers solid-state mid-infrared laser sources,” Top. Appl. Phys.89, 219–253 (2003).
12. G. S. Murugan and Y. Ohishi, “TeO2–BaO–SrO–Nb2O5 glasses: a new glass system for waveguide devices applications,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids341(1-3), 86–92 (2004). [CrossRef]
13. F. D’Amore, M. Di Giulio, S. M. Pietralunga, A. Zappettini, L. Nasi, V. Rigato, and M. Martinelli, “Sputtered stoichiometric teo2 glass films: dispersion of linear and nonlinear optical properties,” J. Appl. Phys.94(3), 1654 (2003). [CrossRef]
14. N. Dewan, V. Gupta, K. Sreenivas, and R. S. Katiyar, “Growth of amorphous TeOx (2 ≤ x ≤ 3) thin film by radio frequency sputtering,” J. Appl. Phys.101(8), 084910 (2007). [CrossRef]
15. X. J. Wang, G. Yuan, H. Isshiki, T. Kimura, and Z. J. Zhou, “Photoluminescence enhancement and high gain amplification of ErxY2−xSiO5 waveguide,” Appl. Phys. (Berl.)108, 013506 (2010).
16. D. Zhao, S.-J. Seo, and B.-S. Bae, “Full-color mesophase silicate thin film phosphors incorporated with rare earth ions and photosensitizers,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)19(21), 3473–3479 (2007). [CrossRef]
17. M. Boroditsky, T. F. Krauss, R. Coccioli, R. Vrijen, R. Bhat, and E. Yablonovitch, “Light extraction from optically pumped light-emitting diode by thin-slab photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett.75(8), 1036 (1999). [CrossRef]
18. B. Cluzel, N. Pauc, V. Calvo, T. Charvolin, and E. Hadji, “Nanobox array for silicon-on-insulator luminescence enhancement at room temperature,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(13), 133120 (2006). [CrossRef]
19. B. Cluzel, V. Calvo, T. Charvolin, E. Picard, P. Noé, and E. Hadji, “Single-mode room-temperature emission with a silicon rod lattice,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(20), 201111 (2006). [CrossRef]
20. M. Zelsmann, E. Picard, T. Charvolin, E. Hadji, M. Heitzmann, B. Dal’zotto, M. E. Nier, C. Seassal, P. Rojo-Romeo, and X. Letartre, “Seventy-fold enhancement of light extraction from a defectless photonic crystal made on silicon-on-insulator,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(13), 2542 (2003). [CrossRef]
21. K.-Y. Ko, Y. K. Lee, Y. R. Do, and Y. D. Huh, “Structural effect of a two-dimensional SiO2 photonic crystal layer on extraction efficiency in sputter-deposited Y2O3:Eu3+ thin-film phosphors,” J. Appl. Phys.102(1), 013509 (2007). [CrossRef]
22. K.-Y. Ko, Y. K. Lee, H. K. Park, Y.-C. Kim, and Y. R. Do, “The variation of the enhanced photoluminescence efficiency of Y2O3:Eu3+ films with the thickness to the photonic crystal layer,” Opt. Express16(8), 5689–5696 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. T. Liu and R. Panepucci, “Confined waveguide modes in slot photonic crystal slab,” Opt. Express15(7), 4304–4309 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. C. E. Chryssou, “WDM systems in the C-band using Er3+-doped tellurite optical waveguide amplifiers,” Fiber Int. Opt.20(6), 581–590 (2001). [CrossRef]
25. C. E. Chryssou, F. Di Pasquale, and C. W. Pitt, “Er3+-doped channel optical waveguide amplifiers for WDM systems: a comparison of tellurite, alumina and Al/P silicate materials,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.6(1), 114–121 (2000). [CrossRef]
26. G. N. Conti, S. Berneschi, M. Bettinelli, M. Brenci, B. Chen, S. Pelli, A. Speghini, and G. C. Righini, “Rare-earth doped tungsten tellurite glasses and waveguides: fabrication and characterization,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids345, 343–348 (2004). [CrossRef]
27. K. T. Vu and S. J. Madden, “Reactive ion etching of tellurite and chalcogenide waveguides using hydrogen, methane, and argon,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A29(1), 011023 (2011). [CrossRef]
28. R. D. Lide, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 88th ed. (CRC, 2007).
29. P. Nandi, G. Jose, C. Jayakrishnan, S. Debbarma, K. Chalapathi, K. Alti, A. K. Dharmadhikari, J. A. Dharmadhikari, and D. Mathur, “Femtosecond laser written channel waveguides in tellurite glass,” Opt. Express14(25), 12145–12150 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30. S. Sakida, T. Nanba, and Y. Miura, “Refractive-index profiles and propagation losses of Er3+-doped tungsten tellurite glass waveguide by Ag+–Na+ Ion-exchange,” Mater. Lett.60(28), 3413–3415 (2006). [CrossRef]
31. S. Sakida, T. Nanba, and Y. Miura, “Optical properties of Er3+-doped tungsten tellurite glass waveguides by Ag+–Na+ ion-exchange,” Opt. Mater.30(4), 586–593 (2007). [CrossRef]
32. S. K. Sundaram, C. B. Schaffer, and E. Mazur, “Microexplosions in tellurite glasses,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process.76(3), 379–384 (2003). [CrossRef]
33. Y. Tokuda, M. Saito, M. Takahashi, K. Yamada, W. Watanabe, K. Itoh, and T. Yoko, “Waveguide formation in niobium tellurite glases by pico- and femtosecond laser pulses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids326–327, 472–475 (2003). [CrossRef]
34. K. Vu and S. Madden, “Tellurium dioxide erbium doped planar rib waveguide amplifiers with net gain and 2.8 dB/cm internal gain,” Opt. Express18(18), 19192–19200 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. S. M. Pietralunga, M. Lanata, M. Ferè, D. Piccinin, G. Cusmai, M. Torregiani, and M. Martinelli, “High-contrast waveguides in sputtered pure TeO2 glass thin films,” Opt. Express16(26), 21662–21670 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
36. G. N. Conti, V. K. Tikhomirov, M. Bettinelli, S. Berneschi, M. Brenci, B. Chen, S. Pelli, A. Speghini, A. B. Seddon, and G. C. Righini, “Characterization of ion-exchanged waveguides in tungsten tellurite and zinc tellurite Er3+-doped glasses,” Opt. Eng.42(10), 2805 (2003). [CrossRef]
37. V. Reboud, N. Kehagias, M. Zelsmann, C. Schuster, M. Fink, F. Reuther, G. Gruetzner, and C. M. Sotomayor Torres, “photoluminescence enhancement in nanoimprinted photonic crystals and coupled surface plasmons,” Opt. Express15(12), 7190–7195 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
38. A. C. Arsenault, T. J. Clark, G. von Freymann, L. Cademartiri, R. Sapienza, J. Bertolotti, E. Vekris, S. Wong, V. Kitaev, I. Manners, R. Z. Wang, S. John, D. Wiersma, and G. A. Ozin, “From colour fingerprinting to the control of photoluminescence in elastic photonic crystals,” Nat. Mater.5(3), 179–184 (2006). [CrossRef]

Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)

• M. Miritello, R. Lo Savio, F. Iacona, G. Franzò, A. Irrera, A. M. Piro, C. Bongiorno, and F. Priolo, “Efficient luminescence and energy transfer in erbium silicate thin films,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)19(12), 1582–1588 (2007). [CrossRef]
• J. H. Kim and P. H. Holloway, “Near-infrared-electroluminescent light-emitting planar optical sources based on gallium nitride doped with rare earths,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)17(1), 91–96 (2005). [CrossRef]
• D. Zhao, S.-J. Seo, and B.-S. Bae, “Full-color mesophase silicate thin film phosphors incorporated with rare earth ions and photosensitizers,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)19(21), 3473–3479 (2007). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. (Berl.)

• X. J. Wang, G. Yuan, H. Isshiki, T. Kimura, and Z. J. Zhou, “Photoluminescence enhancement and high gain amplification of ErxY2−xSiO5 waveguide,” Appl. Phys. (Berl.)108, 013506 (2010).

Appl. Phys. Lett.

• M. Boroditsky, T. F. Krauss, R. Coccioli, R. Vrijen, R. Bhat, and E. Yablonovitch, “Light extraction from optically pumped light-emitting diode by thin-slab photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett.75(8), 1036 (1999). [CrossRef]
• B. Cluzel, N. Pauc, V. Calvo, T. Charvolin, and E. Hadji, “Nanobox array for silicon-on-insulator luminescence enhancement at room temperature,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(13), 133120 (2006). [CrossRef]
• B. Cluzel, V. Calvo, T. Charvolin, E. Picard, P. Noé, and E. Hadji, “Single-mode room-temperature emission with a silicon rod lattice,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(20), 201111 (2006). [CrossRef]
• M. Zelsmann, E. Picard, T. Charvolin, E. Hadji, M. Heitzmann, B. Dal’zotto, M. E. Nier, C. Seassal, P. Rojo-Romeo, and X. Letartre, “Seventy-fold enhancement of light extraction from a defectless photonic crystal made on silicon-on-insulator,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(13), 2542 (2003). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process.

• S. K. Sundaram, C. B. Schaffer, and E. Mazur, “Microexplosions in tellurite glasses,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process.76(3), 379–384 (2003). [CrossRef]

Fiber Int. Opt.

• C. E. Chryssou, “WDM systems in the C-band using Er3+-doped tellurite optical waveguide amplifiers,” Fiber Int. Opt.20(6), 581–590 (2001). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.

• C. E. Chryssou, F. Di Pasquale, and C. W. Pitt, “Er3+-doped channel optical waveguide amplifiers for WDM systems: a comparison of tellurite, alumina and Al/P silicate materials,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.6(1), 114–121 (2000). [CrossRef]

J. Am. Ceram. Soc.

• S. Shen, A. Jha, X. Liu, M. Naftaly, K. Bindra, H. J. Bookey, and A. K. Kar, “Tellurite glasses for broadband amplifiers and integrated optics,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc.85(6), 1391–1395 (2002). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

• K.-Y. Ko, Y. K. Lee, Y. R. Do, and Y. D. Huh, “Structural effect of a two-dimensional SiO2 photonic crystal layer on extraction efficiency in sputter-deposited Y2O3:Eu3+ thin-film phosphors,” J. Appl. Phys.102(1), 013509 (2007). [CrossRef]
• F. D’Amore, M. Di Giulio, S. M. Pietralunga, A. Zappettini, L. Nasi, V. Rigato, and M. Martinelli, “Sputtered stoichiometric teo2 glass films: dispersion of linear and nonlinear optical properties,” J. Appl. Phys.94(3), 1654 (2003). [CrossRef]
• N. Dewan, V. Gupta, K. Sreenivas, and R. S. Katiyar, “Growth of amorphous TeOx (2 ≤ x ≤ 3) thin film by radio frequency sputtering,” J. Appl. Phys.101(8), 084910 (2007). [CrossRef]

J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn.

• A. Mori, “Tellurite-based fibers and their applications to optical communication networks,” J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn.116(1358), 1040–1051 (2008). [CrossRef]

J. Mater. Sci.

• I. Jlassi, H. Elhouichet, and M. Ferid, “Thermal and optical properties of tellurite glasses doped erbium,” J. Mater. Sci.46(3), 806–812 (2011). [CrossRef]

J. Non-Cryst. Solids

• G. S. Murugan and Y. Ohishi, “TeO2–BaO–SrO–Nb2O5 glasses: a new glass system for waveguide devices applications,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids341(1-3), 86–92 (2004). [CrossRef]
• G. N. Conti, S. Berneschi, M. Bettinelli, M. Brenci, B. Chen, S. Pelli, A. Speghini, and G. C. Righini, “Rare-earth doped tungsten tellurite glasses and waveguides: fabrication and characterization,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids345, 343–348 (2004). [CrossRef]
• Y. Tokuda, M. Saito, M. Takahashi, K. Yamada, W. Watanabe, K. Itoh, and T. Yoko, “Waveguide formation in niobium tellurite glases by pico- and femtosecond laser pulses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids326–327, 472–475 (2003). [CrossRef]

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A

• K. T. Vu and S. J. Madden, “Reactive ion etching of tellurite and chalcogenide waveguides using hydrogen, methane, and argon,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A29(1), 011023 (2011). [CrossRef]

Mater. Lett.

• S. Sakida, T. Nanba, and Y. Miura, “Refractive-index profiles and propagation losses of Er3+-doped tungsten tellurite glass waveguide by Ag+–Na+ Ion-exchange,” Mater. Lett.60(28), 3413–3415 (2006). [CrossRef]

Nano Lett.

• M. T. Carlson, A. Khan, and H. H. Richardson, “Local temperature determination of optically excited nanoparticles and nanodots,” Nano Lett.11(3), 1061–1069 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nat. Mater.

• A. C. Arsenault, T. J. Clark, G. von Freymann, L. Cademartiri, R. Sapienza, J. Bertolotti, E. Vekris, S. Wong, V. Kitaev, I. Manners, R. Z. Wang, S. John, D. Wiersma, and G. A. Ozin, “From colour fingerprinting to the control of photoluminescence in elastic photonic crystals,” Nat. Mater.5(3), 179–184 (2006). [CrossRef]

Opt. Eng.

• G. N. Conti, V. K. Tikhomirov, M. Bettinelli, S. Berneschi, M. Brenci, B. Chen, S. Pelli, A. Speghini, A. B. Seddon, and G. C. Righini, “Characterization of ion-exchanged waveguides in tungsten tellurite and zinc tellurite Er3+-doped glasses,” Opt. Eng.42(10), 2805 (2003). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

• V. Reboud, N. Kehagias, M. Zelsmann, C. Schuster, M. Fink, F. Reuther, G. Gruetzner, and C. M. Sotomayor Torres, “photoluminescence enhancement in nanoimprinted photonic crystals and coupled surface plasmons,” Opt. Express15(12), 7190–7195 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• P. Nandi, G. Jose, C. Jayakrishnan, S. Debbarma, K. Chalapathi, K. Alti, A. K. Dharmadhikari, J. A. Dharmadhikari, and D. Mathur, “Femtosecond laser written channel waveguides in tellurite glass,” Opt. Express14(25), 12145–12150 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• K. Vu and S. Madden, “Tellurium dioxide erbium doped planar rib waveguide amplifiers with net gain and 2.8 dB/cm internal gain,” Opt. Express18(18), 19192–19200 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. M. Pietralunga, M. Lanata, M. Ferè, D. Piccinin, G. Cusmai, M. Torregiani, and M. Martinelli, “High-contrast waveguides in sputtered pure TeO2 glass thin films,” Opt. Express16(26), 21662–21670 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. Shen, B. Richards, and A. Jha, “Enhancement in pump inversion efficiency at 980 nm in Er3+, Er3+/Eu3++ and Er3+/Ce3+ doped tellurite glass fibers,” Opt. Express14(12), 5050–5054 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. R. Oermann, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, Y. Li, T.-C. Foo, and T. M. Monro, “Index matching between passive and active tellurite glasses for use in microstructured fiber lasers: erbium doped lanthanum-tellurite glass,” Opt. Express17(18), 15578–15584 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• K. Suh, M. Lee, J. S. Chang, H. Lee, N. Park, G. Y. Sung, and J. H. Shin, “Cooperative upconversion and optical gain in ion-beam sputter-deposited ErxY2-xSiO5,” Opt. Express18(8), 7724–7731 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• K.-Y. Ko, Y. K. Lee, H. K. Park, Y.-C. Kim, and Y. R. Do, “The variation of the enhanced photoluminescence efficiency of Y2O3:Eu3+ films with the thickness to the photonic crystal layer,” Opt. Express16(8), 5689–5696 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• T. Liu and R. Panepucci, “Confined waveguide modes in slot photonic crystal slab,” Opt. Express15(7), 4304–4309 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Mater.

• J. S. Wang, E. M. Vogel, and E. Snitzer, “Tellurite glass: a new candidate for fiber devices,” Opt. Mater.3(3), 187–203 (1994). [CrossRef]
• S. Sakida, T. Nanba, and Y. Miura, “Optical properties of Er3+-doped tungsten tellurite glass waveguides by Ag+–Na+ ion-exchange,” Opt. Mater.30(4), 586–593 (2007). [CrossRef]

Top. Appl. Phys.

• M. Pollnau and S. D. Jackson, “Mid-infrared fiber lasers solid-state mid-infrared laser sources,” Top. Appl. Phys.89, 219–253 (2003).

Other

• R. D. Lide, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 88th ed. (CRC, 2007).

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