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Influence of excitation power and temperature on photoluminescence in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wellsHuining Wang, Ziwu Ji, Shuang Qu, Gang Wang, Yongzhi Jiang, Baoli Liu, Xiangang Xu, and Hirofumi Mino »View Author Affiliations
Huining Wang,1
Ziwu Ji,1,*
Shuang Qu,2
Gang Wang,3
Yongzhi Jiang,1
Baoli Liu,3
Xiangang Xu,2
and Hirofumi Mino4
1School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China 2State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China 3Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China 4Center for General Education, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan *Corresponding author: jiziwu@sdu.edu.cn |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 4, pp. 3932-3940 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.003932
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Abstract
Excitation power and temperature dependences of the photoluminescence (PL) spectra are studied in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs). The excitation power dependences of the PL peak energy and linewidth indicate that the emission process of the MQWs is dominated first by the Coulomb screening effect and then by the localized states filling at low temperature, and that the nonradiative centers are thermally activated in low excitation range at room temperature. The anomalous temperature dependences of the peak energy and linewidth are well explained by the localized carrier hopping and thermalization process, and by the exponentially increased density of states with energy in the band tail. Moreover, it is also found that internal quantum efficiency is related to the mechanism conversion from nonradiative to radiative mechanism, and up to the carriers escaping from localized states.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(160.4760) Materials : Optical properties
(160.6000) Materials : Semiconductor materials
ToC Category:
Materials
History
Original Manuscript: December 12, 2011
Revised Manuscript: January 11, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: January 27, 2012
Published: February 1, 2012
Citation
Huining Wang, Ziwu Ji, Shuang Qu, Gang Wang, Yongzhi Jiang, Baoli Liu, Xiangang Xu, and Hirofumi Mino, "Influence of excitation power and temperature on photoluminescence in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells," Opt. Express 20, 3932-3940 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-4-3932
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References
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- H. P. Zhao, G. Y. Liu, X.-H. Li, G. S. Huang, J. D. Poplawsky, S. T. Penn, V. Dierolf, and N. Tansu, “Growths of staggered InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes emitting at 520–525 nm employing graded growth-temperature profile,” Appl. Phys. Lett.95(6), 061104 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. Nakamura, M. Senoh, S. Nagahama, N. Iwasa, T. Yamada, T. Matsushita, H. Kiyoku, and Y. Sugimoto, “InGaN-based multi-quantum-well-structure laser diodes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.35(Part 2, No. 1B), L74–L76 (1996). [CrossRef]
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- G. Franssen, T. Suski, M. Kryśko, A. Khachapuridze, R. Kudrawiec, J. Misiewicz, A. Kamińska, E. Feltin, and N. Grandjean, “Built-in electric field and large Stokes shift in near-lattice-matched GaN/AlInN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.92(20), 201901 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. Orenstein and M. Kastner, “Photocurrent transient spectroscopy: measurement of the density of localized states in a-As2Se3,” Phys. Rev. Lett.46(21), 1421–1424 (1981). [CrossRef]
- K. Kazlauskas, G. Tamulaitis, P. Pobedinskas, A. Žukauskas, M. Springis, C.-F. Huang, Y.-C. Cheng, and C. C. Yang, “Exciton hopping in InxGa1−xN multiple quantum wells,” Phys. Rev. B71(8), 085306 (2005). [CrossRef]
- K. Kazlauskas, G. Tamulaitis, A. Žukauskas, M. A. Khan, J. W. Yang, J. Zhang, G. Simin, M. S. Shur, and R. Gaska, “Double-scaled potential profile in a group-III nitride alloy revealed by Monte Carlo simulation of exciton hopping,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(18), 3722–3724 (2003). [CrossRef]
- Y.-H. Cho, G. H. Gainer, A. J. Fischer, J. J. Song, S. Keller, U. K. Mishra, and S. P. DenBaars, “‘S-shaped’ temperature-dependent emission shift and carrier dynamics in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.73(10), 1370–1372 (1998). [CrossRef]
- K. S. Ramaiah, Y. K. Su, S. J. Chang, B. Kerr, H. P. Liu, and I. G. Chen, “Characterization of InGaN/GaN multi-quantum-well blue-light-emitting diodes grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.84(17), 3307–3309 (2004). [CrossRef]
- G. Franssen, T. Suski, M. Kryśko, A. Khachapuridze, R. Kudrawiec, J. Misiewicz, A. Kamińska, E. Feltin, and N. Grandjean, “Built-in electric field and large Stokes shift in near-lattice-matched GaN/AlInN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.92(20), 201901 (2008). [CrossRef]
- K. Kazlauskas, G. Tamulaitis, A. Žukauskas, M. A. Khan, J. W. Yang, J. Zhang, G. Simin, M. S. Shur, and R. Gaska, “Double-scaled potential profile in a group-III nitride alloy revealed by Monte Carlo simulation of exciton hopping,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(18), 3722–3724 (2003). [CrossRef]
- S. Nakamura, M. Senoh, S. Nagahama, N. Iwasa, T. Yamada, T. Matsushita, H. Kiyoku, and Y. Sugimoto, “InGaN-based multi-quantum-well-structure laser diodes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.35(Part 2, No. 1B), L74–L76 (1996). [CrossRef]
- X. A. Cao, E. B. Stokes, P. M. Sandvik, S. F. LeBoeuf, J. Kretchmer, and D. Walker, “Diffusion and tunneling currents in GaN/InGaN multiple quantum well light-emitting diodes,” IEEE Electron Device Lett.23(9), 535–537 (2002). [CrossRef]
- G. Franssen, T. Suski, M. Kryśko, A. Khachapuridze, R. Kudrawiec, J. Misiewicz, A. Kamińska, E. Feltin, and N. Grandjean, “Built-in electric field and large Stokes shift in near-lattice-matched GaN/AlInN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.92(20), 201901 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- H. P. Zhao, G. Y. Liu, X.-H. Li, G. S. Huang, J. D. Poplawsky, S. T. Penn, V. Dierolf, and N. Tansu, “Growths of staggered InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes emitting at 520–525 nm employing graded growth-temperature profile,” Appl. Phys. Lett.95(6), 061104 (2009). [CrossRef]
- K. Kazlauskas, G. Tamulaitis, P. Pobedinskas, A. Žukauskas, M. Springis, C.-F. Huang, Y.-C. Cheng, and C. C. Yang, “Exciton hopping in InxGa1−xN multiple quantum wells,” Phys. Rev. B71(8), 085306 (2005). [CrossRef]
- K. Kazlauskas, G. Tamulaitis, A. Žukauskas, M. A. Khan, J. W. Yang, J. Zhang, G. Simin, M. S. Shur, and R. Gaska, “Double-scaled potential profile in a group-III nitride alloy revealed by Monte Carlo simulation of exciton hopping,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(18), 3722–3724 (2003). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- G. Sun, G. B. Xu, Y. J. Ding, H. P. Zhao, G. Y. Liu, J. Zhang, and N. Tansu, “Investigation of fast and slow decays in InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.99(8), 081104 (2011). [CrossRef]
- Y. Yamane, K. Fujiwara, and J. K. Sheu, “Largely variable electroluminescence efficiency with current and temperature in a blue (In, Ga)N multiple-quantum-well diode,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91(7), 073501 (2007). [CrossRef]
- K. S. Ramaiah, Y. K. Su, S. J. Chang, B. Kerr, H. P. Liu, and I. G. Chen, “Characterization of InGaN/GaN multi-quantum-well blue-light-emitting diodes grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.84(17), 3307–3309 (2004). [CrossRef]
- G. Franssen, T. Suski, M. Kryśko, A. Khachapuridze, R. Kudrawiec, J. Misiewicz, A. Kamińska, E. Feltin, and N. Grandjean, “Built-in electric field and large Stokes shift in near-lattice-matched GaN/AlInN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.92(20), 201901 (2008). [CrossRef]
- K. S. Ramaiah, Y. K. Su, S. J. Chang, C. H. Chen, F. S. Juang, H. P. Liu, and I. G. Chen, “Studies of InGaN/GaN multiquantum-well green-light-emitting diodes grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(3), 401–403 (2004). [CrossRef]
- Y.-H. Cho, G. H. Gainer, A. J. Fischer, J. J. Song, S. Keller, U. K. Mishra, and S. P. DenBaars, “‘S-shaped’ temperature-dependent emission shift and carrier dynamics in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.73(10), 1370–1372 (1998). [CrossRef]
- K. Kazlauskas, G. Tamulaitis, A. Žukauskas, M. A. Khan, J. W. Yang, J. Zhang, G. Simin, M. S. Shur, and R. Gaska, “Double-scaled potential profile in a group-III nitride alloy revealed by Monte Carlo simulation of exciton hopping,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(18), 3722–3724 (2003). [CrossRef]
- P. G. Eliseev, P. Perlin, J. Lee, and M. Osiński, “Blue temperature-induced shift and band-tail emission in InGaN-based light sources,” Appl. Phys. Lett.71(5), 569–571 (1997). [CrossRef]
- H. P. Zhao, G. Y. Liu, X.-H. Li, G. S. Huang, J. D. Poplawsky, S. T. Penn, V. Dierolf, and N. Tansu, “Growths of staggered InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes emitting at 520–525 nm employing graded growth-temperature profile,” Appl. Phys. Lett.95(6), 061104 (2009). [CrossRef]
- R. M. Farrell, P. S. Hsu, D. A. Haeger, K. Fujito, S. P. DenBaars, J. S. Speck, and S. Nakamura, “Low-threshold-current-density AlGaN-cladding-free m-plane InGaN/GaN laser diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(23), 231113 (2010). [CrossRef]
- H. P. Zhao, G. Y. Liu, and N. Tansu, “Analysis of InGaN-delta-InN quantum wells for light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131114 (2010). [CrossRef]
IEEE Electron Device Lett.
- X. A. Cao, E. B. Stokes, P. M. Sandvik, S. F. LeBoeuf, J. Kretchmer, and D. Walker, “Diffusion and tunneling currents in GaN/InGaN multiple quantum well light-emitting diodes,” IEEE Electron Device Lett.23(9), 535–537 (2002). [CrossRef]
J. Appl. Phys.
- H. P. D. Schenk, M. Leroux, and P. de Mierry, “Luminescence and absorption in InGaN epitaxial layers and the van Roosbroeck–Shockley relation,” J. Appl. Phys.88(3), 1525–1534 (2000). [CrossRef]
- I. Mártil, E. Redondo, and A. Ojeda, “Influence of defects on the electrical and optical characteristics of blue light-emitting diodes based on III–V nitrides,” J. Appl. Phys.81(5), 2442–2444 (1997). [CrossRef]
- P. G. Eliseev, “The red σ2/kT spectral shift in partially disordered semiconductors,” J. Appl. Phys.93(9), 5404–5415 (2003). [CrossRef]
- H. P. Zhao and N. Tansu, “Optical gain characteristics of staggered InGaN quantum wells lasers,” J. Appl. Phys.107(11), 113110 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. Zhang and N. Tansu, “Improvement in spontaneous emission rates for InGaN quantum wells on ternary InGaN substrate for light-emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys.110(11), 113110 (2011). [CrossRef]
J. Lightwave Technol.
- Y.-J. Lee, H.-C. Kuo, T.-C. Lu, S.-C. Wang, K. W. Ng, K. M. Lau, Z.-P. Yang, A. S.-P. Chang, and S.-Y. Lin, “Study of GaN-based light-emitting diodes grown on chemical wet-etching-patterned sapphire substrate with V-shaped pits roughening surfaces,” J. Lightwave Technol.26(11), 1455–1463 (2008). [CrossRef]
J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B
- S. Chichibu, T. Sota, K. Wada, and S. Nakamura, “Exciton localization in InGaN quantum well devices,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B16(4), 2204–2214 (1998). [CrossRef]
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.
- S. Nakamura, M. Senoh, S. Nagahama, N. Iwasa, T. Yamada, T. Matsushita, H. Kiyoku, and Y. Sugimoto, “InGaN-based multi-quantum-well-structure laser diodes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.35(Part 2, No. 1B), L74–L76 (1996). [CrossRef]
- T. Mukai, H. Narimatsu, and S. Nakamura, “Amber InGaN-based light-emitting diodes operable at high ambient temperatures,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.37(Part 2, No. 5A), L479–L481 (1998). [CrossRef]
Nanoscale Res. Lett.
- G. Y. Liu, H. P. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. H. Park, L. J. Mawst, and N. Tansu, “Selective area epitaxy of ultra-high density InGaN quantum dots by diblock copolymer lithography,” Nanoscale Res. Lett.6(1), 342 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express
- H. P. Zhao, G. Y. Liu, J. Zhang, J. D. Poplawsky, V. Dierolf, and N. Tansu, “Approaches for high internal quantum efficiency green InGaN light-emitting diodes with large overlap quantum wells,” Opt. Express19(S4Suppl 4), A991–A1007 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev. B
- K. Kazlauskas, G. Tamulaitis, P. Pobedinskas, A. Žukauskas, M. Springis, C.-F. Huang, Y.-C. Cheng, and C. C. Yang, “Exciton hopping in InxGa1−xN multiple quantum wells,” Phys. Rev. B71(8), 085306 (2005). [CrossRef]
- S. D. Baranovskii, R. Eichmann, and P. Thomas, “Temperature-dependent exciton luminescence in quantum wells by computer simulation,” Phys. Rev. B58(19), 13081–13087 (1998). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter
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- D. A. B. Miller, D. S. Chemla, T. C. Damen, A. C. Gossard, W. Wiegmann, T. H. Wood, and C. A. Burrus, “Electric field dependence of optical absorption near the band gap of quantum-well structures,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter32(2), 1043–1060 (1985). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- D. Monroe, “Hopping exponential band tails,” Phys. Rev. Lett.54(2), 146–149 (1985). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Orenstein and M. Kastner, “Photocurrent transient spectroscopy: measurement of the density of localized states in a-As2Se3,” Phys. Rev. Lett.46(21), 1421–1424 (1981). [CrossRef]
Other
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2011, Sun, Appl. Phys. Lett.
- G. Sun, G. B. Xu, Y. J. Ding, H. P. Zhao, G. Y. Liu, J. Zhang, and N. Tansu, “Investigation of fast and slow decays in InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.99(8), 081104 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J. Zhang and N. Tansu, “Improvement in spontaneous emission rates for InGaN quantum wells on ternary InGaN substrate for light-emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys.110(11), 113110 (2011). [CrossRef]
- G. Y. Liu, H. P. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. H. Park, L. J. Mawst, and N. Tansu, “Selective area epitaxy of ultra-high density InGaN quantum dots by diblock copolymer lithography,” Nanoscale Res. Lett.6(1), 342 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. M. Farrell, P. S. Hsu, D. A. Haeger, K. Fujito, S. P. DenBaars, J. S. Speck, and S. Nakamura, “Low-threshold-current-density AlGaN-cladding-free m-plane InGaN/GaN laser diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(23), 231113 (2010). [CrossRef]
- H. P. Zhao, G. Y. Liu, and N. Tansu, “Analysis of InGaN-delta-InN quantum wells for light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131114 (2010). [CrossRef]
- H. P. Zhao and N. Tansu, “Optical gain characteristics of staggered InGaN quantum wells lasers,” J. Appl. Phys.107(11), 113110 (2010). [CrossRef]
- H. P. Zhao, G. Y. Liu, X.-H. Li, G. S. Huang, J. D. Poplawsky, S. T. Penn, V. Dierolf, and N. Tansu, “Growths of staggered InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes emitting at 520–525 nm employing graded growth-temperature profile,” Appl. Phys. Lett.95(6), 061104 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Y.-J. Lee, H.-C. Kuo, T.-C. Lu, S.-C. Wang, K. W. Ng, K. M. Lau, Z.-P. Yang, A. S.-P. Chang, and S.-Y. Lin, “Study of GaN-based light-emitting diodes grown on chemical wet-etching-patterned sapphire substrate with V-shaped pits roughening surfaces,” J. Lightwave Technol.26(11), 1455–1463 (2008). [CrossRef]
- G. Franssen, T. Suski, M. Kryśko, A. Khachapuridze, R. Kudrawiec, J. Misiewicz, A. Kamińska, E. Feltin, and N. Grandjean, “Built-in electric field and large Stokes shift in near-lattice-matched GaN/AlInN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.92(20), 201901 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Y. Yamane, K. Fujiwara, and J. K. Sheu, “Largely variable electroluminescence efficiency with current and temperature in a blue (In, Ga)N multiple-quantum-well diode,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91(7), 073501 (2007). [CrossRef]
- K. Kazlauskas, G. Tamulaitis, P. Pobedinskas, A. Žukauskas, M. Springis, C.-F. Huang, Y.-C. Cheng, and C. C. Yang, “Exciton hopping in InxGa1−xN multiple quantum wells,” Phys. Rev. B71(8), 085306 (2005). [CrossRef]
- K. S. Ramaiah, Y. K. Su, S. J. Chang, C. H. Chen, F. S. Juang, H. P. Liu, and I. G. Chen, “Studies of InGaN/GaN multiquantum-well green-light-emitting diodes grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(3), 401–403 (2004). [CrossRef]
- K. S. Ramaiah, Y. K. Su, S. J. Chang, B. Kerr, H. P. Liu, and I. G. Chen, “Characterization of InGaN/GaN multi-quantum-well blue-light-emitting diodes grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.84(17), 3307–3309 (2004). [CrossRef]
- P. G. Eliseev, “The red σ2/kT spectral shift in partially disordered semiconductors,” J. Appl. Phys.93(9), 5404–5415 (2003). [CrossRef]
- K. Kazlauskas, G. Tamulaitis, A. Žukauskas, M. A. Khan, J. W. Yang, J. Zhang, G. Simin, M. S. Shur, and R. Gaska, “Double-scaled potential profile in a group-III nitride alloy revealed by Monte Carlo simulation of exciton hopping,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(18), 3722–3724 (2003). [CrossRef]
- X. A. Cao, E. B. Stokes, P. M. Sandvik, S. F. LeBoeuf, J. Kretchmer, and D. Walker, “Diffusion and tunneling currents in GaN/InGaN multiple quantum well light-emitting diodes,” IEEE Electron Device Lett.23(9), 535–537 (2002). [CrossRef]
- H. P. D. Schenk, M. Leroux, and P. de Mierry, “Luminescence and absorption in InGaN epitaxial layers and the van Roosbroeck–Shockley relation,” J. Appl. Phys.88(3), 1525–1534 (2000). [CrossRef]
- S. D. Baranovskii, R. Eichmann, and P. Thomas, “Temperature-dependent exciton luminescence in quantum wells by computer simulation,” Phys. Rev. B58(19), 13081–13087 (1998). [CrossRef]
- T. Mukai, H. Narimatsu, and S. Nakamura, “Amber InGaN-based light-emitting diodes operable at high ambient temperatures,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.37(Part 2, No. 5A), L479–L481 (1998). [CrossRef]
- S. Chichibu, T. Sota, K. Wada, and S. Nakamura, “Exciton localization in InGaN quantum well devices,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B16(4), 2204–2214 (1998). [CrossRef]
- Y.-H. Cho, G. H. Gainer, A. J. Fischer, J. J. Song, S. Keller, U. K. Mishra, and S. P. DenBaars, “‘S-shaped’ temperature-dependent emission shift and carrier dynamics in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.73(10), 1370–1372 (1998). [CrossRef]
- P. G. Eliseev, P. Perlin, J. Lee, and M. Osiński, “Blue temperature-induced shift and band-tail emission in InGaN-based light sources,” Appl. Phys. Lett.71(5), 569–571 (1997). [CrossRef]
- I. Mártil, E. Redondo, and A. Ojeda, “Influence of defects on the electrical and optical characteristics of blue light-emitting diodes based on III–V nitrides,” J. Appl. Phys.81(5), 2442–2444 (1997). [CrossRef]
- S. Nakamura, M. Senoh, S. Nagahama, N. Iwasa, T. Yamada, T. Matsushita, H. Kiyoku, and Y. Sugimoto, “InGaN-based multi-quantum-well-structure laser diodes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.35(Part 2, No. 1B), L74–L76 (1996). [CrossRef]
- D. A. B. Miller, D. S. Chemla, T. C. Damen, A. C. Gossard, W. Wiegmann, T. H. Wood, and C. A. Burrus, “Electric field dependence of optical absorption near the band gap of quantum-well structures,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter32(2), 1043–1060 (1985). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Grünewald, B. Movaghar, B. Pohlmann, and D. Würtz, “Hopping theory of band-tail relaxation in disordered semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter32(12), 8191–8196 (1985). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Monroe, “Hopping exponential band tails,” Phys. Rev. Lett.54(2), 146–149 (1985). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Orenstein and M. Kastner, “Photocurrent transient spectroscopy: measurement of the density of localized states in a-As2Se3,” Phys. Rev. Lett.46(21), 1421–1424 (1981). [CrossRef]
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