Electro-optical resonance modulation of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

doi:10.1364/OE.20.005099

Electro-optical resonance modulation of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Tim David Germann, Werner Hofmann, Alexey M. Nadtochiy, Jan-Hindrik Schulze, Alex Mutig, André Strittmatter, and Dieter Bimberg »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 5, pp. 5099-5107 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.005099

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Abstract

Optical and electrical investigations of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL) with a monolithically integrated electro-optical modulator (EOM) allow for a detailed physical understanding of this complex compound cavity laser system. The EOM VCSEL light output is investigated to identify optimal working points. An electro-optic resonance feature triggered by the quantum confined Stark effect is used to modulate individual VCSEL modes by more than 20 dB with an extremely small EOM voltage change of less than 100 mV. Spectral mode analysis reveals modulation of higher order modes and very low wavelength chirp of < 0.5 nm. Dynamic experiments and simulation predict an intrinsic bandwidth of the EOM VCSEL exceeding 50 GHz.

OCIS Codes
(230.2090) Optical devices : Electro-optical devices
(260.6580) Physical optics : Stark effect
(250.4110) Optoelectronics : Modulators
(140.7260) Lasers and laser optics : Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics

History
Original Manuscript: October 20, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: January 2, 2012
Published: February 16, 2012

Citation
Tim David Germann, Werner Hofmann, Alexey M. Nadtochiy, Jan-Hindrik Schulze, Alex Mutig, André Strittmatter, and Dieter Bimberg, "Electro-optical resonance modulation of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers," Opt. Express 20, 5099-5107 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-5-5099

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References

L. Huff, “State of the short – reach optics market,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper OMV5.
W. Hofmann, P. Moser, P. Wolf, A. Mutig, M. Kroh, and D. Bimberg, “44 Gb/s VCSEL for optical interconnects,” post-deadline paper at OFC/NFOEC 2011, Los Angeles, CA, USA, PDPC5, (2011).
P. Moser, W. Hofmann, P. Wolf, J. Lott, G. Larisch, A. Payusov, N. Ledentsov, and D. Bimberg, “81 fJ/bit energy-to-data ratio of 850 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for optical interconnects,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(23), 231106 (2011). [CrossRef]
P. Westbergh, J. Gustavsson, A. Haglund, M. Sköld, A. Joel, and A. Larsson, “High-speed, low-current-density 850 nm VCSELs,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.15(3), 694–703 (2009). [CrossRef]
V. Shchukin, N. Ledentsov, J. Lott, H. Quast, F. Hopfer, L. Karachinsky, M. Kuntz, P. Moser, A. Mutig, A. Strittmatter, V. Kalosha, and D. Bimberg, “Ultra high-speed electro-optically modulated VCSELs: modeling and experimental results,” Proc. SPIE6889, 68890H, 68890H–15 (2008). [CrossRef]
N. N. Ledentsov, J. A. Lott, V. A. Shchukin, D. Bimberg, A. Mutig, T. D. Germann, J. R. Kropp, L. Y. Karachinsky, S. A. Blokhin, and A. M. Nadtochiy, “Optical components for very short reach applications at 40 Gb/s and beyond,” (invited) Proc. SPIE7597, 75971F, 75971F–10 (2010). [CrossRef]
T. Germann, A. Strittmatter, A. Mutig, A. Nadtochiy, J. Lott, S. Blokhin, L. Karachinsky, V. Shchukin, N. Ledentsov, U. Pohl, and D. Bimberg, “Monolithic electro-optically modulated vertical cavity surface emitting laser with 10 Gb/s open-eye operation,” Phys. Status Solidi C7(10), 2552–2554 (2010). [CrossRef]
A. Paraskevopoulos, H. J. Hensel, W. D. Molzow, H. Klein, N. Grote, N. N. Ledentsov, V. A. Shchukin, C. Moller, A. R. Kovsh, D. A. Livshits, I. L. Krestnikov, S. S. Mikhrin, P. Matthijsse, and G. Kuyt, “Ultra-high-bandwidth (>35 GHz) electrooptically-modulated VCSEL,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and The National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2006), paper PDP22.
J. van Eisden, M. Yakimov, V. Tokranov, M. Varanasi, O. Rumyantsev, E. M. Mohammed, I. A. Young, and S. R. Oktyabrsky, “High frequency resonance-free loss modulation in a duo-cavity VCSEL,” Proc. SPIE6908, 69080M, 69080M–11 (2008). [CrossRef]
Y. Lee, J. Jewell, S. Walker, C. Tu, J. Harbison, and L. Florez, “Electrodispersive multiple quantum well modulator,” Appl. Phys. Lett.53(18), 1684 (1988). [CrossRef]
V. Haisler, F. Hopfer, R. Sellin, A. Lochmann, K. Fleischer, N. Esser, W. Richter, N. Ledentsov, D. Bimberg, C. Möller, and N. Grote, “Micro-Raman studies of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with AlxOy/GaAs distributed Bragg reflectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.81(14), 2544 (2002). [CrossRef]
D. A. Miller, D. S. Chemla, T. C. Damen, A. C. Gossard, W. Wiegmann, T. H. Wood, and C. A. Burrus, “Electric field dependence of optical absorption near the band gap of quantum-well structures,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter32(2), 1043–1060 (1985). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Hopfer, A. Mutig, G. Fiol, M. Kuntz, V. Shchukin, V. Haisler, T. Warming, E. Stock, S. Mikhrin, I. Krestnikov, D. Livshits, A. Kovsh, C. Bornholdt, A. Lenz, H. Eisele, M. Dähne, N. Ledentsov, and D. Bimberg, “20 Gb/s 85°C error-free operation of VCSELs based on submonolayer deposition of quantum dots,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.13(5), 1302–1308 (2007). [CrossRef]
S. Blokhin, J. Lott, A. Mutig, G. Fiol, N. Ledentsov, M. Maximov, A. Nadtochiy, V. Shchukin, and D. Bimberg, “Oxide-confined 850 nm VCSELs operating at bit rates up to 40 Gbit/s,” Electron. Lett.45(10), 501 (2009). [CrossRef]
E. A. Avrutin, V. B. Gorfinkel, S. Luryi, and K. A. Shore, “Control of surface-emitting laser diodes by modulating the distributed Bragg mirror reflectivity: small-signal analysis,” Appl. Phys. Lett.63(18), 2460 (1993). [CrossRef]

Avrutin, E. A.
Bimberg, D.
Blokhin, S.
Blokhin, S. A.
Bornholdt, C.
Burrus, C. A.
Chemla, D. S.
Dähne, M.
Damen, T. C.
Eisele, H.
Esser, N.
Fiol, G.
Fleischer, K.
Florez, L.
Germann, T.
Germann, T. D.
Gorfinkel, V. B.
Gossard, A. C.
Grote, N.
Gustavsson, J.
Haglund, A.
Haisler, V.
Harbison, J.
Hofmann, W.
Hopfer, F.
Jewell, J.
Joel, A.
Kalosha, V.
Karachinsky, L.
Karachinsky, L. Y.
Kovsh, A.
Krestnikov, I.
Kropp, J. R.
Kuntz, M.
Larisch, G.
Larsson, A.
Ledentsov, N.
Ledentsov, N. N.
Lee, Y.
Lenz, A.
Livshits, D.
Lochmann, A.
Lott, J.
Lott, J. A.
Luryi, S.
Maximov, M.
Mikhrin, S.
Miller, D. A.
Mohammed, E. M.
Möller, C.
Moser, P.
Mutig, A.
Nadtochiy, A.
Nadtochiy, A. M.
Oktyabrsky, S. R.
Payusov, A.
Pohl, U.
Quast, H.
Richter, W.
Rumyantsev, O.
Sellin, R.
Shchukin, V.
Shchukin, V. A.
Shore, K. A.
Sköld, M.
Stock, E.
Strittmatter, A.
Tokranov, V.
Tu, C.
van Eisden, J.
Varanasi, M.
Walker, S.
Warming, T.
Westbergh, P.
Wiegmann, W.
Wolf, P.
Wood, T. H.
Yakimov, M.
Young, I. A.

(invited) Proc. SPIE

N. N. Ledentsov, J. A. Lott, V. A. Shchukin, D. Bimberg, A. Mutig, T. D. Germann, J. R. Kropp, L. Y. Karachinsky, S. A. Blokhin, and A. M. Nadtochiy, “Optical components for very short reach applications at 40 Gb/s and beyond,” (invited) Proc. SPIE7597, 75971F, 75971F–10 (2010). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

Y. Lee, J. Jewell, S. Walker, C. Tu, J. Harbison, and L. Florez, “Electrodispersive multiple quantum well modulator,” Appl. Phys. Lett.53(18), 1684 (1988). [CrossRef]
V. Haisler, F. Hopfer, R. Sellin, A. Lochmann, K. Fleischer, N. Esser, W. Richter, N. Ledentsov, D. Bimberg, C. Möller, and N. Grote, “Micro-Raman studies of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with AlxOy/GaAs distributed Bragg reflectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.81(14), 2544 (2002). [CrossRef]
P. Moser, W. Hofmann, P. Wolf, J. Lott, G. Larisch, A. Payusov, N. Ledentsov, and D. Bimberg, “81 fJ/bit energy-to-data ratio of 850 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for optical interconnects,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(23), 231106 (2011). [CrossRef]
E. A. Avrutin, V. B. Gorfinkel, S. Luryi, and K. A. Shore, “Control of surface-emitting laser diodes by modulating the distributed Bragg mirror reflectivity: small-signal analysis,” Appl. Phys. Lett.63(18), 2460 (1993). [CrossRef]

Electron. Lett.

S. Blokhin, J. Lott, A. Mutig, G. Fiol, N. Ledentsov, M. Maximov, A. Nadtochiy, V. Shchukin, and D. Bimberg, “Oxide-confined 850 nm VCSELs operating at bit rates up to 40 Gbit/s,” Electron. Lett.45(10), 501 (2009). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.

F. Hopfer, A. Mutig, G. Fiol, M. Kuntz, V. Shchukin, V. Haisler, T. Warming, E. Stock, S. Mikhrin, I. Krestnikov, D. Livshits, A. Kovsh, C. Bornholdt, A. Lenz, H. Eisele, M. Dähne, N. Ledentsov, and D. Bimberg, “20 Gb/s 85°C error-free operation of VCSELs based on submonolayer deposition of quantum dots,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.13(5), 1302–1308 (2007). [CrossRef]
P. Westbergh, J. Gustavsson, A. Haglund, M. Sköld, A. Joel, and A. Larsson, “High-speed, low-current-density 850 nm VCSELs,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.15(3), 694–703 (2009). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter

D. A. Miller, D. S. Chemla, T. C. Damen, A. C. Gossard, W. Wiegmann, T. H. Wood, and C. A. Burrus, “Electric field dependence of optical absorption near the band gap of quantum-well structures,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter32(2), 1043–1060 (1985). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Status Solidi C

T. Germann, A. Strittmatter, A. Mutig, A. Nadtochiy, J. Lott, S. Blokhin, L. Karachinsky, V. Shchukin, N. Ledentsov, U. Pohl, and D. Bimberg, “Monolithic electro-optically modulated vertical cavity surface emitting laser with 10 Gb/s open-eye operation,” Phys. Status Solidi C7(10), 2552–2554 (2010). [CrossRef]

Proc. SPIE

V. Shchukin, N. Ledentsov, J. Lott, H. Quast, F. Hopfer, L. Karachinsky, M. Kuntz, P. Moser, A. Mutig, A. Strittmatter, V. Kalosha, and D. Bimberg, “Ultra high-speed electro-optically modulated VCSELs: modeling and experimental results,” Proc. SPIE6889, 68890H, 68890H–15 (2008). [CrossRef]
J. van Eisden, M. Yakimov, V. Tokranov, M. Varanasi, O. Rumyantsev, E. M. Mohammed, I. A. Young, and S. R. Oktyabrsky, “High frequency resonance-free loss modulation in a duo-cavity VCSEL,” Proc. SPIE6908, 69080M, 69080M–11 (2008). [CrossRef]

Other

L. Huff, “State of the short – reach optics market,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper OMV5.
W. Hofmann, P. Moser, P. Wolf, A. Mutig, M. Kroh, and D. Bimberg, “44 Gb/s VCSEL for optical interconnects,” post-deadline paper at OFC/NFOEC 2011, Los Angeles, CA, USA, PDPC5, (2011).
A. Paraskevopoulos, H. J. Hensel, W. D. Molzow, H. Klein, N. Grote, N. N. Ledentsov, V. A. Shchukin, C. Moller, A. R. Kovsh, D. A. Livshits, I. L. Krestnikov, S. S. Mikhrin, P. Matthijsse, and G. Kuyt, “Ultra-high-bandwidth (>35 GHz) electrooptically-modulated VCSEL,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and The National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2006), paper PDP22.

2011, Moser, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2010, Ledentsov, (invited) Proc. SPIE
2010, Germann, Phys. Status Solidi C
2009, Westbergh, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.
2009, Blokhin, Electron. Lett.
2008, Shchukin, Proc. SPIE
2008, van Eisden, Proc. SPIE
2007, Hopfer, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.
2002, Haisler, Appl. Phys. Lett.
1993, Avrutin, Appl. Phys. Lett.
1988, Lee, Appl. Phys. Lett.
1985, Miller, Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter

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