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All-optical tunability of microdisk lasers via photo-adressable polyelectrolyte functionalizationK. A. Piegdon, M. Lexow, G. Grundmeier, H.-S. Kitzerow, K. Pärschke, D. Mergel, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, and C. Meier »View Author Affiliations
K. A. Piegdon,1
M. Lexow,2
G. Grundmeier,2
H.-S. Kitzerow,2
K. Pärschke,3
D. Mergel,3
D. Reuter,4
A. D. Wieck,4
and C. Meier1,*
1Physics Department and CeOPP, University of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100,33098 Paderborn, Germany 2Chemistry Department, University of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany 3Technical Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany 4Applied Solid State Physics, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany *Corresponding author: cedrik.meier@uni-paderborn.de |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 6, pp. 6060-6067 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.006060
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Abstract
Photoactive materials are highly promising candidates for novel applications as they enable all-optical control of photonic devices. Photochromic molecules exhibit a reversible change of their dielectric function upon irradiation with light of proper wavelength. The trans- and cis-isomers of azobenzene exhibit different absorption properties due to the effect of the configuration on the polarizability of the molecule. Here, we introduce a novel molecular/semiconductor hybrid device which is fully tunable by all-optical means via the integration of a semiconductor microdisk into a photo-adressable polyelectrolyte material. We demonstrate that such polyelectrolyte superlattices can be used to tune semiconductor photonic resonators with high precision and without any significant degeneration of device performance. Moreover, we demonstrate an all-optically tunable laser based on this hybrid concept.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(160.6000) Materials : Semiconductor materials
(230.5750) Optical devices : Resonators
(260.5130) Physical optics : Photochemistry
ToC Category:
Optical Devices
History
Original Manuscript: November 11, 2011
Revised Manuscript: February 5, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: February 14, 2012
Published: February 29, 2012
Citation
K. A. Piegdon, M. Lexow, G. Grundmeier, H.-S. Kitzerow, K. Pärschke, D. Mergel, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, and C. Meier, "All-optical tunability of microdisk lasers via photo-adressable polyelectrolyte functionalization," Opt. Express 20, 6060-6067 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-6-6060
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References
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- M. Irie, “Diarylethenes for memories and switches,” Chem. Rev.100, 1685–1716 (2000). [CrossRef]
- S. Dante, R. Advincula, C. W. Frank, and P. Stroeve, “Photoisomerization of polyionic layer-by-layer films containing azobenzene,” Langmuir15, 193–201 (1998). [CrossRef]
- S. Strauf, M. T. Rakher, I. Carmeli, K. Hennessy, C. Meier, A. Badolato, M. J. A. DeDood, P. M. Petroff, E. L. Hu, E. G. Gwinn, and D. Bouwmeester, “Frequency control of photonic crystal membrane resonators by monolayer deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88, 043116 (2006). [CrossRef]
- H. E. Bigelow and D. B. Robinson, “Azobenzene,” Org. Synth.22, 28 (1942).
- S. Strauf, M. T. Rakher, I. Carmeli, K. Hennessy, C. Meier, A. Badolato, M. J. A. DeDood, P. M. Petroff, E. L. Hu, E. G. Gwinn, and D. Bouwmeester, “Frequency control of photonic crystal membrane resonators by monolayer deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88, 043116 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. Urbas, J. Klosterman, V. Tondiglia, L. Natarajan, R. Sutherland, O. Tsutsumi, T. Ikeda, and T. Bunning, “Optically switchable Bragg reflectors,” Adv. Mater.16, 1453–1456 (2004). [CrossRef]
- T. J. White, R. L. Bricker, L. V. Natarajan, V. P. Tondiglia, L. Green, Q. Li, and T. J. Bunning, “Electrically switchable, photoaddressable cholesteric liquid crystal reflectors,” Opt. Express18, 173–178 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- U. Hrozhyk, S. Serak, N. Tabiryan, T. J. White, and T. J. Bunning, “Bidirectional photoresponse of surface pretreated azobenzene liquid crystal polymer networks,” Opt. Express17, 716–722 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Strauf, M. T. Rakher, I. Carmeli, K. Hennessy, C. Meier, A. Badolato, M. J. A. DeDood, P. M. Petroff, E. L. Hu, E. G. Gwinn, and D. Bouwmeester, “Frequency control of photonic crystal membrane resonators by monolayer deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88, 043116 (2006). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Chiarelli, M. S. Johal, J. L. Casson, J. B. Roberts, J. M. Robinson, and H. L. Wang, “Controlled fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films using spin-assembly,” Adv. Mater.13, 1167–1171 (2001). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Chiarelli, M. S. Johal, D. J. Holmes, J. L. Casson, J. M. Robinson, and H.-L. Wang, “Polyelectrolyte spin-assembly,” Langmuir18, 168–173 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. Chanishvili, G. Chilaya, G. Petriashvili, and P. J. Collings, “Trans-cis isomerization and the blue phases,” Phys. Rev. E71, 051705 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. Cho, K. Char, J. D. Hong, and K. B. Lee, “Fabrication of highly ordered multilayer films using a spin self-assembly method,” Adv. Mater.13, 1076–1078 (2001). [CrossRef]
- T.-H. Lin, Y.-J. Chen, C.-H. Wu, A. Y. G. Fuh, J. H. Liu, and P. C. Yang, “Cholesteric liquid crystal laser with wide tuning capability,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86, 161120 (2005). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Chiarelli, M. S. Johal, J. L. Casson, J. B. Roberts, J. M. Robinson, and H. L. Wang, “Controlled fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films using spin-assembly,” Adv. Mater.13, 1167–1171 (2001). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Chiarelli, M. S. Johal, D. J. Holmes, J. L. Casson, J. M. Robinson, and H.-L. Wang, “Polyelectrolyte spin-assembly,” Langmuir18, 168–173 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. Chanishvili, G. Chilaya, G. Petriashvili, and P. J. Collings, “Trans-cis isomerization and the blue phases,” Phys. Rev. E71, 051705 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. Cho, K. Char, J. D. Hong, and K. B. Lee, “Fabrication of highly ordered multilayer films using a spin self-assembly method,” Adv. Mater.13, 1076–1078 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. Chanishvili, G. Chilaya, G. Petriashvili, and P. J. Collings, “Trans-cis isomerization and the blue phases,” Phys. Rev. E71, 051705 (2005). [CrossRef]
- S. Dante, R. Advincula, C. W. Frank, and P. Stroeve, “Photoisomerization of polyionic layer-by-layer films containing azobenzene,” Langmuir15, 193–201 (1998). [CrossRef]
- G. Decher, “Fuzzy nanoassemblies: toward layered polymeric multicomposites,” Science277, 1232–1237 (1997). [CrossRef]
- K. A. Piegdon, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, H. Matthias, M. Urbanski, H.-S. Kitzerow, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, A. Lorke, and C. Meier, “Tuning quantum-dot based photonic devices with liquid crystals,” Opt. Express18, 7946–7954 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. A. Piegdon, M. Offer, A. Lorke, M. Urbanski, A. Hoischen, H.-S. Kiterow, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, and C. Meier, “Self-assembled quantum dots in a liquid-crystal-tunable microdisk resonator,” Physica E (Amsterdam)42, 2552–2555 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Strauf, M. T. Rakher, I. Carmeli, K. Hennessy, C. Meier, A. Badolato, M. J. A. DeDood, P. M. Petroff, E. L. Hu, E. G. Gwinn, and D. Bouwmeester, “Frequency control of photonic crystal membrane resonators by monolayer deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88, 043116 (2006). [CrossRef]
- I. Fushman, D. Englund, A. Faraon, N. Stoltz, P. Petroff, and J. Vuckovic, “Controlled phase shifts with a single quantum dot,” Science320, 769–772 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Faraon, D. Englund, I. Fushman, J. Vuckovic, N. Stoltz, and P. Petroff, “Local quantum dot tuning on photonic crystal chips,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90, 213110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- I. Fushman, D. Englund, A. Faraon, N. Stoltz, P. Petroff, and J. Vuckovic, “Controlled phase shifts with a single quantum dot,” Science320, 769–772 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Faraon, D. Englund, I. Fushman, J. Vuckovic, N. Stoltz, and P. Petroff, “Local quantum dot tuning on photonic crystal chips,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90, 213110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Q. Ferreira, P. J. Gomes, M. Raposo, J. A. Giacometti, O. N. Oliveira, and P. A. Ribeiro, “Influence of ionic interactions on the photoinduced birefringence of poly[1-[4-(3-Carboxy-4 Hydroxyphenylazo) benzene sulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt] films,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.7, 2659–2666 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Fischer, L. Läsker, J. Stumpe, and S. G. Kostromin, “Photoinduced optical anisotropy in films of photochromic liquid crystalline polymers,” J. Photochem. Photobiol., A80, 453–459 (1994). [CrossRef]
- K. A. Piegdon, M. Offer, A. Lorke, M. Urbanski, A. Hoischen, H.-S. Kiterow, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, and C. Meier, “Self-assembled quantum dots in a liquid-crystal-tunable microdisk resonator,” Physica E (Amsterdam)42, 2552–2555 (2010). [CrossRef]
- K. A. Piegdon, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, H. Matthias, M. Urbanski, H.-S. Kitzerow, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, A. Lorke, and C. Meier, “Tuning quantum-dot based photonic devices with liquid crystals,” Opt. Express18, 7946–7954 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Dante, R. Advincula, C. W. Frank, and P. Stroeve, “Photoisomerization of polyionic layer-by-layer films containing azobenzene,” Langmuir15, 193–201 (1998). [CrossRef]
- T.-H. Lin, Y.-J. Chen, C.-H. Wu, A. Y. G. Fuh, J. H. Liu, and P. C. Yang, “Cholesteric liquid crystal laser with wide tuning capability,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86, 161120 (2005). [CrossRef]
- I. Fushman, D. Englund, A. Faraon, N. Stoltz, P. Petroff, and J. Vuckovic, “Controlled phase shifts with a single quantum dot,” Science320, 769–772 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Faraon, D. Englund, I. Fushman, J. Vuckovic, N. Stoltz, and P. Petroff, “Local quantum dot tuning on photonic crystal chips,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90, 213110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Q. Ferreira, P. J. Gomes, M. Raposo, J. A. Giacometti, O. N. Oliveira, and P. A. Ribeiro, “Influence of ionic interactions on the photoinduced birefringence of poly[1-[4-(3-Carboxy-4 Hydroxyphenylazo) benzene sulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt] films,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.7, 2659–2666 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q. Ferreira, P. J. Gomes, M. Raposo, J. A. Giacometti, O. N. Oliveira, and P. A. Ribeiro, “Influence of ionic interactions on the photoinduced birefringence of poly[1-[4-(3-Carboxy-4 Hydroxyphenylazo) benzene sulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt] films,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.7, 2659–2666 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Strauf, M. T. Rakher, I. Carmeli, K. Hennessy, C. Meier, A. Badolato, M. J. A. DeDood, P. M. Petroff, E. L. Hu, E. G. Gwinn, and D. Bouwmeester, “Frequency control of photonic crystal membrane resonators by monolayer deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88, 043116 (2006). [CrossRef]
- W. T. S. Huck, L. Yan, A. Stroock, R. Haag, and G. M. Whitesides, “Patterned polymer multilayers as etch resists,” Langmuir15, 6862–6867 (1999). [CrossRef]
- S. Strauf, M. T. Rakher, I. Carmeli, K. Hennessy, C. Meier, A. Badolato, M. J. A. DeDood, P. M. Petroff, E. L. Hu, E. G. Gwinn, and D. Bouwmeester, “Frequency control of photonic crystal membrane resonators by monolayer deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88, 043116 (2006). [CrossRef]
- K. A. Piegdon, M. Offer, A. Lorke, M. Urbanski, A. Hoischen, H.-S. Kiterow, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, and C. Meier, “Self-assembled quantum dots in a liquid-crystal-tunable microdisk resonator,” Physica E (Amsterdam)42, 2552–2555 (2010). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Chiarelli, M. S. Johal, D. J. Holmes, J. L. Casson, J. M. Robinson, and H.-L. Wang, “Polyelectrolyte spin-assembly,” Langmuir18, 168–173 (2001). [CrossRef]
- J. Cho, K. Char, J. D. Hong, and K. B. Lee, “Fabrication of highly ordered multilayer films using a spin self-assembly method,” Adv. Mater.13, 1076–1078 (2001). [CrossRef]
- H.-Y. Liu, C.-T. Wang, C.-Y. Hsu, T.-H. Lin, and J.-H. Liu, “Optically tuneable blue phase photonic band gaps,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 121103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Strauf, M. T. Rakher, I. Carmeli, K. Hennessy, C. Meier, A. Badolato, M. J. A. DeDood, P. M. Petroff, E. L. Hu, E. G. Gwinn, and D. Bouwmeester, “Frequency control of photonic crystal membrane resonators by monolayer deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88, 043116 (2006). [CrossRef]
- W. T. S. Huck, L. Yan, A. Stroock, R. Haag, and G. M. Whitesides, “Patterned polymer multilayers as etch resists,” Langmuir15, 6862–6867 (1999). [CrossRef]
- A. Urbas, J. Klosterman, V. Tondiglia, L. Natarajan, R. Sutherland, O. Tsutsumi, T. Ikeda, and T. Bunning, “Optically switchable Bragg reflectors,” Adv. Mater.16, 1453–1456 (2004). [CrossRef]
- T. Ikeda and O. Tsutsumi, “Optical switching and image storage by means of azobenzene liquid-crystal films,” Science268, 1873–1875 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Irie, “Diarylethenes for memories and switches,” Chem. Rev.100, 1685–1716 (2000). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Chiarelli, M. S. Johal, D. J. Holmes, J. L. Casson, J. M. Robinson, and H.-L. Wang, “Polyelectrolyte spin-assembly,” Langmuir18, 168–173 (2001). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Chiarelli, M. S. Johal, J. L. Casson, J. B. Roberts, J. M. Robinson, and H. L. Wang, “Controlled fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films using spin-assembly,” Adv. Mater.13, 1167–1171 (2001). [CrossRef]
- K. A. Piegdon, M. Offer, A. Lorke, M. Urbanski, A. Hoischen, H.-S. Kiterow, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, and C. Meier, “Self-assembled quantum dots in a liquid-crystal-tunable microdisk resonator,” Physica E (Amsterdam)42, 2552–2555 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. Urbas, J. Klosterman, V. Tondiglia, L. Natarajan, R. Sutherland, O. Tsutsumi, T. Ikeda, and T. Bunning, “Optically switchable Bragg reflectors,” Adv. Mater.16, 1453–1456 (2004). [CrossRef]
- T. Fischer, L. Läsker, J. Stumpe, and S. G. Kostromin, “Photoinduced optical anisotropy in films of photochromic liquid crystalline polymers,” J. Photochem. Photobiol., A80, 453–459 (1994). [CrossRef]
- T. Fischer, L. Läsker, J. Stumpe, and S. G. Kostromin, “Photoinduced optical anisotropy in films of photochromic liquid crystalline polymers,” J. Photochem. Photobiol., A80, 453–459 (1994). [CrossRef]
- J. Cho, K. Char, J. D. Hong, and K. B. Lee, “Fabrication of highly ordered multilayer films using a spin self-assembly method,” Adv. Mater.13, 1076–1078 (2001). [CrossRef]
- S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.60, 289 (1992). [CrossRef]
- H.-Y. Liu, C.-T. Wang, C.-Y. Hsu, T.-H. Lin, and J.-H. Liu, “Optically tuneable blue phase photonic band gaps,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 121103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- H.-C. Jau, T.-H. Lin, R.-X. Fung, S.-Y. Huang, J.-H. Liu, and Andy Y.-G. Fuh, “Optically-tunable beam steering grating based on azobenzene doped cholesteric liquid crystal,” Opt. Express18, 17498–17503 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T.-H. Lin, Y.-J. Chen, C.-H. Wu, A. Y. G. Fuh, J. H. Liu, and P. C. Yang, “Cholesteric liquid crystal laser with wide tuning capability,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86, 161120 (2005). [CrossRef]
- H.-Y. Liu, C.-T. Wang, C.-Y. Hsu, T.-H. Lin, and J.-H. Liu, “Optically tuneable blue phase photonic band gaps,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 121103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T.-H. Lin, Y.-J. Chen, C.-H. Wu, A. Y. G. Fuh, J. H. Liu, and P. C. Yang, “Cholesteric liquid crystal laser with wide tuning capability,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86, 161120 (2005). [CrossRef]
- H.-Y. Liu, C.-T. Wang, C.-Y. Hsu, T.-H. Lin, and J.-H. Liu, “Optically tuneable blue phase photonic band gaps,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 121103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- H.-C. Jau, T.-H. Lin, R.-X. Fung, S.-Y. Huang, J.-H. Liu, and Andy Y.-G. Fuh, “Optically-tunable beam steering grating based on azobenzene doped cholesteric liquid crystal,” Opt. Express18, 17498–17503 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.60, 289 (1992). [CrossRef]
- K. A. Piegdon, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, H. Matthias, M. Urbanski, H.-S. Kitzerow, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, A. Lorke, and C. Meier, “Tuning quantum-dot based photonic devices with liquid crystals,” Opt. Express18, 7946–7954 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. A. Piegdon, M. Offer, A. Lorke, M. Urbanski, A. Hoischen, H.-S. Kiterow, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, and C. Meier, “Self-assembled quantum dots in a liquid-crystal-tunable microdisk resonator,” Physica E (Amsterdam)42, 2552–2555 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.60, 289 (1992). [CrossRef]
- K. A. Piegdon, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, H. Matthias, M. Urbanski, H.-S. Kitzerow, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, A. Lorke, and C. Meier, “Tuning quantum-dot based photonic devices with liquid crystals,” Opt. Express18, 7946–7954 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. A. Piegdon, M. Offer, A. Lorke, M. Urbanski, A. Hoischen, H.-S. Kiterow, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, and C. Meier, “Self-assembled quantum dots in a liquid-crystal-tunable microdisk resonator,” Physica E (Amsterdam)42, 2552–2555 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Strauf, M. T. Rakher, I. Carmeli, K. Hennessy, C. Meier, A. Badolato, M. J. A. DeDood, P. M. Petroff, E. L. Hu, E. G. Gwinn, and D. Bouwmeester, “Frequency control of photonic crystal membrane resonators by monolayer deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88, 043116 (2006). [CrossRef]
- K. A. Piegdon, M. Offer, A. Lorke, M. Urbanski, A. Hoischen, H.-S. Kiterow, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, and C. Meier, “Self-assembled quantum dots in a liquid-crystal-tunable microdisk resonator,” Physica E (Amsterdam)42, 2552–2555 (2010). [CrossRef]
- K. A. Piegdon, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, H. Matthias, M. Urbanski, H.-S. Kitzerow, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, A. Lorke, and C. Meier, “Tuning quantum-dot based photonic devices with liquid crystals,” Opt. Express18, 7946–7954 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Urbas, J. Klosterman, V. Tondiglia, L. Natarajan, R. Sutherland, O. Tsutsumi, T. Ikeda, and T. Bunning, “Optically switchable Bragg reflectors,” Adv. Mater.16, 1453–1456 (2004). [CrossRef]
- K. A. Piegdon, M. Offer, A. Lorke, M. Urbanski, A. Hoischen, H.-S. Kiterow, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, and C. Meier, “Self-assembled quantum dots in a liquid-crystal-tunable microdisk resonator,” Physica E (Amsterdam)42, 2552–2555 (2010). [CrossRef]
- Q. Ferreira, P. J. Gomes, M. Raposo, J. A. Giacometti, O. N. Oliveira, and P. A. Ribeiro, “Influence of ionic interactions on the photoinduced birefringence of poly[1-[4-(3-Carboxy-4 Hydroxyphenylazo) benzene sulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt] films,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.7, 2659–2666 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Srinivasan and O. Painter, “Optical fiber taper coupling and high-resolution wavelength tuning of microdisk resonators at cryogenic temperatures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90, 031114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.60, 289 (1992). [CrossRef]
- A. Chanishvili, G. Chilaya, G. Petriashvili, and P. J. Collings, “Trans-cis isomerization and the blue phases,” Phys. Rev. E71, 051705 (2005). [CrossRef]
- I. Fushman, D. Englund, A. Faraon, N. Stoltz, P. Petroff, and J. Vuckovic, “Controlled phase shifts with a single quantum dot,” Science320, 769–772 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Faraon, D. Englund, I. Fushman, J. Vuckovic, N. Stoltz, and P. Petroff, “Local quantum dot tuning on photonic crystal chips,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90, 213110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. Strauf, M. T. Rakher, I. Carmeli, K. Hennessy, C. Meier, A. Badolato, M. J. A. DeDood, P. M. Petroff, E. L. Hu, E. G. Gwinn, and D. Bouwmeester, “Frequency control of photonic crystal membrane resonators by monolayer deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88, 043116 (2006). [CrossRef]
- K. A. Piegdon, M. Offer, A. Lorke, M. Urbanski, A. Hoischen, H.-S. Kiterow, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, and C. Meier, “Self-assembled quantum dots in a liquid-crystal-tunable microdisk resonator,” Physica E (Amsterdam)42, 2552–2555 (2010). [CrossRef]
- K. A. Piegdon, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, H. Matthias, M. Urbanski, H.-S. Kitzerow, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, A. Lorke, and C. Meier, “Tuning quantum-dot based photonic devices with liquid crystals,” Opt. Express18, 7946–7954 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Strauf, M. T. Rakher, I. Carmeli, K. Hennessy, C. Meier, A. Badolato, M. J. A. DeDood, P. M. Petroff, E. L. Hu, E. G. Gwinn, and D. Bouwmeester, “Frequency control of photonic crystal membrane resonators by monolayer deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88, 043116 (2006). [CrossRef]
- Q. Ferreira, P. J. Gomes, M. Raposo, J. A. Giacometti, O. N. Oliveira, and P. A. Ribeiro, “Influence of ionic interactions on the photoinduced birefringence of poly[1-[4-(3-Carboxy-4 Hydroxyphenylazo) benzene sulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt] films,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.7, 2659–2666 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. A. Piegdon, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, H. Matthias, M. Urbanski, H.-S. Kitzerow, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, A. Lorke, and C. Meier, “Tuning quantum-dot based photonic devices with liquid crystals,” Opt. Express18, 7946–7954 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. A. Piegdon, M. Offer, A. Lorke, M. Urbanski, A. Hoischen, H.-S. Kiterow, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, and C. Meier, “Self-assembled quantum dots in a liquid-crystal-tunable microdisk resonator,” Physica E (Amsterdam)42, 2552–2555 (2010). [CrossRef]
- Q. Ferreira, P. J. Gomes, M. Raposo, J. A. Giacometti, O. N. Oliveira, and P. A. Ribeiro, “Influence of ionic interactions on the photoinduced birefringence of poly[1-[4-(3-Carboxy-4 Hydroxyphenylazo) benzene sulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt] films,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.7, 2659–2666 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. A. Chiarelli, M. S. Johal, J. L. Casson, J. B. Roberts, J. M. Robinson, and H. L. Wang, “Controlled fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films using spin-assembly,” Adv. Mater.13, 1167–1171 (2001). [CrossRef]
- H. E. Bigelow and D. B. Robinson, “Azobenzene,” Org. Synth.22, 28 (1942).
- P. A. Chiarelli, M. S. Johal, J. L. Casson, J. B. Roberts, J. M. Robinson, and H. L. Wang, “Controlled fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films using spin-assembly,” Adv. Mater.13, 1167–1171 (2001). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Chiarelli, M. S. Johal, D. J. Holmes, J. L. Casson, J. M. Robinson, and H.-L. Wang, “Polyelectrolyte spin-assembly,” Langmuir18, 168–173 (2001). [CrossRef]
- S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.60, 289 (1992). [CrossRef]
- K. Srinivasan and O. Painter, “Optical fiber taper coupling and high-resolution wavelength tuning of microdisk resonators at cryogenic temperatures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90, 031114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- I. Fushman, D. Englund, A. Faraon, N. Stoltz, P. Petroff, and J. Vuckovic, “Controlled phase shifts with a single quantum dot,” Science320, 769–772 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Faraon, D. Englund, I. Fushman, J. Vuckovic, N. Stoltz, and P. Petroff, “Local quantum dot tuning on photonic crystal chips,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90, 213110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. Strauf, M. T. Rakher, I. Carmeli, K. Hennessy, C. Meier, A. Badolato, M. J. A. DeDood, P. M. Petroff, E. L. Hu, E. G. Gwinn, and D. Bouwmeester, “Frequency control of photonic crystal membrane resonators by monolayer deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88, 043116 (2006). [CrossRef]
- S. Dante, R. Advincula, C. W. Frank, and P. Stroeve, “Photoisomerization of polyionic layer-by-layer films containing azobenzene,” Langmuir15, 193–201 (1998). [CrossRef]
- W. T. S. Huck, L. Yan, A. Stroock, R. Haag, and G. M. Whitesides, “Patterned polymer multilayers as etch resists,” Langmuir15, 6862–6867 (1999). [CrossRef]
- T. Fischer, L. Läsker, J. Stumpe, and S. G. Kostromin, “Photoinduced optical anisotropy in films of photochromic liquid crystalline polymers,” J. Photochem. Photobiol., A80, 453–459 (1994). [CrossRef]
- A. Urbas, J. Klosterman, V. Tondiglia, L. Natarajan, R. Sutherland, O. Tsutsumi, T. Ikeda, and T. Bunning, “Optically switchable Bragg reflectors,” Adv. Mater.16, 1453–1456 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. Urbas, J. Klosterman, V. Tondiglia, L. Natarajan, R. Sutherland, O. Tsutsumi, T. Ikeda, and T. Bunning, “Optically switchable Bragg reflectors,” Adv. Mater.16, 1453–1456 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. Urbas, J. Klosterman, V. Tondiglia, L. Natarajan, R. Sutherland, O. Tsutsumi, T. Ikeda, and T. Bunning, “Optically switchable Bragg reflectors,” Adv. Mater.16, 1453–1456 (2004). [CrossRef]
- T. Ikeda and O. Tsutsumi, “Optical switching and image storage by means of azobenzene liquid-crystal films,” Science268, 1873–1875 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. A. Piegdon, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, H. Matthias, M. Urbanski, H.-S. Kitzerow, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, A. Lorke, and C. Meier, “Tuning quantum-dot based photonic devices with liquid crystals,” Opt. Express18, 7946–7954 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. A. Piegdon, M. Offer, A. Lorke, M. Urbanski, A. Hoischen, H.-S. Kiterow, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, and C. Meier, “Self-assembled quantum dots in a liquid-crystal-tunable microdisk resonator,” Physica E (Amsterdam)42, 2552–2555 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. Urbas, J. Klosterman, V. Tondiglia, L. Natarajan, R. Sutherland, O. Tsutsumi, T. Ikeda, and T. Bunning, “Optically switchable Bragg reflectors,” Adv. Mater.16, 1453–1456 (2004). [CrossRef]
- I. Fushman, D. Englund, A. Faraon, N. Stoltz, P. Petroff, and J. Vuckovic, “Controlled phase shifts with a single quantum dot,” Science320, 769–772 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Faraon, D. Englund, I. Fushman, J. Vuckovic, N. Stoltz, and P. Petroff, “Local quantum dot tuning on photonic crystal chips,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90, 213110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- H.-Y. Liu, C.-T. Wang, C.-Y. Hsu, T.-H. Lin, and J.-H. Liu, “Optically tuneable blue phase photonic band gaps,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 121103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Chiarelli, M. S. Johal, J. L. Casson, J. B. Roberts, J. M. Robinson, and H. L. Wang, “Controlled fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films using spin-assembly,” Adv. Mater.13, 1167–1171 (2001). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Chiarelli, M. S. Johal, D. J. Holmes, J. L. Casson, J. M. Robinson, and H.-L. Wang, “Polyelectrolyte spin-assembly,” Langmuir18, 168–173 (2001). [CrossRef]
- T. J. White, R. L. Bricker, L. V. Natarajan, V. P. Tondiglia, L. Green, Q. Li, and T. J. Bunning, “Electrically switchable, photoaddressable cholesteric liquid crystal reflectors,” Opt. Express18, 173–178 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- U. Hrozhyk, S. Serak, N. Tabiryan, T. J. White, and T. J. Bunning, “Bidirectional photoresponse of surface pretreated azobenzene liquid crystal polymer networks,” Opt. Express17, 716–722 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. T. S. Huck, L. Yan, A. Stroock, R. Haag, and G. M. Whitesides, “Patterned polymer multilayers as etch resists,” Langmuir15, 6862–6867 (1999). [CrossRef]
- K. A. Piegdon, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, H. Matthias, M. Urbanski, H.-S. Kitzerow, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, A. Lorke, and C. Meier, “Tuning quantum-dot based photonic devices with liquid crystals,” Opt. Express18, 7946–7954 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. A. Piegdon, M. Offer, A. Lorke, M. Urbanski, A. Hoischen, H.-S. Kiterow, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, and C. Meier, “Self-assembled quantum dots in a liquid-crystal-tunable microdisk resonator,” Physica E (Amsterdam)42, 2552–2555 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T.-H. Lin, Y.-J. Chen, C.-H. Wu, A. Y. G. Fuh, J. H. Liu, and P. C. Yang, “Cholesteric liquid crystal laser with wide tuning capability,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86, 161120 (2005). [CrossRef]
- W. T. S. Huck, L. Yan, A. Stroock, R. Haag, and G. M. Whitesides, “Patterned polymer multilayers as etch resists,” Langmuir15, 6862–6867 (1999). [CrossRef]
- T.-H. Lin, Y.-J. Chen, C.-H. Wu, A. Y. G. Fuh, J. H. Liu, and P. C. Yang, “Cholesteric liquid crystal laser with wide tuning capability,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86, 161120 (2005). [CrossRef]
Adv. Mater.
- A. Urbas, J. Klosterman, V. Tondiglia, L. Natarajan, R. Sutherland, O. Tsutsumi, T. Ikeda, and T. Bunning, “Optically switchable Bragg reflectors,” Adv. Mater.16, 1453–1456 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. Cho, K. Char, J. D. Hong, and K. B. Lee, “Fabrication of highly ordered multilayer films using a spin self-assembly method,” Adv. Mater.13, 1076–1078 (2001). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Chiarelli, M. S. Johal, J. L. Casson, J. B. Roberts, J. M. Robinson, and H. L. Wang, “Controlled fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films using spin-assembly,” Adv. Mater.13, 1167–1171 (2001). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- T.-H. Lin, Y.-J. Chen, C.-H. Wu, A. Y. G. Fuh, J. H. Liu, and P. C. Yang, “Cholesteric liquid crystal laser with wide tuning capability,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86, 161120 (2005). [CrossRef]
- H.-Y. Liu, C.-T. Wang, C.-Y. Hsu, T.-H. Lin, and J.-H. Liu, “Optically tuneable blue phase photonic band gaps,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 121103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.60, 289 (1992). [CrossRef]
- A. Faraon, D. Englund, I. Fushman, J. Vuckovic, N. Stoltz, and P. Petroff, “Local quantum dot tuning on photonic crystal chips,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90, 213110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- K. Srinivasan and O. Painter, “Optical fiber taper coupling and high-resolution wavelength tuning of microdisk resonators at cryogenic temperatures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90, 031114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. Strauf, M. T. Rakher, I. Carmeli, K. Hennessy, C. Meier, A. Badolato, M. J. A. DeDood, P. M. Petroff, E. L. Hu, E. G. Gwinn, and D. Bouwmeester, “Frequency control of photonic crystal membrane resonators by monolayer deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88, 043116 (2006). [CrossRef]
Chem. Rev.
- M. Irie, “Diarylethenes for memories and switches,” Chem. Rev.100, 1685–1716 (2000). [CrossRef]
J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.
- Q. Ferreira, P. J. Gomes, M. Raposo, J. A. Giacometti, O. N. Oliveira, and P. A. Ribeiro, “Influence of ionic interactions on the photoinduced birefringence of poly[1-[4-(3-Carboxy-4 Hydroxyphenylazo) benzene sulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt] films,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.7, 2659–2666 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Photochem. Photobiol., A
- T. Fischer, L. Läsker, J. Stumpe, and S. G. Kostromin, “Photoinduced optical anisotropy in films of photochromic liquid crystalline polymers,” J. Photochem. Photobiol., A80, 453–459 (1994). [CrossRef]
Langmuir
- W. T. S. Huck, L. Yan, A. Stroock, R. Haag, and G. M. Whitesides, “Patterned polymer multilayers as etch resists,” Langmuir15, 6862–6867 (1999). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Chiarelli, M. S. Johal, D. J. Holmes, J. L. Casson, J. M. Robinson, and H.-L. Wang, “Polyelectrolyte spin-assembly,” Langmuir18, 168–173 (2001). [CrossRef]
- S. Dante, R. Advincula, C. W. Frank, and P. Stroeve, “Photoisomerization of polyionic layer-by-layer films containing azobenzene,” Langmuir15, 193–201 (1998). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- U. Hrozhyk, S. Serak, N. Tabiryan, T. J. White, and T. J. Bunning, “Bidirectional photoresponse of surface pretreated azobenzene liquid crystal polymer networks,” Opt. Express17, 716–722 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H.-C. Lin, C.-W. Chu, M.-S. Li, and A. Y.-G. Fuh, “Biphotonic-induced reorientation inversion in azo-dye-doped liquid crystal films,” Opt. Express19, 13118–13125 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H.-C. Jau, T.-H. Lin, R.-X. Fung, S.-Y. Huang, J.-H. Liu, and Andy Y.-G. Fuh, “Optically-tunable beam steering grating based on azobenzene doped cholesteric liquid crystal,” Opt. Express18, 17498–17503 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. J. White, R. L. Bricker, L. V. Natarajan, V. P. Tondiglia, L. Green, Q. Li, and T. J. Bunning, “Electrically switchable, photoaddressable cholesteric liquid crystal reflectors,” Opt. Express18, 173–178 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. A. Piegdon, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, H. Matthias, M. Urbanski, H.-S. Kitzerow, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, A. Lorke, and C. Meier, “Tuning quantum-dot based photonic devices with liquid crystals,” Opt. Express18, 7946–7954 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Org. Synth.
- H. E. Bigelow and D. B. Robinson, “Azobenzene,” Org. Synth.22, 28 (1942).
Phys. Rev. E
- A. Chanishvili, G. Chilaya, G. Petriashvili, and P. J. Collings, “Trans-cis isomerization and the blue phases,” Phys. Rev. E71, 051705 (2005). [CrossRef]
Physica E (Amsterdam)
- K. A. Piegdon, M. Offer, A. Lorke, M. Urbanski, A. Hoischen, H.-S. Kiterow, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, and C. Meier, “Self-assembled quantum dots in a liquid-crystal-tunable microdisk resonator,” Physica E (Amsterdam)42, 2552–2555 (2010). [CrossRef]
Science
- I. Fushman, D. Englund, A. Faraon, N. Stoltz, P. Petroff, and J. Vuckovic, “Controlled phase shifts with a single quantum dot,” Science320, 769–772 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Decher, “Fuzzy nanoassemblies: toward layered polymeric multicomposites,” Science277, 1232–1237 (1997). [CrossRef]
- T. Ikeda and O. Tsutsumi, “Optical switching and image storage by means of azobenzene liquid-crystal films,” Science268, 1873–1875 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2011, Lin, Opt. Express
- H.-Y. Liu, C.-T. Wang, C.-Y. Hsu, T.-H. Lin, and J.-H. Liu, “Optically tuneable blue phase photonic band gaps,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 121103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- K. A. Piegdon, M. Offer, A. Lorke, M. Urbanski, A. Hoischen, H.-S. Kiterow, S. Declair, J. Förstner, T. Meier, D. Reuter, A. D. Wieck, and C. Meier, “Self-assembled quantum dots in a liquid-crystal-tunable microdisk resonator,” Physica E (Amsterdam)42, 2552–2555 (2010). [CrossRef]
- I. Fushman, D. Englund, A. Faraon, N. Stoltz, P. Petroff, and J. Vuckovic, “Controlled phase shifts with a single quantum dot,” Science320, 769–772 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Faraon, D. Englund, I. Fushman, J. Vuckovic, N. Stoltz, and P. Petroff, “Local quantum dot tuning on photonic crystal chips,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90, 213110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- K. Srinivasan and O. Painter, “Optical fiber taper coupling and high-resolution wavelength tuning of microdisk resonators at cryogenic temperatures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90, 031114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Q. Ferreira, P. J. Gomes, M. Raposo, J. A. Giacometti, O. N. Oliveira, and P. A. Ribeiro, “Influence of ionic interactions on the photoinduced birefringence of poly[1-[4-(3-Carboxy-4 Hydroxyphenylazo) benzene sulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt] films,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.7, 2659–2666 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Strauf, M. T. Rakher, I. Carmeli, K. Hennessy, C. Meier, A. Badolato, M. J. A. DeDood, P. M. Petroff, E. L. Hu, E. G. Gwinn, and D. Bouwmeester, “Frequency control of photonic crystal membrane resonators by monolayer deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88, 043116 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. Chanishvili, G. Chilaya, G. Petriashvili, and P. J. Collings, “Trans-cis isomerization and the blue phases,” Phys. Rev. E71, 051705 (2005). [CrossRef]
- T.-H. Lin, Y.-J. Chen, C.-H. Wu, A. Y. G. Fuh, J. H. Liu, and P. C. Yang, “Cholesteric liquid crystal laser with wide tuning capability,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86, 161120 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. Urbas, J. Klosterman, V. Tondiglia, L. Natarajan, R. Sutherland, O. Tsutsumi, T. Ikeda, and T. Bunning, “Optically switchable Bragg reflectors,” Adv. Mater.16, 1453–1456 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. Cho, K. Char, J. D. Hong, and K. B. Lee, “Fabrication of highly ordered multilayer films using a spin self-assembly method,” Adv. Mater.13, 1076–1078 (2001). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Chiarelli, M. S. Johal, J. L. Casson, J. B. Roberts, J. M. Robinson, and H. L. Wang, “Controlled fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films using spin-assembly,” Adv. Mater.13, 1167–1171 (2001). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Chiarelli, M. S. Johal, D. J. Holmes, J. L. Casson, J. M. Robinson, and H.-L. Wang, “Polyelectrolyte spin-assembly,” Langmuir18, 168–173 (2001). [CrossRef]
- M. Irie, “Diarylethenes for memories and switches,” Chem. Rev.100, 1685–1716 (2000). [CrossRef]
- W. T. S. Huck, L. Yan, A. Stroock, R. Haag, and G. M. Whitesides, “Patterned polymer multilayers as etch resists,” Langmuir15, 6862–6867 (1999). [CrossRef]
- S. Dante, R. Advincula, C. W. Frank, and P. Stroeve, “Photoisomerization of polyionic layer-by-layer films containing azobenzene,” Langmuir15, 193–201 (1998). [CrossRef]
- G. Decher, “Fuzzy nanoassemblies: toward layered polymeric multicomposites,” Science277, 1232–1237 (1997). [CrossRef]
- T. Ikeda and O. Tsutsumi, “Optical switching and image storage by means of azobenzene liquid-crystal films,” Science268, 1873–1875 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Fischer, L. Läsker, J. Stumpe, and S. G. Kostromin, “Photoinduced optical anisotropy in films of photochromic liquid crystalline polymers,” J. Photochem. Photobiol., A80, 453–459 (1994). [CrossRef]
- S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.60, 289 (1992). [CrossRef]
- H. E. Bigelow and D. B. Robinson, “Azobenzene,” Org. Synth.22, 28 (1942).
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