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Continuously tunable solution-processed organic semiconductor DFB lasers pumped by laser diodeSönke Klinkhammer, Xin Liu, Klaus Huska, Yuxin Shen, Sylvia Vanderheiden, Sebastian Valouch, Christoph Vannahme, Stefan Bräse, Timo Mappes, and Uli Lemmer »View Author Affiliations
Sönke Klinkhammer,1,2,3
Xin Liu,1,2,3
Klaus Huska,1
Yuxin Shen,1,5
Sylvia Vanderheiden,4
Sebastian Valouch,1,2
Christoph Vannahme,3,1,6
Stefan Bräse,4
Timo Mappes,3
and Uli Lemmer1,2,*
1Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany 2DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany 3Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany 4Institute for Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany 5currently with Novaled AG, Dresden, Germany 6currently with DTU Nanotech, Lyngby, Denmark *Corresponding author: uli.lemmer@kit.edu |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 6, pp. 6357-6364 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.006357
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Abstract
The fabrication and characterization of continuously tunable, solution-processed distributed feedback (DFB) lasers in the visible regime is reported. Continuous thin film thickness gradients were achieved by means of horizontal dipping of several conjugated polymer and blended small molecule solutions on cm-scale surface gratings of different periods. We report optically pumped continuously tunable laser emission of 13 nm in the blue, 16 nm in the green and 19 nm in the red spectral region on a single chip respectively. Tuning behavior can be described with the Bragg-equation and the measured thickness profile. The laser threshold is low enough that inexpensive laser diodes can be used as pump sources.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(140.3490) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, distributed-feedback
(140.7300) Lasers and laser optics : Visible lasers
(250.2080) Optoelectronics : Polymer active devices
ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics
History
Original Manuscript: December 5, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: February 6, 2012
Published: March 5, 2012
Citation
Sönke Klinkhammer, Xin Liu, Klaus Huska, Yuxin Shen, Sylvia Vanderheiden, Sebastian Valouch, Christoph Vannahme, Stefan Bräse, Timo Mappes, and Uli Lemmer, "Continuously tunable solution-processed organic semiconductor DFB lasers pumped by laser diode," Opt. Express 20, 6357-6364 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-6-6357
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References
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- S. Klinkhammer, N. Heussner, K. Huska, T. Bocksrocker, F. Geislhöringer, C. Vannahme, T. Mappes, and U. Lemmer, “Voltage-controlled tuning of an organic semiconductor distributed feedback laser using liquid crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett.99(2), 023307 (2011). [CrossRef]
- F. B. Arango, M. B. Christiansen, M. Gersborg-Hansen, and A. Kristensen, “Optofluidic tuning of photonic crystal band edge lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91(22), 223503 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. Klinkhammer, T. Woggon, U. Geyer, C. Vannahme, T. Mappes, S. Dehm, and U. Lemmer, “A continuously tunable low-threshold organic semiconductor distributed feedback laser fabricated by rotating shadow mask evaporation,” Appl. Phys. B97(4), 787–791 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- M. D. McGehee, M. A. Díaz-García, F. Hide, R. Gupta, E. K. Miller, D. Moses, and A. J. Heeger, “Semiconducting polymer distributed feedback lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.72(13), 1536 (1998). [CrossRef]
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- M. Campoy-Quiles, G. Heliotis, R. Xia, M. Ariu, M. Pintani, P. Etchegoin, and D. D. C. Bradley, “Ellipsometric characterization of the optical constants of polyfluorene gain media,” Adv. Funct. Mater.15(6), 925–933 (2005). [CrossRef]
- S. Klinkhammer, N. Heussner, K. Huska, T. Bocksrocker, F. Geislhöringer, C. Vannahme, T. Mappes, and U. Lemmer, “Voltage-controlled tuning of an organic semiconductor distributed feedback laser using liquid crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett.99(2), 023307 (2011). [CrossRef]
- M. D. McGehee, M. A. Díaz-García, F. Hide, R. Gupta, E. K. Miller, D. Moses, and A. J. Heeger, “Semiconducting polymer distributed feedback lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.72(13), 1536 (1998). [CrossRef]
- F. Hide, M. Diaz-Garcia, B. Schwartz, M. Andersson, and A. Heeger, “Semiconducting polymers: a new class of solid-state laser materials,” Science273(5283), 1833–1836 (1996). [CrossRef]
- T. Riedl, T. Rabe, H. H. Johannes, W. Kowalsky, J. Wang, T. Weimann, P. Hinze, B. S. Nehls, T. Farrell, and U. Scherf, “Tunable organic thin-film laser pumped by an inorganic violet diode laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(24), 241116 (2006). [CrossRef]
- J. Wang, T. Weimann, P. Hinze, G. Ade, D. Schneider, T. Rabe, T. Riedl, and W. Kowalsky, “A continuously tunable organic DFB laser,” Microelectron. Eng.78-79, 364–368 (2005). [CrossRef]
- D. Schneider, T. Rabe, T. Riedl, T. Dobbertin, M. Kröger, E. Becker, H.-H. Johannes, W. Kowalsky, T. Weimann, J. Wang, and P. Hinze, “Laser threshold reduction in an all-spiro guest-host system,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(10), 1659–1661 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. Boudrioua, P. A. Hobson, B. Matterson, I. D. W. Samuel, and W. L. Barnes, “Birefringence and dispersion of the light emitting polymer MEH-PPV,” Synth. Met.111-112, 545–547 (2000). [CrossRef]
- S. Klinkhammer, N. Heussner, K. Huska, T. Bocksrocker, F. Geislhöringer, C. Vannahme, T. Mappes, and U. Lemmer, “Voltage-controlled tuning of an organic semiconductor distributed feedback laser using liquid crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett.99(2), 023307 (2011). [CrossRef]
- T. Riedl, T. Rabe, H. H. Johannes, W. Kowalsky, J. Wang, T. Weimann, P. Hinze, B. S. Nehls, T. Farrell, and U. Scherf, “Tunable organic thin-film laser pumped by an inorganic violet diode laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(24), 241116 (2006). [CrossRef]
- D. Schneider, T. Rabe, T. Riedl, T. Dobbertin, M. Kröger, E. Becker, H.-H. Johannes, W. Kowalsky, T. Weimann, J. Wang, and P. Hinze, “Laser threshold reduction in an all-spiro guest-host system,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(10), 1659–1661 (2004). [CrossRef]
- C. Karnutsch, M. Stroisch, M. Punke, U. Lemmer, J. Wang, and T. Weimann, “„Laser diode-pumped organic semiconductor lasers utilizing two-dimensional photonic crystal resonators,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.19(10), 741–743 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. Aimono, Y. Kawamura, K. Goushi, H. Yamamoto, H. Sasabe, and C. Adachi, “100% fluorescence efficiency of 4,4'-bis[(N-carbazole)styryl]biphenyl in a solid film and the very low amplified spontaneous emission threshold,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86(7), 071110 (2005). [CrossRef]
- M. R. Weinberger, G. Langer, A. Pogantsch, A. Haase, E. Zojer, and W. Kern, “Continuously color-tunable rubber laser,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)16(2), 130–133 (2004). [CrossRef]
- S. Klinkhammer, N. Heussner, K. Huska, T. Bocksrocker, F. Geislhöringer, C. Vannahme, T. Mappes, and U. Lemmer, “Voltage-controlled tuning of an organic semiconductor distributed feedback laser using liquid crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett.99(2), 023307 (2011). [CrossRef]
- T. Woggon, S. Klinkhammer, and U. Lemmer, “Compact spectroscopy system based on tunable organic semiconductor lasers,” Appl. Phys. B99(1-2), 47–51 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Klinkhammer, T. Woggon, C. Vannahme, T. Mappes, and U. Lemmer, “Optical spectroscopy with organic semiconductor lasers,” Proc. SPIE7722, 77221I, 77221I-10 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Stroisch, T. Woggon, C. Teiwes-Morin, S. Klinkhammer, K. Forberich, A. Gombert, M. Gerken, and U. Lemmer, “Intermediate high index layer for laser mode tuning in organic semiconductor lasers,” Opt. Express18(6), 5890–5895 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Klinkhammer, T. Woggon, U. Geyer, C. Vannahme, T. Mappes, S. Dehm, and U. Lemmer, “A continuously tunable low-threshold organic semiconductor distributed feedback laser fabricated by rotating shadow mask evaporation,” Appl. Phys. B97(4), 787–791 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. Döring, M. Kollosche, T. Rabe, J. Stumpe, and G. Kofod, “Electrically tunable polymer DFB laser,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)23(37), 4265–4269 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Döring, M. Kollosche, T. Rabe, J. Stumpe, and G. Kofod, “Electrically tunable polymer DFB laser,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)23(37), 4265–4269 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Görrn, M. Lehnhardt, W. Kowalsky, T. Riedl, and S. Wagner, “Elastically tunable self-organized organic lasers,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)23(7), 869–872 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Lehnhardt, T. Riedl, T. Weimann, and W. Kowalsky, “Impact of triplet absorption and triplet-singlet annihilation on the dynamics of optically pumped organic solid-state lasers,” Phys. Rev. B81(16), 165206 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. Riedl, T. Rabe, H. H. Johannes, W. Kowalsky, J. Wang, T. Weimann, P. Hinze, B. S. Nehls, T. Farrell, and U. Scherf, “Tunable organic thin-film laser pumped by an inorganic violet diode laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(24), 241116 (2006). [CrossRef]
- J. Wang, T. Weimann, P. Hinze, G. Ade, D. Schneider, T. Rabe, T. Riedl, and W. Kowalsky, “A continuously tunable organic DFB laser,” Microelectron. Eng.78-79, 364–368 (2005). [CrossRef]
- D. Schneider, T. Rabe, T. Riedl, T. Dobbertin, M. Kröger, E. Becker, H.-H. Johannes, W. Kowalsky, T. Weimann, J. Wang, and P. Hinze, “Laser threshold reduction in an all-spiro guest-host system,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(10), 1659–1661 (2004). [CrossRef]
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Acta Phys. URSS
- L. D. Landau and V. G. Levich, “Dragging of a liquid by a moving plate,” Acta Phys. URSS17, 42–54 (1942).
Adv. Funct. Mater.
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Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)
- M. R. Weinberger, G. Langer, A. Pogantsch, A. Haase, E. Zojer, and W. Kern, “Continuously color-tunable rubber laser,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)16(2), 130–133 (2004). [CrossRef]
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Appl. Opt.
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Appl. Phys. B
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Appl. Phys. Express
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