LINC-NIRVANA is a near-infrared Fizeau interferometric imager that will operate at the Large Binocular Telescope. In preparation for the commissioning of this instrument, we conducted experiments for calibrating the high-layer wavefront sensor of the layer-oriented multi-conjugate adaptive optics system. For calibrating the multi-pyramid wavefront sensor, four light sources were used to simulate guide stars. Using this setup, we developed the push-pull method for calibrating the interaction matrix. The benefits of this method over the traditional push-only method are quantified, and also the effects of varying the number of push-pull frames over which aberrations are averaged is reported. Finally, we discuss a method for measuring mis-conjugation between the deformable mirror and the wavefront sensor, and the proper positioning of the wavefront sensor detector with respect to the four pupil positions.

© 2012 OSA

1. R. Ragazzoni, “Pupil plane wavefront sensing with an oscillating prism,” J. Mod. Opt.43, 289–293 (1996). [CrossRef]
2. S. Esposito, A. Riccardi, F. Quirós-Pacheco, E. Pinna, A. Puglisi, M. Xompero, R. Briguglio, L. Busoni, L. Fini, P. Stefanini, G. Brusa, A. Tozzi, P. Ranfagni, F. Pieralli, J. C. Guerra, C. Arcidiacono, and P. Salinari, “Laboratory characterization and performance of the high-order adaptive optics system for the large binocular telescope,” Appl. Opt.49, G174–G189 (2010). [CrossRef]
3. T. M. Herbst, R. Ragazzoni, A. Eckart, and G. Weigelt, “Imaging beyond the fringe: an update on the LINC-NIRVANA Fizeau interferometer for the LBT,” Proc. SPIE7734, 773407 (2010). [CrossRef]
4. R. Ragazzoni, “Adaptive optics for giant telescopes: NGS vs. LGS,” in Proceedings of the Backaskog workshop on extremely large telescopes, Vol. 57 of 2000 ESO conference and workshop proceedings, p.175.
5. R. Ragazzoni, J. Farinato, and E. Marchetti, “Adaptive optics for 100-m-class telescopes: new challenges require new solutions,” Proc. SPIE4007, 1076–1087 (2000). [CrossRef]
6. R. Ragazzoni, E. Diolaiti, J. Farinato, E. Fedrigo, E. Marchetti, M. Tordi, and D. Kirkman, “Multiple field of view layer-oriented adaptive optics. Nearly whole sky coverage on 8 m class telescopes and beyond,” A&A396, 731–744 (2002).
7. E. Marchetti, R. Brast, B. Delabre, R. Donaldson, E. Fedrigo, C. Frank, N. N. Hubin, J. Kolb, M. Le Louarn, J.-L. Lizon, S. Oberti, R. Reiss, J. Santos, S. Tordo, R. Ragazzoni, C. Arcidiacono, A. Baruffolo, E. Diolaiti, J. Farinato, and E. Vernet-Viard, “MAD status report,” Proc. SPIE5490, 236–247 (2004). [CrossRef]
8. C. Arcidiacono, M. Lombini, R. Ragazzoni, J. Farinato, E. Diolaiti, A. Baruffolo, P. Bagnara, G. Gentile, L. Schreiber, E. Marchetti, J. Kolb, S. Tordo, R. Donaldson, C. Soenke, S. Oberti, E. Fedrigo, E. Vernet, and N. Hubin, “Layer oriented wavefront sensor for MAD on sky operations,” Proc. SPIE7015, 70155P (2008). [CrossRef]
9. A. Riccardi, G. Brusa, P. Salinari, S. Busoni, O. Lardiere, P. Ranfagni, D. Gallieni, R. Biasi, M. Andrighettoni, S. Miller, and P. Mantegazza, “Adaptive secondary mirrors for the Large binocular telescope,” Proc. SPIE5169, 159–168 (2003). [CrossRef]
10. R. Ragazzoni, T. M. Herbst, W. Gaessler, D. Andersen, C. Arcidiacono, A. Baruffolo, H. Baumeister, P. Bizenberger, E. Diolaiti, S. Esposito, J. Farinato, H. W. Rix, R.-R. Rohloff, A. Riccardi, P. Salinari, R. Soci, E. Vernet-Viard, and W. Xu, “A visible MCAO channel for NIRVANA at the LBT,” Proc. SPIE4839, 536–543 (2003). [CrossRef]
11. T. Bertram, A. Eckart, B. Lindhorst, S. Rost, C. Straubmeier, E. Tremou, Y. Wang, I. Wank, G. Witzel, U. Beckmann, M. Brix, S. Egner, and T. Herbst, “The LINC-NIRVANA fringe and flexure tracking system,” Proc. SPIE7013, 701327 (2008). [CrossRef]
12. R. J. Noll, “Zernike polynomials and atmospheric turbulence,” J. Opt. Soc. Am.66, 207–211 (1976). [CrossRef]
13. M. Kasper, E. Fedrigo, D. P. Looze, H. Bonnet, L. Ivanescu, and S. Oberti, “Fast calibration of high-order adaptive optics systems,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A21, 1004–1008 (2004). [CrossRef]
14. L. Schreiber, M. Lombini, I. Foppiani, D. Meschke, F. De Bonis, P. Bizenberger, G. Bregoli, G. Cosentino, E. Diolaiti, S. Egner, J. Farinato, W. Gaessler, T. Herbst, G. Innocenti, F. Kittmann, L. Mohr, R. Ragazzoni, and R.-R. Rohloff, “Integration of the mid-high wavefront sensor to the LINC-NIRVANA post-focal relay,” Proc. SPIE7015, 70155A (2008). [CrossRef]
15. D. Meschke, P. Bizenberger, W. Gaessler, X. Zhang, L. Mohr, H. Baumeister, and E. Diolaiti, “An atmospheric turbulence generator for dynamic tests with LINC-NIRVANA’s adaptive optics system,” Proc. SPIE7736, 773646 (2010). [CrossRef]
16. D. Lorenzetti, F. D’Alessio, G. Li Causi, F. Vitali, M. Centrone, R. Speziali, E. Diolaiti, J. Farinato, R. Ragazzoni, T. Bertram, F. Briegel, F. de Bonis, W. Gässler, T. Herbst, M. Kürster, and R.-R. Rohloff, “Feeding the wavefront sensors of LINC-NIRVANA: the dedicated Patrol Camera,” Proc. SPIE7734, 77343S (2010). [CrossRef]
17. R. Ragazzoni, E. Diolaiti, E. Vernet, J. Farinato, E. Marchetti, and C. Arcidiacono, “Arbitrarily Small Pupils in Layer-Oriented Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics,” PASP117, 860–869 (2005). [CrossRef]
18. X. Zhang, W. Gaessler, A. R. Conrad, T. Bertram, C. Arcidiacono, T. M. Herbst, M. Kuerster, P. Bizenberger, D. Meschke, H.-W. Rix, C. Rao, L. Mohr, F. Briegel, F. Kittmann, J. Berwein, J. Trowitzsch, L. Schreiber, R. Ragazzoni, and E. Diolaiti, “First laboratory results with the linc-nirvana high layer wavefront sensor,” Opt. Express19, 16087–16095 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. S. Oberti, F. Quirós-Pacheco, S. Esposito, R. Muradore, R. Arsenault, E. Fedrigo, M. Kasper, J. Kolb, E. Marchetti, A. Riccardi, C. Soenke, and S. Stroebele, “Large DM AO systems: synthetic IM or calibration on sky?” Proc. SPIE6272, 627220 (2006). [CrossRef]
20. A. Riccardi, N. Bindi, R. Ragazzoni, S. Esposito, and P. Stefanini, “Laboratory characterization of a Foucault-like wavefront sensor for adaptive optics,” Proc. SPIE3353, 941–951 (1998). [CrossRef]
21. C. Vérinaud, “On the nature of the measurements provided by a pyramid wave-front sensor,” Opt. Commun.233, 27–38 (2004). [CrossRef]
22. S. Esposito, A. Riccardi, L. Fini, A. T. Puglisi, E. Pinna, M. Xompero, R. Briguglio, F. Quirós-Pacheco, P. Stefanini, J. C. Guerra, L. Busoni, A. Tozzi, F. Pieralli, G. Agapito, G. Brusa-Zappellini, R. Demers, J. Brynnel, C. Arcidiacono, and P. Salinari, “First light AO (FLAO) system for LBT: final integration, acceptance test in Europe, and preliminary on-sky commissioning results,” Proc. SPIE7736, 773609 (2010). [CrossRef]
23. J. B. Costa, “Modulation effect of the atmosphere in a pyramid wave-front sensor,” Appl. Opt.44, 60–66 (2005). [PubMed]
24. A. Riccardi, N. Bindi, R. Ragazzoni, S. Esposito, and P. Stefanini, “Laboratory characterization of a Foucault-like wavefront sensor for adaptive optics,“ Proc. SPIE3353, 941–951 (1998). [CrossRef]
25. M. D. Oliker, “Alignment techniques for DM, Lenslet, and WFS camera at the SOR,” Proc. SPIE3126, 595–604 (1997). [CrossRef]
26. D. Peter, M. Feldt, B. Dorner, T. Henning, S. Hippler, and J. Aceituno, “PYRAMIR: Calibration and Operation of a Pyramid Near-Infrared Wavefront Sensor,” PASP120, 872–886 (2008). [CrossRef]
27. V Korkiakoski, C Vérinaud, and M. L. Louarn, , “Improving the performance of a pyramid wavefront sensor with modal sensitivity compensation,” Appl. Opt.47, 79–87 (2008). [CrossRef]
28. Ragazzoni, R. Herbst, T. M. Gaessler, W. Andersen, D. Arcidiacono, C. Baruffolo, A. Baumeister, H. Bizenberger, P. Diolaiti, E. Esposito, S. Farinato, J. Rix, H. W. Rohloff, R.-R. Riccardi, A. Salinari, P. Soci, R. Vernet-Viard, and E. Xu, “A visible MCAO channel for NIRVANA at the LBT,” Proc. SPIE4839, 536–543 (2003). [CrossRef]

A&A

• R. Ragazzoni, E. Diolaiti, J. Farinato, E. Fedrigo, E. Marchetti, M. Tordi, and D. Kirkman, “Multiple field of view layer-oriented adaptive optics. Nearly whole sky coverage on 8 m class telescopes and beyond,” A&A396, 731–744 (2002).

Appl. Opt.

• S. Esposito, A. Riccardi, F. Quirós-Pacheco, E. Pinna, A. Puglisi, M. Xompero, R. Briguglio, L. Busoni, L. Fini, P. Stefanini, G. Brusa, A. Tozzi, P. Ranfagni, F. Pieralli, J. C. Guerra, C. Arcidiacono, and P. Salinari, “Laboratory characterization and performance of the high-order adaptive optics system for the large binocular telescope,” Appl. Opt.49, G174–G189 (2010). [CrossRef]
• J. B. Costa, “Modulation effect of the atmosphere in a pyramid wave-front sensor,” Appl. Opt.44, 60–66 (2005). [PubMed]
• V Korkiakoski, C Vérinaud, and M. L. Louarn, , “Improving the performance of a pyramid wavefront sensor with modal sensitivity compensation,” Appl. Opt.47, 79–87 (2008). [CrossRef]

J. Mod. Opt.

• R. Ragazzoni, “Pupil plane wavefront sensing with an oscillating prism,” J. Mod. Opt.43, 289–293 (1996). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am.

• R. J. Noll, “Zernike polynomials and atmospheric turbulence,” J. Opt. Soc. Am.66, 207–211 (1976). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A

• M. Kasper, E. Fedrigo, D. P. Looze, H. Bonnet, L. Ivanescu, and S. Oberti, “Fast calibration of high-order adaptive optics systems,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A21, 1004–1008 (2004). [CrossRef]

Opt. Commun.

• C. Vérinaud, “On the nature of the measurements provided by a pyramid wave-front sensor,” Opt. Commun.233, 27–38 (2004). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

• X. Zhang, W. Gaessler, A. R. Conrad, T. Bertram, C. Arcidiacono, T. M. Herbst, M. Kuerster, P. Bizenberger, D. Meschke, H.-W. Rix, C. Rao, L. Mohr, F. Briegel, F. Kittmann, J. Berwein, J. Trowitzsch, L. Schreiber, R. Ragazzoni, and E. Diolaiti, “First laboratory results with the linc-nirvana high layer wavefront sensor,” Opt. Express19, 16087–16095 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

PASP

• R. Ragazzoni, E. Diolaiti, E. Vernet, J. Farinato, E. Marchetti, and C. Arcidiacono, “Arbitrarily Small Pupils in Layer-Oriented Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics,” PASP117, 860–869 (2005). [CrossRef]
• D. Peter, M. Feldt, B. Dorner, T. Henning, S. Hippler, and J. Aceituno, “PYRAMIR: Calibration and Operation of a Pyramid Near-Infrared Wavefront Sensor,” PASP120, 872–886 (2008). [CrossRef]

Proc. SPIE

• A. Riccardi, N. Bindi, R. Ragazzoni, S. Esposito, and P. Stefanini, “Laboratory characterization of a Foucault-like wavefront sensor for adaptive optics,“ Proc. SPIE3353, 941–951 (1998). [CrossRef]
• M. D. Oliker, “Alignment techniques for DM, Lenslet, and WFS camera at the SOR,” Proc. SPIE3126, 595–604 (1997). [CrossRef]
• Ragazzoni, R. Herbst, T. M. Gaessler, W. Andersen, D. Arcidiacono, C. Baruffolo, A. Baumeister, H. Bizenberger, P. Diolaiti, E. Esposito, S. Farinato, J. Rix, H. W. Rohloff, R.-R. Riccardi, A. Salinari, P. Soci, R. Vernet-Viard, and E. Xu, “A visible MCAO channel for NIRVANA at the LBT,” Proc. SPIE4839, 536–543 (2003). [CrossRef]
• S. Oberti, F. Quirós-Pacheco, S. Esposito, R. Muradore, R. Arsenault, E. Fedrigo, M. Kasper, J. Kolb, E. Marchetti, A. Riccardi, C. Soenke, and S. Stroebele, “Large DM AO systems: synthetic IM or calibration on sky?” Proc. SPIE6272, 627220 (2006). [CrossRef]
• A. Riccardi, N. Bindi, R. Ragazzoni, S. Esposito, and P. Stefanini, “Laboratory characterization of a Foucault-like wavefront sensor for adaptive optics,” Proc. SPIE3353, 941–951 (1998). [CrossRef]
• S. Esposito, A. Riccardi, L. Fini, A. T. Puglisi, E. Pinna, M. Xompero, R. Briguglio, F. Quirós-Pacheco, P. Stefanini, J. C. Guerra, L. Busoni, A. Tozzi, F. Pieralli, G. Agapito, G. Brusa-Zappellini, R. Demers, J. Brynnel, C. Arcidiacono, and P. Salinari, “First light AO (FLAO) system for LBT: final integration, acceptance test in Europe, and preliminary on-sky commissioning results,” Proc. SPIE7736, 773609 (2010). [CrossRef]
• L. Schreiber, M. Lombini, I. Foppiani, D. Meschke, F. De Bonis, P. Bizenberger, G. Bregoli, G. Cosentino, E. Diolaiti, S. Egner, J. Farinato, W. Gaessler, T. Herbst, G. Innocenti, F. Kittmann, L. Mohr, R. Ragazzoni, and R.-R. Rohloff, “Integration of the mid-high wavefront sensor to the LINC-NIRVANA post-focal relay,” Proc. SPIE7015, 70155A (2008). [CrossRef]
• D. Meschke, P. Bizenberger, W. Gaessler, X. Zhang, L. Mohr, H. Baumeister, and E. Diolaiti, “An atmospheric turbulence generator for dynamic tests with LINC-NIRVANA’s adaptive optics system,” Proc. SPIE7736, 773646 (2010). [CrossRef]
• D. Lorenzetti, F. D’Alessio, G. Li Causi, F. Vitali, M. Centrone, R. Speziali, E. Diolaiti, J. Farinato, R. Ragazzoni, T. Bertram, F. Briegel, F. de Bonis, W. Gässler, T. Herbst, M. Kürster, and R.-R. Rohloff, “Feeding the wavefront sensors of LINC-NIRVANA: the dedicated Patrol Camera,” Proc. SPIE7734, 77343S (2010). [CrossRef]
• R. Ragazzoni, J. Farinato, and E. Marchetti, “Adaptive optics for 100-m-class telescopes: new challenges require new solutions,” Proc. SPIE4007, 1076–1087 (2000). [CrossRef]
• T. M. Herbst, R. Ragazzoni, A. Eckart, and G. Weigelt, “Imaging beyond the fringe: an update on the LINC-NIRVANA Fizeau interferometer for the LBT,” Proc. SPIE7734, 773407 (2010). [CrossRef]
• E. Marchetti, R. Brast, B. Delabre, R. Donaldson, E. Fedrigo, C. Frank, N. N. Hubin, J. Kolb, M. Le Louarn, J.-L. Lizon, S. Oberti, R. Reiss, J. Santos, S. Tordo, R. Ragazzoni, C. Arcidiacono, A. Baruffolo, E. Diolaiti, J. Farinato, and E. Vernet-Viard, “MAD status report,” Proc. SPIE5490, 236–247 (2004). [CrossRef]
• C. Arcidiacono, M. Lombini, R. Ragazzoni, J. Farinato, E. Diolaiti, A. Baruffolo, P. Bagnara, G. Gentile, L. Schreiber, E. Marchetti, J. Kolb, S. Tordo, R. Donaldson, C. Soenke, S. Oberti, E. Fedrigo, E. Vernet, and N. Hubin, “Layer oriented wavefront sensor for MAD on sky operations,” Proc. SPIE7015, 70155P (2008). [CrossRef]
• A. Riccardi, G. Brusa, P. Salinari, S. Busoni, O. Lardiere, P. Ranfagni, D. Gallieni, R. Biasi, M. Andrighettoni, S. Miller, and P. Mantegazza, “Adaptive secondary mirrors for the Large binocular telescope,” Proc. SPIE5169, 159–168 (2003). [CrossRef]
• R. Ragazzoni, T. M. Herbst, W. Gaessler, D. Andersen, C. Arcidiacono, A. Baruffolo, H. Baumeister, P. Bizenberger, E. Diolaiti, S. Esposito, J. Farinato, H. W. Rix, R.-R. Rohloff, A. Riccardi, P. Salinari, R. Soci, E. Vernet-Viard, and W. Xu, “A visible MCAO channel for NIRVANA at the LBT,” Proc. SPIE4839, 536–543 (2003). [CrossRef]
• T. Bertram, A. Eckart, B. Lindhorst, S. Rost, C. Straubmeier, E. Tremou, Y. Wang, I. Wank, G. Witzel, U. Beckmann, M. Brix, S. Egner, and T. Herbst, “The LINC-NIRVANA fringe and flexure tracking system,” Proc. SPIE7013, 701327 (2008). [CrossRef]

Other

• R. Ragazzoni, “Adaptive optics for giant telescopes: NGS vs. LGS,” in Proceedings of the Backaskog workshop on extremely large telescopes, Vol. 57 of 2000 ESO conference and workshop proceedings, p.175.

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