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p-i-n junction quantum dot saturable absorber mirror: electrical control of ultrafast dynamicsSvetlana A. Zolotovskaya, Mantas Butkus, Reto Häring, Andreas Able, Wilhelm Kaenders, Igor L. Krestnikov, Daniil A. Livshits, and Edik U. Rafailov »View Author Affiliations
Svetlana A. Zolotovskaya,1,4,*
Mantas Butkus,1
Reto Häring,2,5
Andreas Able,2
Wilhelm Kaenders,2
Igor L. Krestnikov,3
Daniil A. Livshits,3
and Edik U. Rafailov1,6
1School of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK 2TOPTICA Photonics AG, Lochhamer Schlag 19, 82166 Munich, Germany 3Innolume GmbH, Konrad-Adenauer-Allee 11, 44263 Dortmund, Germany 4Currently with the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK 5Currently with the Instrument Systems Optische Messtechnik GmbH, Neumarkter Str. 83, D-81673 Munich, Germany 6eurafailov@dundee.ac.uk *Corresponding author: sz27@st-andrews.ac.uk |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 8, pp. 9038-9045 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.009038
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Abstract
We report on nonlinear optical properties of a p-i-n junction quantum dot saturable absorber based on InGaAs/GaAs. Absorption recovery dynamics and nonlinear reflectivity are investigated for different reverse bias and pump power conditions. A decrease in absorption recovery time of nearly two orders of magnitude is demonstrated by applying a voltage between 0 and −20 V. The saturable absorber modulation depth and saturation fluence are found to be independent from the applied reverse bias.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(140.4050) Lasers and laser optics : Mode-locked lasers
(230.4320) Optical devices : Nonlinear optical devices
(320.7150) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast spectroscopy
(250.5590) Optoelectronics : Quantum-well, -wire and -dot devices
ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics
History
Original Manuscript: February 6, 2012
Revised Manuscript: March 13, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: March 28, 2012
Published: April 3, 2012
Citation
Svetlana A. Zolotovskaya, Mantas Butkus, Reto Häring, Andreas Able, Wilhelm Kaenders, Igor L. Krestnikov, Daniil A. Livshits, and Edik U. Rafailov, "p-i-n junction quantum dot saturable absorber mirror: electrical control of ultrafast dynamics," Opt. Express 20, 9038-9045 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-8-9038
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References
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- T. Piwonski, J. Pulka, E. A. Viktorov, G. Huyet, R. J. Manning, J. Houlihan, P. Mandel, and T. Erneux, “Induced absorption dynamics in quantum dot based waveguide electroabsorbers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(12), 121103 (2010). [CrossRef]
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- G. J. Spühler, K. J. Weingarten, R. Grange, L. Krainer, M. Haiml, V. Liverini, M. Golling, S. Schön, and U. Keller, “Semiconductor saturable absorber mirror structures with low saturation fluence,” Appl. Phys. B81(1), 27–32 (2005). [CrossRef]
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- D. B. Malins, A. Gomes-Iglesias, S. J. White, W. Sibbett, A. Miller, and E. U. Rafailov, “Ultrafast electroabsorption dynamics in an InAs quantum dot saturable absorber at 1.3 µm,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(17), 171111 (2006). [CrossRef]
- G. J. Spühler, K. J. Weingarten, R. Grange, L. Krainer, M. Haiml, V. Liverini, M. Golling, S. Schön, and U. Keller, “Semiconductor saturable absorber mirror structures with low saturation fluence,” Appl. Phys. B81(1), 27–32 (2005). [CrossRef]
- G. J. Spühler, K. J. Weingarten, R. Grange, L. Krainer, M. Haiml, V. Liverini, M. Golling, S. Schön, and U. Keller, “Semiconductor saturable absorber mirror structures with low saturation fluence,” Appl. Phys. B81(1), 27–32 (2005). [CrossRef]
- K. König, I. Riemann, P. Fischer, and K. J. Halbhuber, “Intracellular nanosurgery with near infrared femtosecond laser pulses,” Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand)45(2), 195–201 (1999). [PubMed]
- P. Borri, W. Langbein, J. M. Hvam, F. Heinrichsdorff, M.-H. Mao, and D. Bimberg, “Ultrafast gain dynamics in InAs-InGaAs quantum-dot amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.12(6), 594–596 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. R. Karin, R. J. Helkey, D. J. Derickson, R. Nagarajan, D. S. Allin, J. E. Bowers, and R. L. Thornton, “Ultrafast dynamics in field-enhanced saturable absorbers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.64(6), 676–678 (1994). [CrossRef]
- T. Piwonski, J. Pulka, E. A. Viktorov, G. Huyet, R. J. Manning, J. Houlihan, P. Mandel, and T. Erneux, “Induced absorption dynamics in quantum dot based waveguide electroabsorbers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(12), 121103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. Piwonski, J. Pulka, E. A. Viktorov, G. Huyet, R. J. Manning, J. Houlihan, P. Mandel, and T. Erneux, “Induced absorption dynamics in quantum dot based waveguide electroabsorbers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(12), 121103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- P. Borri, W. Langbein, J. M. Hvam, F. Heinrichsdorff, M.-H. Mao, and D. Bimberg, “Ultrafast gain dynamics in InAs-InGaAs quantum-dot amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.12(6), 594–596 (2000). [CrossRef]
- P. Borri, F. Romstad, W. Langbein, A. E. Kelly, J. Mørk, and J. M. Hvam, “Separation of coherent and incoherent nonlinearities in a heterodyne pump-probe experiment,” Opt. Express7(3), 107–112 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. R. Thoen, E. M. Koontz, M. Joschko, P. Langlois, T. R. Schibli, F. X. Kärtner, E. P. Ippen, and L. A. Kolodziejski, “Two-photon absorption in semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.74(26), 3927–3929 (1999). [CrossRef]
- A. Isomäki, A. Vainionpä, S. Suomalainen, and O. G. Okhotnikov, “Self-starting mode-locked fiber laser using biased semiconductor absorber mirror,” Proc. SPIE5958, 5958R (2005).
- S. Tsuda, W. H. Knox, S. T. Cundiff, W. Y. Jan, and J. E. Cunningham, “Mode-locking ultrafast solid-state lasers with saturable Bragg reflectors,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.2(3), 454–464 (1996). [CrossRef]
- E. R. Thoen, E. M. Koontz, M. Joschko, P. Langlois, T. R. Schibli, F. X. Kärtner, E. P. Ippen, and L. A. Kolodziejski, “Two-photon absorption in semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.74(26), 3927–3929 (1999). [CrossRef]
- M. Pillard, X. Marie, E. Vanelle, T. Amand, V. K. Kalevich, A. R. Kovsh, A. E. Zhukov, and V. M. Ustinov, “Time-resolved photoluminescence in self-assemled InAs/GaAs quantum dots under strictly resonant excitation,” Appl. Phys. Lett.76(1), 76–78 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. R. Karin, R. J. Helkey, D. J. Derickson, R. Nagarajan, D. S. Allin, J. E. Bowers, and R. L. Thornton, “Ultrafast dynamics in field-enhanced saturable absorbers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.64(6), 676–678 (1994). [CrossRef]
- E. R. Thoen, E. M. Koontz, M. Joschko, P. Langlois, T. R. Schibli, F. X. Kärtner, E. P. Ippen, and L. A. Kolodziejski, “Two-photon absorption in semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.74(26), 3927–3929 (1999). [CrossRef]
- U. Keller, “Ultrafast solid-state laser oscillators: a success story for the last 20 years with no end in sight,” Appl. Phys. B100(1), 15–28 (2010). [CrossRef]
- U. Keller and A. C. Tropper, “Passively modelocked surface-emitting semiconductor lasers,” Phys. Rep.429(2), 67–120 (2006). [CrossRef]
- G. J. Spühler, K. J. Weingarten, R. Grange, L. Krainer, M. Haiml, V. Liverini, M. Golling, S. Schön, and U. Keller, “Semiconductor saturable absorber mirror structures with low saturation fluence,” Appl. Phys. B81(1), 27–32 (2005). [CrossRef]
- U. Keller, “Recent developments in compact ultrafast lasers,” Nature424(6950), 831–838 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. R. Brovelli, U. Keller, and T. H. Chiu, “Design and operation of antiresonant Fabry-Perot saturable semiconductor absorbers for mode-locked solid state lasers,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B12(2), 311–322 (1995). [CrossRef]
- U. Keller, G. R. Jacobvitz-Veselka, and M. T. Asom, “Broadband fast semiconductor saturable absorber,” Opt. Lett.17, 1791–1793 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J.-H. Ser, Y.-H. Lee, J.-W. Kim, and J.-E. Oh, “Direct observation of strong quantum-confined stark effect in vertically-stacked quantum dots at room temperature,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.39(Part 2, No. 6A), L518–L520 (2000). [CrossRef]
- S. Tsuda, W. H. Knox, S. T. Cundiff, W. Y. Jan, and J. E. Cunningham, “Mode-locking ultrafast solid-state lasers with saturable Bragg reflectors,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.2(3), 454–464 (1996). [CrossRef]
- E. R. Thoen, E. M. Koontz, M. Joschko, P. Langlois, T. R. Schibli, F. X. Kärtner, E. P. Ippen, and L. A. Kolodziejski, “Two-photon absorption in semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.74(26), 3927–3929 (1999). [CrossRef]
- K. König, I. Riemann, P. Fischer, and K. J. Halbhuber, “Intracellular nanosurgery with near infrared femtosecond laser pulses,” Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand)45(2), 195–201 (1999). [PubMed]
- E. R. Thoen, E. M. Koontz, M. Joschko, P. Langlois, T. R. Schibli, F. X. Kärtner, E. P. Ippen, and L. A. Kolodziejski, “Two-photon absorption in semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.74(26), 3927–3929 (1999). [CrossRef]
- M. G. Thompson, A. Rae, R. L. Sellin, C. Marinelli, R. V. Penty, I. H. White, A. R. Kovsh, S. S. Mihkrin, D. A. Livshits, and I. L. Krestnikov, “Subpicosecond high-power mode locking using flared waveguide monolithic quantum-dot lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(13), 133119 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Pillard, X. Marie, E. Vanelle, T. Amand, V. K. Kalevich, A. R. Kovsh, A. E. Zhukov, and V. M. Ustinov, “Time-resolved photoluminescence in self-assemled InAs/GaAs quantum dots under strictly resonant excitation,” Appl. Phys. Lett.76(1), 76–78 (2000). [CrossRef]
- G. J. Spühler, K. J. Weingarten, R. Grange, L. Krainer, M. Haiml, V. Liverini, M. Golling, S. Schön, and U. Keller, “Semiconductor saturable absorber mirror structures with low saturation fluence,” Appl. Phys. B81(1), 27–32 (2005). [CrossRef]
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Appl. Phys. B
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Appl. Phys. Lett.
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Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand)
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Electron. Lett.
- B. Stormont, E. U. Rafailov, I. G. Cormack, A. Mooradian, and W. Sibbett, “Extended-cavity surface-emitting diode laser as active mirror controlling modelocked Ti:sapphire laser,” Electron. Lett.40(12), 732–734 (2004). [CrossRef]
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IEEE Electron. Dev. Lett.
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IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.
- S. Tsuda, W. H. Knox, S. T. Cundiff, W. Y. Jan, and J. E. Cunningham, “Mode-locking ultrafast solid-state lasers with saturable Bragg reflectors,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.2(3), 454–464 (1996). [CrossRef]
IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.
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- E. U. Rafailov, S. J. White, A. A. Lagatsky, A. Miller, W. Sibbett, D. A. Livshits, A. E. Zhukov, and V. M. Ustinov, “Fast quantum-dot saturable absorber for passive mode-locking of solid-state lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.16(11), 2439–2441 (2004). [CrossRef]
- P. Borri, W. Langbein, J. M. Hvam, F. Heinrichsdorff, M.-H. Mao, and D. Bimberg, “Ultrafast gain dynamics in InAs-InGaAs quantum-dot amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.12(6), 594–596 (2000). [CrossRef]
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- D. B. Malins, A. Gomes-Iglesias, E. U. Rafailov, W. Sibbett, and A. Miller, “Electro-absorption and electro-refraction in an InAs quantum dot waveguide modulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.19(15), 1118–1120 (2007). [CrossRef]
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
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Nat. Photonics
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Nature
- U. Keller, “Recent developments in compact ultrafast lasers,” Nature424(6950), 831–838 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Proc. SPIE
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Prog. Quantum Electron.
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2010, Keller, Appl. Phys. B
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- X. Liu, E. U. Rafailov, D. Livshits, and D. Turchinovich, “Quantum well saturable absorber mirror with electrical control of modulation depth,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(5), 051103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. Piwonski, J. Pulka, E. A. Viktorov, G. Huyet, R. J. Manning, J. Houlihan, P. Mandel, and T. Erneux, “Induced absorption dynamics in quantum dot based waveguide electroabsorbers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(12), 121103 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. A. Zolotovskaya, K. G. Wilcox, A. Abdolvand, D. A. Livshits, and E. U. Rafailov, “Electronically controlled pulse duration passively mode-locked Cr:forsterite laser,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.21(16), 1124–1126 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- D. B. Malins, A. Gomes-Iglesias, P. Spencer, E. Clarke, R. Murray, and A. Miller, “Quantum-confined Stark effect and ultrafast absorption dynamics in bilayer InAs quantum dot waveguide,” Electron. Lett.43(12), 686–687 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- M. G. Thompson, A. Rae, R. L. Sellin, C. Marinelli, R. V. Penty, I. H. White, A. R. Kovsh, S. S. Mihkrin, D. A. Livshits, and I. L. Krestnikov, “Subpicosecond high-power mode locking using flared waveguide monolithic quantum-dot lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(13), 133119 (2006). [CrossRef]
- U. Keller and A. C. Tropper, “Passively modelocked surface-emitting semiconductor lasers,” Phys. Rep.429(2), 67–120 (2006). [CrossRef]
- G. J. Spühler, K. J. Weingarten, R. Grange, L. Krainer, M. Haiml, V. Liverini, M. Golling, S. Schön, and U. Keller, “Semiconductor saturable absorber mirror structures with low saturation fluence,” Appl. Phys. B81(1), 27–32 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. A. Lagatsky, E. U. Rafailov, W. Sibbett, D. A. Livshits, A. E. Zhukov, and V. M. Ustinov, “Quantum-dot-based saturable absorber with p-n junction for mode-locking of solid-state lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.17(2), 294–296 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. Isomäki, A. Vainionpä, S. Suomalainen, and O. G. Okhotnikov, “Self-starting mode-locked fiber laser using biased semiconductor absorber mirror,” Proc. SPIE5958, 5958R (2005).
- K. A. Williams, M. G. Thompson, and I. H. White, “Long-wavelength monolithic mode-locked diode lasers,” New J. Phys.6, 179 (2004). [CrossRef]
- B. Stormont, E. U. Rafailov, I. G. Cormack, A. Mooradian, and W. Sibbett, “Extended-cavity surface-emitting diode laser as active mirror controlling modelocked Ti:sapphire laser,” Electron. Lett.40(12), 732–734 (2004). [CrossRef]
- E. U. Rafailov, S. J. White, A. A. Lagatsky, A. Miller, W. Sibbett, D. A. Livshits, A. E. Zhukov, and V. M. Ustinov, “Fast quantum-dot saturable absorber for passive mode-locking of solid-state lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.16(11), 2439–2441 (2004). [CrossRef]
- U. Keller, “Recent developments in compact ultrafast lasers,” Nature424(6950), 831–838 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Quochi, M. Dinu, N. H. Bonadeo, J. Shah, L. N. Pfeiffer, K. W. West, and P. M. Platzman, “Ultrafast carrier dynamics of resonantly exited 1.3 μm InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots,” Physica B314(1-4), 263–267 (2002). [CrossRef]
- T. W. Berg, S. Bischoff, I. Magnusdottir, and J. Mørk, “Ultrafast gain recovery and modulation limitations in self-assembled quantum-dot devices,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.13(6), 541–543 (2001). [CrossRef]
- M. Pillard, X. Marie, E. Vanelle, T. Amand, V. K. Kalevich, A. R. Kovsh, A. E. Zhukov, and V. M. Ustinov, “Time-resolved photoluminescence in self-assemled InAs/GaAs quantum dots under strictly resonant excitation,” Appl. Phys. Lett.76(1), 76–78 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J.-H. Ser, Y.-H. Lee, J.-W. Kim, and J.-E. Oh, “Direct observation of strong quantum-confined stark effect in vertically-stacked quantum dots at room temperature,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.39(Part 2, No. 6A), L518–L520 (2000). [CrossRef]
- P. Borri, W. Langbein, J. M. Hvam, F. Heinrichsdorff, M.-H. Mao, and D. Bimberg, “Ultrafast gain dynamics in InAs-InGaAs quantum-dot amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.12(6), 594–596 (2000). [CrossRef]
- E. R. Thoen, E. M. Koontz, M. Joschko, P. Langlois, T. R. Schibli, F. X. Kärtner, E. P. Ippen, and L. A. Kolodziejski, “Two-photon absorption in semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.74(26), 3927–3929 (1999). [CrossRef]
- K. König, I. Riemann, P. Fischer, and K. J. Halbhuber, “Intracellular nanosurgery with near infrared femtosecond laser pulses,” Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand)45(2), 195–201 (1999). [PubMed]
- S. Tsuda, W. H. Knox, S. T. Cundiff, W. Y. Jan, and J. E. Cunningham, “Mode-locking ultrafast solid-state lasers with saturable Bragg reflectors,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.2(3), 454–464 (1996). [CrossRef]
- J. R. Karin, R. J. Helkey, D. J. Derickson, R. Nagarajan, D. S. Allin, J. E. Bowers, and R. L. Thornton, “Ultrafast dynamics in field-enhanced saturable absorbers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.64(6), 676–678 (1994). [CrossRef]
- F. Smith, A. R. Calawa, C.-L. Chen, M. J. Manfra, and L. J. Mahoney, “New MBE buffer used to eliminate backgating in GaAs MESFETs,” IEEE Electron. Dev. Lett.9(2), 77–80 (1988). [CrossRef]
- A. Ashkin, J. M. Dziedzic, and T. Yamane, “Optical trapping and manipulation of single cells using infrared laser beams,” Nature330(6150), 769–771 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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