Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is a functional imaging method that provides additional contrast using the light polarizing properties of a sample. This manuscript describes PS-OCT based on ultrahigh speed swept source / Fourier domain OCT operating at 1050nm at 100kHz axial scan rates using single mode fiber optics and a multiplexing approach. Unlike previously reported PS-OCT multiplexing schemes, the method uses a passive polarization delay unit and does not require active polarization modulating devices. This advance decreases system cost and avoids complex synchronization requirements. The polarization delay unit was implemented in the sample beam path in order to simultaneously illuminate the sample with two different polarization states. The orthogonal polarization components for the depth-multiplexed signals from the two input states were detected using dual balanced detection. PS-OCT images were computed using Jones calculus. 3D PS-OCT imaging was performed in the human and rat retina. In addition to standard OCT images, PS-OCT images were generated using contrast form birefringence and depolarization. Enhanced tissue discrimination as well as quantitative measurements of sample properties was demonstrated using the additional contrast and information contained in the PS-OCT images.

© 2012 OSA

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23. W. Wieser, B. R. Biedermann, T. Klein, C. M. Eigenwillig, and R. Huber, “Multi-megahertz OCT: High quality 3D imaging at 20 million A-scans and 4.5 GVoxels per second,” Opt. Express18(14), 14685–14704 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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26. M. K. Al-Qaisi and T. Akkin, “Swept-source polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography based on polarization-maintaining fiber,” Opt. Express18(4), 3392–3403 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. M. Yamanari, S. Makita, and Y. Yasuno, “Polarization-sensitive swept-source optical coherence tomography with continuous source polarization modulation,” Opt. Express16(8), 5892–5906 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. W. Y. Oh, S. H. Yun, B. J. Vakoc, M. Shishkov, A. E. Desjardins, B. H. Park, J. F. de Boer, G. J. Tearney, and B. E. Bouma, “High-speed polarization sensitive optical frequency domain imaging with frequency multiplexing,” Opt. Express16(2), 1096–1103 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. P. Sharma, Y. Verma, K. D. Rao, and P. K. Gupta, “Single mode fiber based polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography using a swept laser source,” J. Opt.13(11), 115301 (2011). [CrossRef]
30. K. H. Kim, B. H. Park, Y. P. Tu, T. Hasan, B. Lee, J. A. Li, and J. F. de Boer, “Polarization-sensitive optical frequency domain imaging based on unpolarized light,” Opt. Express19(2), 552–561 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
31. C. K. Hitzenberger, E. Goetzinger, M. Sticker, M. Pircher, and A. F. Fercher, “Measurement and imaging of birefringence and optic axis orientation by phase resolved polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express9(13), 780–790 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32. S. Jiao and L. V. Wang, “Jones-matrix imaging of biological tissues with quadruple-channel optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.7(3), 350–358 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. C. M. Fan, Y. Wang, and R. K. K. Wang, “Spectral domain polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography achieved by single camera detection,” Opt. Express15(13), 7950–7961 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34. T. Schmoll, E. Götzinger, M. Pircher, C. K. Hitzenberger, and R. A. Leitgeb, “Single-camera polarization-sensitive spectral-domain OCT by spatial frequency encoding,” Opt. Lett.35(2), 241–243 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. S. G. Guo, J. Zhang, L. Wang, J. S. Nelson, and Z. P. Chen, “Depth-resolved birefringence and differential optical axis orientation measurements with fiber-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 2025–2027 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
36. B. Hyle Park, M. C. Pierce, B. Cense, and J. F. de Boer, “Jones matrix analysis for a polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography system using fiber-optic components,” Opt. Lett.29(21), 2512–2514 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
37. S. Makita, M. Yamanari, and Y. Yasuno, “Generalized Jones matrix optical coherence tomography: performance and local birefringence imaging,” Opt. Express18(2), 854–876 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
38. M. Wojtkowski, V. J. Srinivasan, T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, A. Kowalczyk, and J. S. Duker, “Ultrahigh-resolution, high-speed, Fourier domain optical coherence tomography and methods for dispersion compensation,” Opt. Express12(11), 2404–2422 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
39. E. Götzinger, B. Baumann, M. Pircher, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Polarization maintaining fiber based ultra-high resolution spectral domain polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express17(25), 22704–22717 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40. B. Baumann, B. Potsaid, M. F. Kraus, J. J. Liu, D. Huang, J. Hornegger, A. E. Cable, J. S. Duker, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Total retinal blood flow measurement with ultrahigh speed swept source/Fourier domain OCT,” Biomed. Opt. Express2(6), 1539–1552 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
41. Z. H. Lu, D. K. Kasaragod, and S. J. Matcher, “Method to calibrate phase fluctuation in polarization-sensitive swept-source optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(7), 070502 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
42. G. J. Liu, J. Zhang, L. F. Yu, T. Q. Xie, and Z. P. Chen, “Real-time polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography data processing with parallel computing,” Appl. Opt.48(32), 6365–6370 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. R. N. Weinreb, A. W. Dreher, A. Coleman, H. Quigley, B. Shaw, and K. Reiter, “Histopathologic validation of Fourier-ellipsometry measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness,” Arch. Ophthalmol.108(4), 557–560 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
44. Q. Li, A. M. Timmers, K. Hunter, C. Gonzalez-Pola, A. S. Lewin, D. H. Reitze, and W. W. Hauswirth, “Noninvasive imaging by optical coherence tomography to monitor retinal degeneration in the mouse,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.42(12), 2981–2989 (2001). [PubMed]
45. N. Horio, S. Kachi, K. Hori, Y. Okamoto, E. Yamamoto, H. Terasaki, and Y. Miyake, “Progressive change of optical coherence tomography scans in retinal degeneration slow mice,” Arch. Ophthalmol.119(9), 1329–1332 (2001). [PubMed]
46. T. Fukuchi, K. Takahashi, K. Shou, and M. Matsumura, “Optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings in normal retina and laser-induced choroidal neovascularization in rats,” Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol.239(1), 41–46 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
47. V. J. Srinivasan, T. H. Ko, M. Wojtkowski, M. Carvalho, A. Clermont, S. E. Bursell, Q. H. Song, J. Lem, J. S. Duker, J. S. Schuman, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Noninvasive volumetric imaging and morphometry of the rodent retina with high-speed, ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.47(12), 5522–5528 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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49. L. Duan, S. Makita, M. Yamanari, Y. Lim, and Y. Yasuno, “Monte-Carlo-based phase retardation estimator for polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express19(17), 16330–16345 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
50. M. Gora, K. Karnowski, M. Szkulmowski, B. J. Kaluzny, R. Huber, A. Kowalczyk, and M. Wojtkowski, “Ultra high-speed swept source OCT imaging of the anterior segment of human eye at 200 kHz with adjustable imaging range,” Opt. Express17(17), 14880–14894 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Opt.

• G. J. Liu, J. Zhang, L. F. Yu, T. Q. Xie, and Z. P. Chen, “Real-time polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography data processing with parallel computing,” Appl. Opt.48(32), 6365–6370 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Arch. Ophthalmol.

• R. N. Weinreb, A. W. Dreher, A. Coleman, H. Quigley, B. Shaw, and K. Reiter, “Histopathologic validation of Fourier-ellipsometry measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness,” Arch. Ophthalmol.108(4), 557–560 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• N. Horio, S. Kachi, K. Hori, Y. Okamoto, E. Yamamoto, H. Terasaki, and Y. Miyake, “Progressive change of optical coherence tomography scans in retinal degeneration slow mice,” Arch. Ophthalmol.119(9), 1329–1332 (2001). [PubMed]

Biomed. Opt. Express

• B. Baumann, B. Potsaid, M. F. Kraus, J. J. Liu, D. Huang, J. Hornegger, A. E. Cable, J. S. Duker, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Total retinal blood flow measurement with ultrahigh speed swept source/Fourier domain OCT,” Biomed. Opt. Express2(6), 1539–1552 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol.

• T. Fukuchi, K. Takahashi, K. Shou, and M. Matsumura, “Optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings in normal retina and laser-induced choroidal neovascularization in rats,” Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol.239(1), 41–46 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

• V. J. Srinivasan, T. H. Ko, M. Wojtkowski, M. Carvalho, A. Clermont, S. E. Bursell, Q. H. Song, J. Lem, J. S. Duker, J. S. Schuman, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Noninvasive volumetric imaging and morphometry of the rodent retina with high-speed, ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.47(12), 5522–5528 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Ruggeri, H. Wehbe, S. L. Jiao, G. Gregori, M. E. Jockovich, A. Hackam, Y. L. Duan, and C. A. Puliafito, “In vivo three-dimensional high-resolution imaging of rodent retina with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.48(4), 1808–1814 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• Q. Li, A. M. Timmers, K. Hunter, C. Gonzalez-Pola, A. S. Lewin, D. H. Reitze, and W. W. Hauswirth, “Noninvasive imaging by optical coherence tomography to monitor retinal degeneration in the mouse,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.42(12), 2981–2989 (2001). [PubMed]
• B. Cense, T. C. Chen, B. H. Park, M. C. Pierce, and J. F. de Boer, “Thickness and birefringence of healthy retinal nerve fiber layer tissue measured with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.45(8), 2606–2612 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• C. Ahlers, E. Götzinger, M. Pircher, I. Golbaz, F. Prager, C. Schütze, B. Baumann, C. K. Hitzenberger, and U. Schmidt-Erfurth, “Imaging of the retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.51(4), 2149–2157 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J Biophoton.

• E. Götzinger, M. Pircher, B. Baumann, C. Hirn, C. Vass, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Retinal nerve fiber layer birefringence evaluated with polarization sensitive spectral domain OCT and scanning laser polarimetry: a comparison,” J Biophoton.1(2), 129–139 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Biomed. Opt.

• M. Yamanari, M. Miura, S. Makita, T. Yatagai, and Y. Yasuno, “Phase retardation measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer by polarization-sensitive spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and scanning laser polarimetry,” J. Biomed. Opt.13(1), 014013 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• E. Götzinger, M. Pircher, M. Sticker, A. F. Fercher, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Measurement and imaging of birefringent properties of the human cornea with phase-resolved, polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.9(1), 94–102 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. M. Srinivas, J. F. de Boer, H. Park, K. Keikhanzadeh, H. E. L. Huang, J. Zhang, W. Q. Jung, Z. P. Chen, and J. S. Nelson, “Determination of burn depth by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.9(1), 207–212 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• J. Strasswimmer, M. C. Pierce, B. H. Park, V. Neel, and J. F. de Boer, “Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography of invasive basal cell carcinoma,” J. Biomed. Opt.9(2), 292–298 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• B. Baumann, E. Götzinger, M. Pircher, H. Sattmann, C. Schütze, F. Schlanitz, C. Ahlers, U. Schmidt-Erfurth, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Segmentation and quantification of retinal lesions in age-related macular degeneration using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.15(6), 061704 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. Jiao and L. V. Wang, “Jones-matrix imaging of biological tissues with quadruple-channel optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.7(3), 350–358 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• Z. H. Lu, D. K. Kasaragod, and S. J. Matcher, “Method to calibrate phase fluctuation in polarization-sensitive swept-source optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(7), 070502 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Opt.

• P. Sharma, Y. Verma, K. D. Rao, and P. K. Gupta, “Single mode fiber based polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography using a swept laser source,” J. Opt.13(11), 115301 (2011). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

• M. R. Hee, D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Polarization-sensitive low-coherence reflectometer for birefringence characterization and ranging,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B9(6), 903–908 (1992). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

• M. Pircher, E. Götzinger, R. Leitgeb, H. Sattmann, O. Findl, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Imaging of polarization properties of human retina in vivo with phase resolved transversal PS-OCT,” Opt. Express12(24), 5940–5951 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• E. Götzinger, M. Pircher, W. Geitzenauer, C. Ahlers, B. Baumann, S. Michels, U. Schmidt-Erfurth, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Retinal pigment epithelium segmentation by polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express16(21), 16410–16422 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. Miyazawa, M. Yamanari, S. Makita, M. Miura, K. Kawana, K. Iwaya, H. Goto, and Y. Yasuno, “Tissue discrimination in anterior eye using three optical parameters obtained by polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express17(20), 17426–17440 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• R. Leitgeb, C. K. Hitzenberger, and A. F. Fercher, “Performance of fourier domain vs. time domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express11(8), 889–894 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. A. Choma, M. V. Sarunic, C. H. Yang, and J. A. Izatt, “Sensitivity advantage of swept source and Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express11(18), 2183–2189 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• B. Potsaid, I. Gorczynska, V. J. Srinivasan, Y. L. Chen, J. Jiang, A. Cable, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Ultrahigh speed spectral / Fourier domain OCT ophthalmic imaging at 70,000 to 312,500 axial scans per second,” Opt. Express16(19), 15149–15169 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• R. Huber, M. Wojtkowski, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Fourier Domain Mode Locking (FDML): A new laser operating regime and applications for optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express14(8), 3225–3237 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• K. H. Kim, B. H. Park, Y. P. Tu, T. Hasan, B. Lee, J. A. Li, and J. F. de Boer, “Polarization-sensitive optical frequency domain imaging based on unpolarized light,” Opt. Express19(2), 552–561 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• C. K. Hitzenberger, E. Goetzinger, M. Sticker, M. Pircher, and A. F. Fercher, “Measurement and imaging of birefringence and optic axis orientation by phase resolved polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express9(13), 780–790 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. Makita, M. Yamanari, and Y. Yasuno, “Generalized Jones matrix optical coherence tomography: performance and local birefringence imaging,” Opt. Express18(2), 854–876 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Wojtkowski, V. J. Srinivasan, T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, A. Kowalczyk, and J. S. Duker, “Ultrahigh-resolution, high-speed, Fourier domain optical coherence tomography and methods for dispersion compensation,” Opt. Express12(11), 2404–2422 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• E. Götzinger, B. Baumann, M. Pircher, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Polarization maintaining fiber based ultra-high resolution spectral domain polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express17(25), 22704–22717 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• C. M. Fan, Y. Wang, and R. K. K. Wang, “Spectral domain polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography achieved by single camera detection,” Opt. Express15(13), 7950–7961 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• B. Potsaid, B. Baumann, D. Huang, S. Barry, A. E. Cable, J. S. Schuman, J. S. Duker, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Ultrahigh speed 1050nm swept source/Fourier domain OCT retinal and anterior segment imaging at 100,000 to 400,000 axial scans per second,” Opt. Express18(19), 20029–20048 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• W. Wieser, B. R. Biedermann, T. Klein, C. M. Eigenwillig, and R. Huber, “Multi-megahertz OCT: High quality 3D imaging at 20 million A-scans and 4.5 GVoxels per second,” Opt. Express18(14), 14685–14704 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• J. Zhang, W. Jung, J. S. Nelson, and Z. Chen, “Full range polarization-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express12(24), 6033–6039 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. K. Al-Qaisi and T. Akkin, “Swept-source polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography based on polarization-maintaining fiber,” Opt. Express18(4), 3392–3403 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Yamanari, S. Makita, and Y. Yasuno, “Polarization-sensitive swept-source optical coherence tomography with continuous source polarization modulation,” Opt. Express16(8), 5892–5906 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• W. Y. Oh, S. H. Yun, B. J. Vakoc, M. Shishkov, A. E. Desjardins, B. H. Park, J. F. de Boer, G. J. Tearney, and B. E. Bouma, “High-speed polarization sensitive optical frequency domain imaging with frequency multiplexing,” Opt. Express16(2), 1096–1103 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• L. Duan, S. Makita, M. Yamanari, Y. Lim, and Y. Yasuno, “Monte-Carlo-based phase retardation estimator for polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express19(17), 16330–16345 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Gora, K. Karnowski, M. Szkulmowski, B. J. Kaluzny, R. Huber, A. Kowalczyk, and M. Wojtkowski, “Ultra high-speed swept source OCT imaging of the anterior segment of human eye at 200 kHz with adjustable imaging range,” Opt. Express17(17), 14880–14894 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

• T. Schmoll, E. Götzinger, M. Pircher, C. K. Hitzenberger, and R. A. Leitgeb, “Single-camera polarization-sensitive spectral-domain OCT by spatial frequency encoding,” Opt. Lett.35(2), 241–243 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. G. Guo, J. Zhang, L. Wang, J. S. Nelson, and Z. P. Chen, “Depth-resolved birefringence and differential optical axis orientation measurements with fiber-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 2025–2027 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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