Plasmonic core-shell metal-organic nanoparticles enhanced dye-sensitized solar cells

doi:10.1364/OE.20.00A898

Plasmonic core-shell metal-organic nanoparticles enhanced dye-sensitized solar cells

Qi Xu, Fang Liu, Weisi Meng, and Yidong Huang »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue S6, pp. A898-A907 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.00A898

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Abstract

We present an investigation on introducing core-shell Au@PVP nanoparticles (NPs) into dye-sensitized solar cells. As a novel core-shell NPs structure, Au@PVP present not only the chemical stability to iodide/triiodide electrolyte, but also the adhesiveness to dye molecules, which could help to localize most of dye molecules around plasmonic NPs, hence increasing the optical absorption consequently the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the device. We obtain a PCE enhancement of 30% from 3.3% to 4.3% with incorporation of Au@PVP NPs. Moreover, the device performance with different concentration of Au@PVP NPs from 0 to 12.5 wt% has been studied, and we draw the conclusion that the performance of DSCs could be well improved through enhancing the light absorption by local surface plasmon (LSP) effect from Au@PVP NPs with an optimized concentration.

OCIS Codes
(040.0040) Detectors : Detectors
(040.5350) Detectors : Photovoltaic

ToC Category:
Photovoltaics

History
Original Manuscript: August 23, 2012
Revised Manuscript: September 21, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: September 25, 2012
Published: October 9, 2012

Citation
Qi Xu, Fang Liu, Weisi Meng, and Yidong Huang, "Plasmonic core-shell metal-organic nanoparticles enhanced dye-sensitized solar cells," Opt. Express 20, A898-A907 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-S6-A898

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References

B. O'Regan and M. Grätzel, “A Low-Cost, High-Efficiency Solar Cell Based on Dye-Sensitized Colloidal TiO2 Films,” Nature353(6346), 737–740 (1991). [CrossRef]
M. K. Nazeeruddin, A. Kay, I. Rodicio, R. Humphry-Baker, E. Mueller, P. Liska, N. Vlachopoulos, and M. Grätzel, “Conversion of Light to Electricity by cis-X2bis (2,20-bipyridyl-4,40-dicarboxylate) ruthenium(II) Charge-Transfer Sensitizers(X = Cl-, Br-, I-, CN-, and SCN-) on Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide Electrodes,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.115(14), 6382–6390 (1993). [CrossRef]
M. Grätzel, “Photoelectrochemical cells,” Nature414(6861), 338–344 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Grätzel, “Dye-sensitized solar cells,” J. Photochem. Photobiol. Photochem. Rev.4(2), 145–153 (2003). [CrossRef]
C. Y. Chen, M. Wang, J. Y. Li, N. Pootrakulchote, L. Alibabaei, C. H. Ngoc-le, J. D. Decoppet, J. H. Tsai, C. Grätzel, C. G. Wu, S. M. Zakeeruddin, and M. Grätzel, “Highly Efficient Light-Harvesting Ruthenium Sensitizer for Thin-Film Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,” ACS Nano3(10), 3103–3109 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. Alvarez-Puebla, L. M. Liz-Marzan, and F. J. Garcia de Abajo, “Light Concentration at the Nanometer Scale,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett.1(16), 2428–2434 (2010). [CrossRef]
H. Nabika, M. Takase, F. Nagasawa, and K. Murakoshi, “Toward Plasmon-Induced Photoexcitation of Molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett.1(16), 2470–2487 (2010). [CrossRef]
A. L. Koh, A. I. Fernández-Domínguez, D. W. McComb, S. A. Maier, and J. K. W. Yang, “High-Resolution Mapping of Electron-Beam-Excited Plasmon Modes in Lithographically Defined Gold Nanostructures,” Nano Lett.11(3), 1323–1330 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. Slaughter, W. S. Chang, and S. Link, “Characterizing Plasmons in Nanoparticles and Their Assemblies with Single Particle Spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett.2(16), 2015–2023 (2011). [CrossRef]
M. G. Blaber, A. I. Henry, J. M. Bingham, G. C. Schatz, and R. P. Van Duyne, “LSPR Imaging of Silver Triangular Nanoprisms: Correlating Scattering with Structure Using Electrodynamics for Plasmon Lifetime Analysis,” J. Phys. Chem. C116(1), 393–403 (2012). [CrossRef]
E. Thimsen, F. Le Formal, M. Grätzel, and S. C. Warren, “Influence of plasmonic Au nanoparticles on Tthe photoactivity of Fe2O3 electrodes for water splitting,” Nano Lett.11(1), 35–43 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. Noguez, “Surface Plasmons on Metal Nanoparticles: The Influence of Shape and Physical Environment,” J. Phys. Chem. C111(10), 3806–3819 (2007). [CrossRef]
M. Ihara, K. Tanaka, K. Sakaki, I. Honma, and K. Yamada, “Enhancement of the Absorption Coefficient of cis-(NCS)2 Bis(2,20-bipyridyl-4,40-dicarboxylate) ruthenium(II) Dye in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by a Silver Island Film,” J. Phys. Chem. B101(26), 5153–5157 (1997). [CrossRef]
K. Ishikawa, C. J. Wen, K. Yamada, and T. Okubo, “The Photocurrent of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Enhanced by the Surface Plasmon Resonance,” J. Chem. Eng. of Jpn37(5), 645–649 (2004). [CrossRef]
C. Hagglund, M. Zach, and B. Kasemo, “Enhanced Charge Carrier Generation in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells by Nanoparticle Plasmons,” Appl. Phys. Lett.92(1), 013113 (2008). [CrossRef]
S. D. Standridge, G. C. Schatz, and J. T. Hupp, “Toward Plasmonic Solar Cells: Protection of Silver Nanoparticles Via Atomic Layer Deposition of TiO2.,” Langmuir25(5), 2596–2600 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. D. Standridge, G. C. Schatz, and J. T. Hupp, “Distance Dependence of Plasmon-Enhanced Photocurrent in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.131(24), 8407–8409 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
G. Zhao, H. Kozuka, and T. Yoko, “Effects of the Incorporation of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles on the Photoanodic Properties of Rose Bengal Sensitized TiO2 Film Electrodes Prepared by Sol-Gel Method,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells46(3), 219–231 (1997). [CrossRef]
C. Wen, K. Ishikawa, M. Kishima, and K. Yamada, “Effects of Silver Particles on the Photovoltaic Properties of Dye-Sensitized TiO2 Thin Films,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells61(4), 339–351 (2000). [CrossRef]
M. D. Brown, T. Suteewong, R. S. S. Kumar, V. D’Innocenzo, A. Petrozza, M. M. Lee, U. Wiesner, and H. J. Snaith, “Plasmonic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Core-Shell Metal-Insulator Nanoparticles,” Nano Lett.11(2), 438–445 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Qi, X. Dang, P. T. Hammond, and A. M. Belcher, “Highly Efficient Plasmon-Enhanced Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Through Metal@Oxide Core@Shell Nanostructure,” ACS Nano5(9), 7108–7116 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. Nahm, H. Choi, J. Kim, D. R. Jung, C. Kim, J. Moon, B. Lee, and B. Park, “The effects of 100 nm-diameter Au nanoparticles on dye-sensitized solar cells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.99(25), 253107 (2011). [CrossRef]
P. V. Kamat, M. A. Fox, and A. J. Fatiadi, “Dye-loaded polymer electrodes. 2. Photoelectrochemical sensitization by croconate violet in polymer films,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.106(5), 1191–1197 (1984). [CrossRef]
P. V. Kamat and M. A. Fox, “Photophysics and photochemistry of xanthene dyes in polymer solutions and films,” J. Phys. Chem.88(11), 2297–2302 (1984). [CrossRef]
H. Chen, M. G. Blaber, S. D. Standridge, E. J. DeMarco, J. T. Hupp, M. A. Ratner, and G. C. Schatz, “Computational Modeling of Plasmon-Enhanced Light Absorption in a Multicomponent Dye Sensitized Solar Cell,” J. Phys. Chem. C116(18), 10215–10221 (2012). [CrossRef]
A. J. Moulé, H. J. Snaith, M. Kaiser, H. Klesper, D. M. Huang, M. Grätzel, and K. Meerholz, “Optical description of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. I. Measurement of layer optical properties,” J. Appl. Phys.106(7), 073111 (2009). [CrossRef]
D. M. Huang, H. J. Snaith, M. Grätzel, K. Meerholz, and A. J. Moulé, “Optical description of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. II. Device optical modeling with implications for improving efficiency,” J. Appl. Phys.106(7), 073112 (2009). [CrossRef]
A. C. Khazraji, S. Hotchandani, S. Das, and P. V. Kamat, “controlling Dye (Merocyanine-540) Aggregation on Nanostructured TiO2 Films. An Organized Assembly Approach for Enhancing the Efficiency of Photosensitization,” J. Phys. Chem. B103(22), 4693–4700 (1999). [CrossRef]
S. Y. Huang, G. Schlichthörl, A. J. Nozik, M. Grätzel, and A. J. Frank, “Charge Recombination in Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline TiO2 Solar Cells,” J. Phys. Chem. B101(14), 2576–2582 (1997). [CrossRef]
B. V. Enustun and J. Turkevich, “Coagulation of Colloidal Gold,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.85(21), 3317–3328 (1963). [CrossRef]
J. B. Khurgin, G. Sun, and R. A. Soref, “Practical limits of absorption enhancement near metal nanoparticles,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(7), 071103 (2009). [CrossRef]
G. Sun, J. B. Khurgin, and R. A. Soref, “Practical enhancement of photoluminescence by metal nanoparticles,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(10), 101103 (2009). [CrossRef]

Alibabaei, L.
Alvarez-Puebla, R.
Belcher, A. M.
Bingham, J. M.
Blaber, M. G.
Brown, M. D.
Chang, W. S.
Chen, C. Y.
Chen, H.
Choi, H.
D’Innocenzo, V.
Dang, X.
Das, S.
Decoppet, J. D.
DeMarco, E. J.
Enustun, B. V.
Fatiadi, A. J.
Fernández-Domínguez, A. I.
Fox, M. A.
Frank, A. J.
Garcia de Abajo, F. J.
Grätzel, C.
Grätzel, M.
Hagglund, C.
Hammond, P. T.
Henry, A. I.
Honma, I.
Hotchandani, S.
Huang, D. M.
Huang, S. Y.
Humphry-Baker, R.
Hupp, J. T.
Ihara, M.
Ishikawa, K.
Jung, D. R.
Kaiser, M.
Kamat, P. V.
Kasemo, B.
Kay, A.
Khazraji, A. C.
Khurgin, J. B.
Kim, C.
Kim, J.
Kishima, M.
Klesper, H.
Koh, A. L.
Kozuka, H.
Kumar, R. S. S.
Le Formal, F.
Lee, B.
Lee, M. M.
Li, J. Y.
Link, S.
Liska, P.
Liz-Marzan, L. M.
Maier, S. A.
McComb, D. W.
Meerholz, K.
Moon, J.
Moulé, A. J.
Mueller, E.
Murakoshi, K.
Nabika, H.
Nagasawa, F.
Nahm, C.
Nazeeruddin, M. K.
Ngoc-le, C. H.
Noguez, C.
Nozik, A. J.
Okubo, T.
O'Regan, B.
Park, B.
Petrozza, A.
Pootrakulchote, N.
Qi, J.
Ratner, M. A.
Rodicio, I.
Sakaki, K.
Schatz, G. C.
Schlichthörl, G.
Slaughter, L.
Snaith, H. J.
Soref, R. A.
Standridge, S. D.
Sun, G.
Suteewong, T.
Takase, M.
Tanaka, K.
Thimsen, E.
Tsai, J. H.
Turkevich, J.
Van Duyne, R. P.
Vlachopoulos, N.
Wang, M.
Warren, S. C.
Wen, C.
Wen, C. J.
Wiesner, U.
Wu, C. G.
Yamada, K.
Yang, J. K. W.
Yoko, T.
Zach, M.
Zakeeruddin, S. M.
Zhao, G.

ACS Nano

C. Y. Chen, M. Wang, J. Y. Li, N. Pootrakulchote, L. Alibabaei, C. H. Ngoc-le, J. D. Decoppet, J. H. Tsai, C. Grätzel, C. G. Wu, S. M. Zakeeruddin, and M. Grätzel, “Highly Efficient Light-Harvesting Ruthenium Sensitizer for Thin-Film Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,” ACS Nano3(10), 3103–3109 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Qi, X. Dang, P. T. Hammond, and A. M. Belcher, “Highly Efficient Plasmon-Enhanced Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Through Metal@Oxide Core@Shell Nanostructure,” ACS Nano5(9), 7108–7116 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

C. Nahm, H. Choi, J. Kim, D. R. Jung, C. Kim, J. Moon, B. Lee, and B. Park, “The effects of 100 nm-diameter Au nanoparticles on dye-sensitized solar cells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.99(25), 253107 (2011). [CrossRef]
J. B. Khurgin, G. Sun, and R. A. Soref, “Practical limits of absorption enhancement near metal nanoparticles,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(7), 071103 (2009). [CrossRef]
G. Sun, J. B. Khurgin, and R. A. Soref, “Practical enhancement of photoluminescence by metal nanoparticles,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(10), 101103 (2009). [CrossRef]
C. Hagglund, M. Zach, and B. Kasemo, “Enhanced Charge Carrier Generation in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells by Nanoparticle Plasmons,” Appl. Phys. Lett.92(1), 013113 (2008). [CrossRef]

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

M. K. Nazeeruddin, A. Kay, I. Rodicio, R. Humphry-Baker, E. Mueller, P. Liska, N. Vlachopoulos, and M. Grätzel, “Conversion of Light to Electricity by cis-X2bis (2,20-bipyridyl-4,40-dicarboxylate) ruthenium(II) Charge-Transfer Sensitizers(X = Cl-, Br-, I-, CN-, and SCN-) on Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide Electrodes,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.115(14), 6382–6390 (1993). [CrossRef]
S. D. Standridge, G. C. Schatz, and J. T. Hupp, “Distance Dependence of Plasmon-Enhanced Photocurrent in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.131(24), 8407–8409 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
B. V. Enustun and J. Turkevich, “Coagulation of Colloidal Gold,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.85(21), 3317–3328 (1963). [CrossRef]
P. V. Kamat, M. A. Fox, and A. J. Fatiadi, “Dye-loaded polymer electrodes. 2. Photoelectrochemical sensitization by croconate violet in polymer films,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.106(5), 1191–1197 (1984). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

A. J. Moulé, H. J. Snaith, M. Kaiser, H. Klesper, D. M. Huang, M. Grätzel, and K. Meerholz, “Optical description of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. I. Measurement of layer optical properties,” J. Appl. Phys.106(7), 073111 (2009). [CrossRef]
D. M. Huang, H. J. Snaith, M. Grätzel, K. Meerholz, and A. J. Moulé, “Optical description of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. II. Device optical modeling with implications for improving efficiency,” J. Appl. Phys.106(7), 073112 (2009). [CrossRef]

J. Chem. Eng. of Jpn

K. Ishikawa, C. J. Wen, K. Yamada, and T. Okubo, “The Photocurrent of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Enhanced by the Surface Plasmon Resonance,” J. Chem. Eng. of Jpn37(5), 645–649 (2004). [CrossRef]

J. Photochem. Photobiol. Photochem. Rev.

M. Grätzel, “Dye-sensitized solar cells,” J. Photochem. Photobiol. Photochem. Rev.4(2), 145–153 (2003). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Chem.

P. V. Kamat and M. A. Fox, “Photophysics and photochemistry of xanthene dyes in polymer solutions and films,” J. Phys. Chem.88(11), 2297–2302 (1984). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Chem. B

A. C. Khazraji, S. Hotchandani, S. Das, and P. V. Kamat, “controlling Dye (Merocyanine-540) Aggregation on Nanostructured TiO2 Films. An Organized Assembly Approach for Enhancing the Efficiency of Photosensitization,” J. Phys. Chem. B103(22), 4693–4700 (1999). [CrossRef]
S. Y. Huang, G. Schlichthörl, A. J. Nozik, M. Grätzel, and A. J. Frank, “Charge Recombination in Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline TiO2 Solar Cells,” J. Phys. Chem. B101(14), 2576–2582 (1997). [CrossRef]
M. Ihara, K. Tanaka, K. Sakaki, I. Honma, and K. Yamada, “Enhancement of the Absorption Coefficient of cis-(NCS)2 Bis(2,20-bipyridyl-4,40-dicarboxylate) ruthenium(II) Dye in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by a Silver Island Film,” J. Phys. Chem. B101(26), 5153–5157 (1997). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Chem. C

M. G. Blaber, A. I. Henry, J. M. Bingham, G. C. Schatz, and R. P. Van Duyne, “LSPR Imaging of Silver Triangular Nanoprisms: Correlating Scattering with Structure Using Electrodynamics for Plasmon Lifetime Analysis,” J. Phys. Chem. C116(1), 393–403 (2012). [CrossRef]
C. Noguez, “Surface Plasmons on Metal Nanoparticles: The Influence of Shape and Physical Environment,” J. Phys. Chem. C111(10), 3806–3819 (2007). [CrossRef]
H. Chen, M. G. Blaber, S. D. Standridge, E. J. DeMarco, J. T. Hupp, M. A. Ratner, and G. C. Schatz, “Computational Modeling of Plasmon-Enhanced Light Absorption in a Multicomponent Dye Sensitized Solar Cell,” J. Phys. Chem. C116(18), 10215–10221 (2012). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Chem. Lett.

L. Slaughter, W. S. Chang, and S. Link, “Characterizing Plasmons in Nanoparticles and Their Assemblies with Single Particle Spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett.2(16), 2015–2023 (2011). [CrossRef]
R. Alvarez-Puebla, L. M. Liz-Marzan, and F. J. Garcia de Abajo, “Light Concentration at the Nanometer Scale,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett.1(16), 2428–2434 (2010). [CrossRef]
H. Nabika, M. Takase, F. Nagasawa, and K. Murakoshi, “Toward Plasmon-Induced Photoexcitation of Molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett.1(16), 2470–2487 (2010). [CrossRef]

Langmuir

S. D. Standridge, G. C. Schatz, and J. T. Hupp, “Toward Plasmonic Solar Cells: Protection of Silver Nanoparticles Via Atomic Layer Deposition of TiO2.,” Langmuir25(5), 2596–2600 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nano Lett.

E. Thimsen, F. Le Formal, M. Grätzel, and S. C. Warren, “Influence of plasmonic Au nanoparticles on Tthe photoactivity of Fe2O3 electrodes for water splitting,” Nano Lett.11(1), 35–43 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. L. Koh, A. I. Fernández-Domínguez, D. W. McComb, S. A. Maier, and J. K. W. Yang, “High-Resolution Mapping of Electron-Beam-Excited Plasmon Modes in Lithographically Defined Gold Nanostructures,” Nano Lett.11(3), 1323–1330 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. D. Brown, T. Suteewong, R. S. S. Kumar, V. D’Innocenzo, A. Petrozza, M. M. Lee, U. Wiesner, and H. J. Snaith, “Plasmonic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Core-Shell Metal-Insulator Nanoparticles,” Nano Lett.11(2), 438–445 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nature

B. O'Regan and M. Grätzel, “A Low-Cost, High-Efficiency Solar Cell Based on Dye-Sensitized Colloidal TiO2 Films,” Nature353(6346), 737–740 (1991). [CrossRef]
M. Grätzel, “Photoelectrochemical cells,” Nature414(6861), 338–344 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells

G. Zhao, H. Kozuka, and T. Yoko, “Effects of the Incorporation of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles on the Photoanodic Properties of Rose Bengal Sensitized TiO2 Film Electrodes Prepared by Sol-Gel Method,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells46(3), 219–231 (1997). [CrossRef]
C. Wen, K. Ishikawa, M. Kishima, and K. Yamada, “Effects of Silver Particles on the Photovoltaic Properties of Dye-Sensitized TiO2 Thin Films,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells61(4), 339–351 (2000). [CrossRef]

2012, Blaber, J. Phys. Chem. C
2012, Chen, J. Phys. Chem. C
2011, Brown, Nano Lett.
2011, Qi, ACS Nano
2011, Nahm, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2011, Thimsen, Nano Lett.
2011, Koh, Nano Lett.
2011, Slaughter, J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
2010, Alvarez-Puebla, J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
2010, Nabika, J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
2009, Chen, ACS Nano
2009, Standridge, Langmuir
2009, Standridge, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2009, Moulé, J. Appl. Phys.
2009, Huang, J. Appl. Phys.
2009, Khurgin, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2009, Sun, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2008, Hagglund, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2007, Noguez, J. Phys. Chem. C
2004, Ishikawa, J. Chem. Eng. of Jpn
2003, Grätzel, J. Photochem. Photobiol. Photochem. Rev.
2001, Grätzel, Nature
2000, Wen, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells
1999, Khazraji, J. Phys. Chem. B
1997, Huang, J. Phys. Chem. B
1997, Zhao, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells
1997, Ihara, J. Phys. Chem. B
1993, Nazeeruddin, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1991, O'Regan, Nature
1984, Kamat, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1984, Kamat, J. Phys. Chem.
1963, Enustun, J. Am. Chem. Soc.

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[1] B. O'Regan and M. Grätzel, “A Low-Cost, High-Efficiency Solar Cell Based on Dye-Sensitized Colloidal TiO2 Films,” Nature353(6346), 737–740 (1991). [CrossRef]

[2] M. K. Nazeeruddin, A. Kay, I. Rodicio, R. Humphry-Baker, E. Mueller, P. Liska, N. Vlachopoulos, and M. Grätzel, “Conversion of Light to Electricity by cis-X2bis (2,20-bipyridyl-4,40-dicarboxylate) ruthenium(II) Charge-Transfer Sensitizers(X = Cl-, Br-, I-, CN-, and SCN-) on Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide Electrodes,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.115(14), 6382–6390 (1993). [CrossRef]

[3] M. Grätzel, “Photoelectrochemical cells,” Nature414(6861), 338–344 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] M. Grätzel, “Dye-sensitized solar cells,” J. Photochem. Photobiol. Photochem. Rev.4(2), 145–153 (2003). [CrossRef]

[5] C. Y. Chen, M. Wang, J. Y. Li, N. Pootrakulchote, L. Alibabaei, C. H. Ngoc-le, J. D. Decoppet, J. H. Tsai, C. Grätzel, C. G. Wu, S. M. Zakeeruddin, and M. Grätzel, “Highly Efficient Light-Harvesting Ruthenium Sensitizer for Thin-Film Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,” ACS Nano3(10), 3103–3109 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[6] R. Alvarez-Puebla, L. M. Liz-Marzan, and F. J. Garcia de Abajo, “Light Concentration at the Nanometer Scale,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett.1(16), 2428–2434 (2010). [CrossRef]

[7] H. Nabika, M. Takase, F. Nagasawa, and K. Murakoshi, “Toward Plasmon-Induced Photoexcitation of Molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett.1(16), 2470–2487 (2010). [CrossRef]

[8] A. L. Koh, A. I. Fernández-Domínguez, D. W. McComb, S. A. Maier, and J. K. W. Yang, “High-Resolution Mapping of Electron-Beam-Excited Plasmon Modes in Lithographically Defined Gold Nanostructures,” Nano Lett.11(3), 1323–1330 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[9] L. Slaughter, W. S. Chang, and S. Link, “Characterizing Plasmons in Nanoparticles and Their Assemblies with Single Particle Spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett.2(16), 2015–2023 (2011). [CrossRef]

[10] M. G. Blaber, A. I. Henry, J. M. Bingham, G. C. Schatz, and R. P. Van Duyne, “LSPR Imaging of Silver Triangular Nanoprisms: Correlating Scattering with Structure Using Electrodynamics for Plasmon Lifetime Analysis,” J. Phys. Chem. C116(1), 393–403 (2012). [CrossRef]

[11] E. Thimsen, F. Le Formal, M. Grätzel, and S. C. Warren, “Influence of plasmonic Au nanoparticles on Tthe photoactivity of Fe2O3 electrodes for water splitting,” Nano Lett.11(1), 35–43 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[12] C. Noguez, “Surface Plasmons on Metal Nanoparticles: The Influence of Shape and Physical Environment,” J. Phys. Chem. C111(10), 3806–3819 (2007). [CrossRef]

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Plasmonic core-shell metal-organic nanoparticles enhanced dye-sensitized solar cells