We demonstrate that thousands of periodic nano-craters are fabricated on a subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fiber, an optical nanofiber, by irradiating with just a single femtosecond laser pulse. A key aspect of the fabrication is that the nanofiber itself acts as a cylindrical lens and focuses the femtosecond laser beam on its shadow surface. We also demonstrate that the periodic nano-crater array on the nanofiber shows polarization dependent fiber Bragg grating (FBG) characteristics. Such FBG structures on the nanofiber may act as a 1-D photonic crystal due to the strong transverse and longitudinal confinement of the field.

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1. K. P. Nayak, P. N. Melentiev, M. Morinaga, F. L. Kien, V. I. Balykin, and K. Hakuta, “Optical nanofiber as an efficient tool for manipulating and probing atomic Fluorescence,” Opt. Express15, 5431–5438 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. K. P. Nayak and K. Hakuta, “Single atoms on an optical nanofibre,” New J. Phys.10, 053003 (2008). [CrossRef]
3. R. Yalla, K. P. Nayak, and K. Hakuta, “Fluorescence photon measurements from single quantum dots on an optical nanofiber,” Opt. Express20, 2932–2941 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. F. L. Kien, S. Dutta Gupta, V. I. Balykin, and K. Hakuta, “Spontaneous emission of a cesium atom near a nanofiber: Efficient coupling of light to guided modes,” Phys. Rev. A72, 032509 (2005). [CrossRef]
5. R. Yalla, F. L. Kien, M. Morinaga, and K. Hakuta, “Efficient channeling of fluorescence photons from single quantum dots into guided modes of optical nanofiber,” Phys. Rev. Lett.109, 063602 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. F. L. Kien, V. I. Balykin, and K. Hakuta, “Scattering of an evanescent light field by a single cesium atom near a nanofiber,” Phys. Rev. A73, 013819 (2006). [CrossRef]
7. F. L. Kien, V. I. Balykin, and K. Hakuta, “Atom trap and waveguide using a two-color evanescent light field around a subwavelength-diameter optical fiber,” Phys. Rev. A70, 063403 (2004). [CrossRef]
8. E. Vetsch, D. Reitz, G. Sagué, R. Schmidt, S. T. Dawkins, and A. Rauschenbeutel, “Optical interface created by laser-cooled atoms trapped in the evanescent field surrounding an optical nanofiber,” Phys. Rev. Lett.104, 203603 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. A. Goban, K. S. Choi, D. J. Alton, D. Ding, C. Lacroûte, M. Pototschnig, T. Thiele, N. P. Stern, and H. J. Kimble, “Demonstration of a state-insensitive, compensated nanofiber trap,” Phys. Rev. Lett.109, 033603 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. F. L. Kien, K. P. Nayak, and K. Hakuta, “Nanofibers with Bragg gratings from equidistant holes,” J. Modern Opt.59, 274–286 (2012). [CrossRef]
11. J. S. Foresi, P. R. Villeneuve, J. Ferrera, E. R. Thoen, G. Steinmeyer, S. Fan, J. D. Joannopoulos, L. C. Kimerling, H. I. Smith, and E. P. Ippen, “Photonic-bandgap microcavities in optical waveguides,” Nature390, 143–145 (1997). [CrossRef]
12. M. Eichenfield, R. Camacho, J. Chan, K. J. Vahala, and O. Painter, “A picogram- and nanometre-scale photonic-crystal optomechanical cavity,” Nature459, 550–555 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. F. L. Kien and K. Hakuta, “Cavity-enhanced channeling of emission from an atom into a nanofiber,” Phys. Rev. A80, 053826 (2009). [CrossRef]
14. H. J. Kimble, “The quantum internet,” Nature453, 1023–1030 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. L. Tong, F. Zi, X. Guo, and J. Lou, “Optical microfibers and nanofibers: A tutorial,” Opt. Commun.285, 4641–4647 (2012). [CrossRef]
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17. C. R. Giles, “Lightwave applications of fiber Bragg gratings,” J. Lightwave Technol.15, 1391–1404 (1997). [CrossRef]
18. A. D. Kersey, M. A. Davis, H. J. Patrick, M. LeBlanc, K. P. Koo, C. G. Askins, M. A. Putnam, and E. J. Friebele, “Fiber grating sensors,” J. Lightwave Technol.15, 1442–1463 (1997). [CrossRef]
19. Zhi-Gang Zang and Wen-xuan Yang, “Theoretical and experimental investigation of all-optical switching based on cascaded LPFGs separated by an erbium-doped fiber,” J. Appl. Phys.109, 103106 (2011). [CrossRef]
20. Zhi-Gang Zang and Yu-Jun Zhang, “Low-switching power (<45 mW) optical bistability based on optical nonlinearity of ytterbium-doped fiber with a fiber Bragg grating pair,” Modern J. Opt.59, 161–165 (2012). [CrossRef]
21. Zhi-Gang Zang, “Numerical analysis of optical bistability based on Fiber Bragg Grating cavity containing a high nonlinearity doped-fiber,” Opt. Commun.285, 521–526 (2012). [CrossRef]
22. K. P. Nayak, F. L. Kien, Y. Kawai, K. Hakuta, K. Nakajima, H. T. Miyazaki, and Y. Sugimoto, “Cavity formation on an optical nanofiber using focused ion beam milling technique,” Opt. Express19, 14040–14050 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. Y. Liu, C. Meng, A. P. Zhang, Y. Xiao, H. Yu, and L. Tong, “Compact microfiber Bragg gratings with high-index contrast,” Opt. Lett.36, 3115–3117 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. M. Ding, M. N. Zervas, and G. Brambilla, “A compact broadband microfiber Bragg grating,” Opt. Express19, 15621–15626 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25. S. J. Mihailov, D. Grobnic, C. W. Smelser, P. Lu, R. B. Walker, and H. Ding, “Induced Bragg gratings in optical fibers and waveguides using an ultrafast infrared laser and a phase mask,” Laser Chem.2008, 416251 (2008). [CrossRef]
26. D. Grobnic, S. J. Mihailov, H. Ding, and C. W. Smelser, “Bragg grating evanescent field sensor made in biconical tapered fiber with femtosecond IR radiation,” IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett.18, 160–162 (2006). [CrossRef]
27. X. Fang, C. R. Liao, and D. N. Wang, “Femtosecond laser fabricated fiber Bragg grating in microfiber for refractive index sensing,” Opt. Lett.35, 1007–1009 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. M. Becker, J. Bergmann, S. Brückner, M. Franke, E. Lindner, M. W. Rothhardt, and H. Bartelt, “Fiber Bragg grating inscription combining DUV sub-picosecond laser pulses and two-beam interferometry,” Opt. Express16, 19169–19178 (2008). [CrossRef]
29. H. C. van de Hulst, Light Scattering by Small Particles (Dover Publication Inc., 1981) pp 297–328.
30. F. L. Kien and K. Hakuta, “Microtraps for atoms outside a fiber illuminated perpendicular to its axis: Numerical results,” Phys. Rev. A80, 013415 (2009). [CrossRef]
31. C. W. Smelser, S. J. Mihailov, and D. Grobnic, “Formation of Type I-IR and Type II-IR gratings with an ultrafast IR laser and a phase mask,” Opt. Express13, 5377–5386 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32. T. Erdogan, “Fiber grating spectra,” J. Lightwave Technol.15, 1277–1294 (1997). [CrossRef]

IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett.

• D. Grobnic, S. J. Mihailov, H. Ding, and C. W. Smelser, “Bragg grating evanescent field sensor made in biconical tapered fiber with femtosecond IR radiation,” IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett.18, 160–162 (2006). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

• Zhi-Gang Zang and Wen-xuan Yang, “Theoretical and experimental investigation of all-optical switching based on cascaded LPFGs separated by an erbium-doped fiber,” J. Appl. Phys.109, 103106 (2011). [CrossRef]

J. Lightwave Technol.

• T. Erdogan, “Fiber grating spectra,” J. Lightwave Technol.15, 1277–1294 (1997). [CrossRef]
• K. O. Hill and G. Meltz, “Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview,” J. Lightwave Technol.15, 1263–1276(1997). [CrossRef]
• C. R. Giles, “Lightwave applications of fiber Bragg gratings,” J. Lightwave Technol.15, 1391–1404 (1997). [CrossRef]
• A. D. Kersey, M. A. Davis, H. J. Patrick, M. LeBlanc, K. P. Koo, C. G. Askins, M. A. Putnam, and E. J. Friebele, “Fiber grating sensors,” J. Lightwave Technol.15, 1442–1463 (1997). [CrossRef]

J. Modern Opt.

• F. L. Kien, K. P. Nayak, and K. Hakuta, “Nanofibers with Bragg gratings from equidistant holes,” J. Modern Opt.59, 274–286 (2012). [CrossRef]

Laser Chem.

• S. J. Mihailov, D. Grobnic, C. W. Smelser, P. Lu, R. B. Walker, and H. Ding, “Induced Bragg gratings in optical fibers and waveguides using an ultrafast infrared laser and a phase mask,” Laser Chem.2008, 416251 (2008). [CrossRef]

Modern J. Opt.

• Zhi-Gang Zang and Yu-Jun Zhang, “Low-switching power (<45 mW) optical bistability based on optical nonlinearity of ytterbium-doped fiber with a fiber Bragg grating pair,” Modern J. Opt.59, 161–165 (2012). [CrossRef]

Nature

• J. S. Foresi, P. R. Villeneuve, J. Ferrera, E. R. Thoen, G. Steinmeyer, S. Fan, J. D. Joannopoulos, L. C. Kimerling, H. I. Smith, and E. P. Ippen, “Photonic-bandgap microcavities in optical waveguides,” Nature390, 143–145 (1997). [CrossRef]
• M. Eichenfield, R. Camacho, J. Chan, K. J. Vahala, and O. Painter, “A picogram- and nanometre-scale photonic-crystal optomechanical cavity,” Nature459, 550–555 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• H. J. Kimble, “The quantum internet,” Nature453, 1023–1030 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

New J. Phys.

• K. P. Nayak and K. Hakuta, “Single atoms on an optical nanofibre,” New J. Phys.10, 053003 (2008). [CrossRef]

Opt. Commun.

• L. Tong, F. Zi, X. Guo, and J. Lou, “Optical microfibers and nanofibers: A tutorial,” Opt. Commun.285, 4641–4647 (2012). [CrossRef]
• Zhi-Gang Zang, “Numerical analysis of optical bistability based on Fiber Bragg Grating cavity containing a high nonlinearity doped-fiber,” Opt. Commun.285, 521–526 (2012). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

• K. P. Nayak, F. L. Kien, Y. Kawai, K. Hakuta, K. Nakajima, H. T. Miyazaki, and Y. Sugimoto, “Cavity formation on an optical nanofiber using focused ion beam milling technique,” Opt. Express19, 14040–14050 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• K. P. Nayak, P. N. Melentiev, M. Morinaga, F. L. Kien, V. I. Balykin, and K. Hakuta, “Optical nanofiber as an efficient tool for manipulating and probing atomic Fluorescence,” Opt. Express15, 5431–5438 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Ding, M. N. Zervas, and G. Brambilla, “A compact broadband microfiber Bragg grating,” Opt. Express19, 15621–15626 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Becker, J. Bergmann, S. Brückner, M. Franke, E. Lindner, M. W. Rothhardt, and H. Bartelt, “Fiber Bragg grating inscription combining DUV sub-picosecond laser pulses and two-beam interferometry,” Opt. Express16, 19169–19178 (2008). [CrossRef]
• C. W. Smelser, S. J. Mihailov, and D. Grobnic, “Formation of Type I-IR and Type II-IR gratings with an ultrafast IR laser and a phase mask,” Opt. Express13, 5377–5386 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• R. Yalla, K. P. Nayak, and K. Hakuta, “Fluorescence photon measurements from single quantum dots on an optical nanofiber,” Opt. Express20, 2932–2941 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

• X. Fang, C. R. Liao, and D. N. Wang, “Femtosecond laser fabricated fiber Bragg grating in microfiber for refractive index sensing,” Opt. Lett.35, 1007–1009 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• Y. Liu, C. Meng, A. P. Zhang, Y. Xiao, H. Yu, and L. Tong, “Compact microfiber Bragg gratings with high-index contrast,” Opt. Lett.36, 3115–3117 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. A

• F. L. Kien and K. Hakuta, “Microtraps for atoms outside a fiber illuminated perpendicular to its axis: Numerical results,” Phys. Rev. A80, 013415 (2009). [CrossRef]
• F. L. Kien, S. Dutta Gupta, V. I. Balykin, and K. Hakuta, “Spontaneous emission of a cesium atom near a nanofiber: Efficient coupling of light to guided modes,” Phys. Rev. A72, 032509 (2005). [CrossRef]
• F. L. Kien, V. I. Balykin, and K. Hakuta, “Scattering of an evanescent light field by a single cesium atom near a nanofiber,” Phys. Rev. A73, 013819 (2006). [CrossRef]
• F. L. Kien, V. I. Balykin, and K. Hakuta, “Atom trap and waveguide using a two-color evanescent light field around a subwavelength-diameter optical fiber,” Phys. Rev. A70, 063403 (2004). [CrossRef]
• F. L. Kien and K. Hakuta, “Cavity-enhanced channeling of emission from an atom into a nanofiber,” Phys. Rev. A80, 053826 (2009). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

• E. Vetsch, D. Reitz, G. Sagué, R. Schmidt, S. T. Dawkins, and A. Rauschenbeutel, “Optical interface created by laser-cooled atoms trapped in the evanescent field surrounding an optical nanofiber,” Phys. Rev. Lett.104, 203603 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. Goban, K. S. Choi, D. J. Alton, D. Ding, C. Lacroûte, M. Pototschnig, T. Thiele, N. P. Stern, and H. J. Kimble, “Demonstration of a state-insensitive, compensated nanofiber trap,” Phys. Rev. Lett.109, 033603 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• R. Yalla, F. L. Kien, M. Morinaga, and K. Hakuta, “Efficient channeling of fluorescence photons from single quantum dots into guided modes of optical nanofiber,” Phys. Rev. Lett.109, 063602 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Other

• H. C. van de Hulst, Light Scattering by Small Particles (Dover Publication Inc., 1981) pp 297–328.

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