Line temporal focusing characteristics in transparent and scattering media

doi:10.1364/OE.21.005677

Line temporal focusing characteristics in transparent and scattering media

Hod Dana, Nimrod Kruger, Aviv Ellman, and Shy Shoham »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 21, Issue 5, pp. 5677-5687 (2013)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.005677

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Abstract

Line illumination geometries have advantageous properties for temporal focusing nonlinear microscopy. The characteristics of line temporal focusing (LITEF) in transparent and scattering media are studied here both experimentally and using numerical model simulations. We introduce an approximate analytical formula for the dependence of axial sectioning on the laser and microscope's parameters. Furthermore, we show that LITEF is more robust to tissue scattering than wide-field temporal focusing, and can penetrate much deeper into scattering tissue while maintaining good sectioning capabilities. Based on these observations, we propose a new design for LITEF-based tissue imaging at depths that could potentially exceed the out-of-focus physical excitation limit.

OCIS Codes
(000.4430) General : Numerical approximation and analysis
(170.3660) Medical optics and biotechnology : Light propagation in tissues
(170.3880) Medical optics and biotechnology : Medical and biological imaging
(180.6900) Microscopy : Three-dimensional microscopy
(190.4180) Nonlinear optics : Multiphoton processes
(290.5850) Scattering : Scattering, particles

ToC Category:
Microscopy

History
Original Manuscript: October 17, 2012
Revised Manuscript: December 26, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: January 25, 2013
Published: March 1, 2013

Citation
Hod Dana, Nimrod Kruger, Aviv Ellman, and Shy Shoham, "Line temporal focusing characteristics in transparent and scattering media," Opt. Express 21, 5677-5687 (2013)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-21-5-5677

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References

D. Oron, E. Tal, and Y. Silberberg, “Scanningless depth-resolved microscopy,” Opt. Express13(5), 1468–1476 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
G. Zhu, J. van Howe, M. Durst, W. Zipfel, and C. Xu, “Simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing of femtosecond pulses,” Opt. Express13(6), 2153–2159 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. Tal, D. Oron, and Y. Silberberg, “Improved depth resolution in video-rate line-scanning multiphoton microscopy using temporal focusing,” Opt. Lett.30(13), 1686–1688 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. Papagiakoumou, V. de Sars, V. Emiliani, and D. Oron, “Temporal focusing with spatially modulated excitation,” Opt. Express17(7), 5391–5401 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. Dana and S. Shoham, “Numerical evaluation of temporal focusing characteristics in transparent and scattering media,” Opt. Express19(6), 4937–4948 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
O. D. Therrien, B. Aubé, S. Pagès, P. D. Koninck, and D. Côté, “Wide-field multiphoton imaging of cellular dynamics in thick tissue by temporal focusing and patterned illumination,” Biomed. Opt. Express2(3), 696–704 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. C. Cheng, C. Y. Chang, C. Y. Lin, K. C. Cho, W. C. Yen, N. S. Chang, C. Xu, C. Y. Dong, and S. J. Chen, “Spatiotemporal focusing-based widefield multiphoton microscopy for fast optical sectioning,” Opt. Express20(8), 8939–8948 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. Dana, A. Marom, N. Kruger, A. Ellman, and S. Shoham. “Rapid volumetric temporal focusing multiphoton microscopy of neural activity: theory, image processing, and experimental realization,” Proc. SPIE822603 (2012).
J. Y. Yu, C. H. Kuo, D. B. Holland, Y. Chen, M. Ouyang, G. A. Blake, R. Zadoyan, and C. L. Guo, “Wide-field optical sectioning for live-tissue imaging by plane-projection multiphoton microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(11), 116009 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Vaziri, J. Tang, H. Shroff, and C. V. Shank, “Multilayer three-dimensional super resolution imaging of thick biological samples,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.105(51), 20221–20226 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. G. York, A. Ghitani, A. Vaziri, M. W. Davidson, and H. Shroff, “Confined activation and subdiffractive localization enables whole-cell PALM with genetically expressed probes,” Nat. Methods8(4), 327–333 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. Oron and Y. Silberberg, “Harmonic generation with temporally focused ultrashort pulses,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B22(12), 2660–2663 (2005). [CrossRef]
D. N. Vitek, D. E. Adams, A. Johnson, P. S. Tsai, S. Backus, C. G. Durfee, D. Kleinfeld, and J. A. Squier, “Temporally focused femtosecond laser pulses for low numerical aperture micromachining through optically transparent materials,” Opt. Express18(17), 18086–18094 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. Kim and P. T. C. So, “High-throughput three-dimensional lithographic microfabrication,” Opt. Lett.35(10), 1602–1604 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. N. Vitek, E. Block, Y. Bellouard, D. E. Adams, S. Backus, D. Kleinfeld, C. G. Durfee, and J. A. Squier, “Spatio-temporally focused femtosecond laser pulses for nonreciprocal writing in optically transparent materials,” Opt. Express18(24), 24673–24678 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. He, Y. Cheng, J. Lin, J. Ni, Z. Xu, K. Sugioka, and K. Midorikawa, “Independent control of aspect ratios in the axial and lateral cross sections of a focal spot for three-dimensional femtosecond laser micromachining,” New J. Phys.13(8), 083014 (2011). [CrossRef]
E. Papagiakoumou, F. Anselmi, A. Bègue, V. de Sars, J. Glückstad, E. Y. Isacoff, and V. Emiliani, “Scanless two-photon excitation of channelrhodopsin-2,” Nat. Methods7(10), 848–854 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
B. K. Andrasfalvy, B. V. Zemelman, J. Tang, and A. Vaziri, “Two-photon single-cell optogenetic control of neuronal activity by sculpted light,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.107(26), 11981–11986 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. E. Durst, G. Zhu, and C. Xu, “Simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing for axial scanning,” Opt. Express14(25), 12243–12254 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. Dana and S. Shoham, “Remotely scanned multiphoton temporal focusing by axial grism scanning,” Opt. Lett.37(14), 2913–2915 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Theer and W. Denk, “On the fundamental imaging-depth limit in two-photon microscopy,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A23(12), 3139–3149 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Q. Fang and D. A. Boas, “Monte Carlo simulation of photon migration in 3D turbid media accelerated by graphics processing units,” Opt. Express17(22), 20178–20190 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Helmchen and W. Denk, “Deep tissue two-photon microscopy,” Nat. Methods2(12), 932–940 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. G. Durfee, M. Greco, E. Block, D. Vitek, and J. A. Squier, “Intuitive analysis of space-time focusing with double-ABCD calculation,” Opt. Express20(13), 14244–14259 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. Papagiakoumou, A. Bègue, O. Schwartz, D. Oron, and V. Emiliani, “Shaped two-photon excitation deep inside scattering tissue,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1109.0160 (2011).

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[1] D. Oron, E. Tal, and Y. Silberberg, “Scanningless depth-resolved microscopy,” Opt. Express13(5), 1468–1476 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[2] G. Zhu, J. van Howe, M. Durst, W. Zipfel, and C. Xu, “Simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing of femtosecond pulses,” Opt. Express13(6), 2153–2159 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[3] E. Tal, D. Oron, and Y. Silberberg, “Improved depth resolution in video-rate line-scanning multiphoton microscopy using temporal focusing,” Opt. Lett.30(13), 1686–1688 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] E. Papagiakoumou, V. de Sars, V. Emiliani, and D. Oron, “Temporal focusing with spatially modulated excitation,” Opt. Express17(7), 5391–5401 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[5] H. Dana and S. Shoham, “Numerical evaluation of temporal focusing characteristics in transparent and scattering media,” Opt. Express19(6), 4937–4948 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[6] O. D. Therrien, B. Aubé, S. Pagès, P. D. Koninck, and D. Côté, “Wide-field multiphoton imaging of cellular dynamics in thick tissue by temporal focusing and patterned illumination,” Biomed. Opt. Express2(3), 696–704 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[7] L. C. Cheng, C. Y. Chang, C. Y. Lin, K. C. Cho, W. C. Yen, N. S. Chang, C. Xu, C. Y. Dong, and S. J. Chen, “Spatiotemporal focusing-based widefield multiphoton microscopy for fast optical sectioning,” Opt. Express20(8), 8939–8948 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] H. Dana, A. Marom, N. Kruger, A. Ellman, and S. Shoham. “Rapid volumetric temporal focusing multiphoton microscopy of neural activity: theory, image processing, and experimental realization,” Proc. SPIE822603 (2012).

[9] J. Y. Yu, C. H. Kuo, D. B. Holland, Y. Chen, M. Ouyang, G. A. Blake, R. Zadoyan, and C. L. Guo, “Wide-field optical sectioning for live-tissue imaging by plane-projection multiphoton microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(11), 116009 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[10] A. Vaziri, J. Tang, H. Shroff, and C. V. Shank, “Multilayer three-dimensional super resolution imaging of thick biological samples,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.105(51), 20221–20226 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] A. G. York, A. Ghitani, A. Vaziri, M. W. Davidson, and H. Shroff, “Confined activation and subdiffractive localization enables whole-cell PALM with genetically expressed probes,” Nat. Methods8(4), 327–333 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[12] D. Oron and Y. Silberberg, “Harmonic generation with temporally focused ultrashort pulses,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B22(12), 2660–2663 (2005). [CrossRef]

[13] D. N. Vitek, D. E. Adams, A. Johnson, P. S. Tsai, S. Backus, C. G. Durfee, D. Kleinfeld, and J. A. Squier, “Temporally focused femtosecond laser pulses for low numerical aperture micromachining through optically transparent materials,” Opt. Express18(17), 18086–18094 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[14] D. Kim and P. T. C. So, “High-throughput three-dimensional lithographic microfabrication,” Opt. Lett.35(10), 1602–1604 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[15] D. N. Vitek, E. Block, Y. Bellouard, D. E. Adams, S. Backus, D. Kleinfeld, C. G. Durfee, and J. A. Squier, “Spatio-temporally focused femtosecond laser pulses for nonreciprocal writing in optically transparent materials,” Opt. Express18(24), 24673–24678 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[16] F. He, Y. Cheng, J. Lin, J. Ni, Z. Xu, K. Sugioka, and K. Midorikawa, “Independent control of aspect ratios in the axial and lateral cross sections of a focal spot for three-dimensional femtosecond laser micromachining,” New J. Phys.13(8), 083014 (2011). [CrossRef]

[17] E. Papagiakoumou, F. Anselmi, A. Bègue, V. de Sars, J. Glückstad, E. Y. Isacoff, and V. Emiliani, “Scanless two-photon excitation of channelrhodopsin-2,” Nat. Methods7(10), 848–854 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[18] B. K. Andrasfalvy, B. V. Zemelman, J. Tang, and A. Vaziri, “Two-photon single-cell optogenetic control of neuronal activity by sculpted light,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.107(26), 11981–11986 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[19] M. E. Durst, G. Zhu, and C. Xu, “Simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing for axial scanning,” Opt. Express14(25), 12243–12254 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[20] H. Dana and S. Shoham, “Remotely scanned multiphoton temporal focusing by axial grism scanning,” Opt. Lett.37(14), 2913–2915 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[21] P. Theer and W. Denk, “On the fundamental imaging-depth limit in two-photon microscopy,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A23(12), 3139–3149 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[22] Q. Fang and D. A. Boas, “Monte Carlo simulation of photon migration in 3D turbid media accelerated by graphics processing units,” Opt. Express17(22), 20178–20190 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[23] F. Helmchen and W. Denk, “Deep tissue two-photon microscopy,” Nat. Methods2(12), 932–940 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[24] C. G. Durfee, M. Greco, E. Block, D. Vitek, and J. A. Squier, “Intuitive analysis of space-time focusing with double-ABCD calculation,” Opt. Express20(13), 14244–14259 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[25] E. Papagiakoumou, A. Bègue, O. Schwartz, D. Oron, and V. Emiliani, “Shaped two-photon excitation deep inside scattering tissue,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1109.0160 (2011).

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Line temporal focusing characteristics in transparent and scattering media