Multiply scattered light tomography and confocal imaging: detecting neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration

doi:10.1364/OE.7.000095

Multiply scattered light tomography and confocal imaging: detecting neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration

Ann Elsner, Masahiro Miura, Stephen Burns, E. Beausencourt, C. Kunze, L. Kelley, J. Walker, G. Wing, P. Raskauskas, D. Fletcher, Qienyuan Zhou, and Andreas Dreher »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 7, Issue 2, pp. 95-106 (2000)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.7.000095

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Abstract

A novel technique, Multiply Scattered Light Tomography (MSLT), and confocal Infrared Imaging are used to provide diagnostic information using a comfortable, rapid, and noninvasive method. We investigated these techniques in detecting neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. The MSLT used a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) at 850 nm, while the confocal imaging technique used either the VCSEL or a 790 nm laser diode. Both were implemented into the topographical scanning system (TopSS, Laser Diagnostic Technologies, Inc.) Confocal imaging with both lasers provided different information about neovascularization as a function of focal plane, and different also from MSLT.

[Optical Society of America ]

OCIS Codes
(170.3880) Medical optics and biotechnology : Medical and biological imaging
(170.4470) Medical optics and biotechnology : Ophthalmology
(330.4300) Vision, color, and visual optics : Vision system - noninvasive assessment

ToC Category:
Research Papers

History
Original Manuscript: May 30, 2000
Published: July 17, 2000

Citation
Ann Elsner, Masahiro Miura, Stephen Burns, E. Beausencourt, C. Kunze, L. Kelley, J. Walker, G. Wing, P. Raskauskas, D. Fletcher, Qienyuan Zhou, and Andreas Dreher, "Multiply scattered light tomography and confocal imaging: detecting neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration," Opt. Express 7, 95-106 (2000)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-7-2-95

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References

H. Leibowitz, D. E. Kruger, L. R. Maunder, R. C. Milton, M. M. Kini, H, A. Kahn, R. J. Mickerson, J. Pool, T. L. Colton, J. P. Ganley, and J. Loewenstein, "The Framingham Eye Study Monograph: an ophthalmological and epidemilogical study of cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and visual acuity in a general population of 2631 adults, 1973-1975," Surv. Ophthalmol. 24, (Suppl) 335-610 (1980). [PubMed]
R. H. Webb, GW Hughes, O. Pomerantzeff, "Flying spot TV ophthalmoscope," Appl. Opt. 19 2991-2997 (1980). [CrossRef]
R. H. Webb and G. W. Hughes, "Scanning laser ophthalmoscope," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 28, 488-492 (1981). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. W. Dreher and R. N. Weinreb, "Accuracy of topographic measurements in a model eye with the laser tomographic scanner," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 32, 2992-2996 (1991). [PubMed]
R. H. Webb, G. W. Hughes, and F. C. Delori, "Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope," Appl. Opt. 26, 1492-1499 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A.W. Dreher, P.C. Tso , and R. N. Weinreb, "Reproducibility of topographic measurements of the normal and glaucomatous optic nerve head with the laser tomographic scanner," Am. J. Ophthalmol. 111, 221-229 (1991). [PubMed]
For a review of the early infrared scanning laser techniques, see A. E. Elsner, A. H. Jalkh, A.H, and J. J. Weiter, "New devices in retinal imaging and functional evaluation," in Practical Atlas of Retinal Disease and Therapy, W. Freeman, ed. (Raven, New York, 1993) pp. 19-35. The work of several groups is found in A. E. Elsner, D-U. Bartsch, J. J. Weiter, and M. E. Hartnett, "New devices in retinal imaging and functional evaluation," in Practical Atlas of Retinal Disease and Therapy, W. Freeman, ed. (Lippincott-Raven, New York, 1998) 2nd edition, pp. 19-55.
A. E. Elsner, S.A. Burns, S.A., Kreitz, M.R., and J. J. Weiter, "New views of the retina/RPE complex: quantifying sub-retinal pathology," in Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System, Vol. 1 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1991, pp. 150-153).
A. E. Elsner, S. A. Burns, G. W. Hughes, G.W., and R. H. Webb, "Reflectometry with a Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope," Appl. Opt. 31, 3697-3710 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. E. Elsner, S. A. Burns, J. J. Weiter, and F. C. Delori, "Infrared imaging of subretinal structures in the human ocular fundus," Vision Res. 36, 191-205 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. E. Elsner, A. W. Dreher, Q. Zhou, E. Beausencourt, S. A. Burns, R. H. Webb, "Multiply scattered light tomography: vertical cavity surface emitting laser array used for imaging subretinal subretinal structures," Lasers and Light in Ophthalmology 8, 193-202 (1998).
F. C. Delori, "Spectrophotometer for noninvasive measurement of intrinsic fluorescence and reflectance of the ocular fundus," Appl. Opt. 33, 7439-7452 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. M. Kelley, J. P. Walker, G. L. Wing, P. A. Raskauskas, and A. E. Elsner, "Scanning laser ophthalmoscope imaging of age related macular degeneration and neoplasms," J. Ophthalmic Photography 3, 89-94 (1997).
A.E. Elsner, S. A. Burns, J. J. Weiter, and M. E. Hartnett, "Diagnostic applications of near infrared solid-state lasers in the eye," LEOS '94, IEEE Catalog number 94CH3371-2, Library of Congress number 93-61268, 1, 14-15 (1994).
M E. Hartnett and A. E. Elsner, "Characteristics of exudative age-related macular degeneration determined in vivo with confocal direct and indirect infrared imaging," Ophthalmol. 103, 58-71 (1996).
M. E. Hartnett, J. J. Weiter, G. Staurenghi, and A E. Elsner, "Deep retinal vascular anomalous complexes in advanced age- related macular degeneration," Ophthalmol. 103, 2042-2053 (1996).
J. F. Le Gargasson, F. Rigaudiere, J. E. Guez, A. Gaudric, and Y. Grall, "Contribution of scanning laser ophthalmoscopy to the functional investigation of subjects with macular holes," Doc. Ophthalmol. 86, 227-238 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J.-F. Chen, A. E. Elsner, S. A. Burns, R. M. Hansen, P. L. Lou, K. K. Kwong, and A. B. Fulton, "The effect of eye shape on retinal responses," Clinical Vision Sciences 7, 521-530 (1992).
W. Dreher, J. F. Bille, and R. N. Weinreb RN, "Active-optical depth resolution improvement of the laser tomographic scanner," Appl. Opt. 28, 804-808 (1988). [CrossRef]
Remky, O. Arend, A. E. Elsner, F. Toonen, M. Reim, and S. Wolf, "Digital imaging of central serous retinopathy using infrared illumination," German J. Ophthalmology 4, 203-206 (1995).
E. Beausencourt, A. E. Elsner, M. E. Hartnett, and C. L. Trempe, "Quantitative analysis of macular holes with scanning laser tomography," Ophthalmology 104, 2018-2029 (1997). [PubMed]
C. Kunze, A. E. Elsner, E. Beausencourt, L.Moraes, M. E. Hartnett, and C. L. Trempe, "Spatial extent of pigment epithelial detachments in age-related macular degeneration," Ophthalmology 9, 1830-1840 (1999). [CrossRef]
E. Beausencourt, A. Remky, A. E. Elsner, M. E. Hartnett, C. L. Trempe, "Infrared scanning laser tomography of macular cysts," Ophthalmology 107, 376-385 (2000).
D.-U. Bartsch, M. Intaglietta, J. F. Bille, A. W. Dreher, M. Gharib, W. R. Freeman, "Confocal laser tomographic analysis of the retina in eyes with macular hole formation and other focal macular diseases," Am. J. Ophthalmol. 108, 277-87 (1989). [PubMed]
D.-U. Bartsch and W. R. Freeman, "Axial intensity distribution analysis of the human retina with a confocal scanning laser tomograph," Exp. Eye Res. 58, 161-173 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. Hudson F. G. Flanagan, G. S. Turner, D. McLeod, "Scanning laser tomography Z profile signal width as an objective index of macular retinal thickening," Br. J. Ophthalmol. 82, 121-30 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. Jaakkola, I. Vesti, I. Immonen, "The use of confocal scanning laser tomography in the evaluation of retinal elevation in age-related macular degeneration," Ophthalmology 106, 274-9, (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
The link to additional figures is http://color.eri.harvard.edu/annhom.htm.
Updates on infrared scanning laser topographic instrumentation are at http://www.laserdiagnostic.com.

Other

H. Leibowitz, D. E. Kruger, L. R. Maunder, R. C. Milton, M. M. Kini, H, A. Kahn, R. J. Mickerson, J. Pool, T. L. Colton, J. P. Ganley, and J. Loewenstein, "The Framingham Eye Study Monograph: an ophthalmological and epidemilogical study of cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and visual acuity in a general population of 2631 adults, 1973-1975," Surv. Ophthalmol. 24, (Suppl) 335-610 (1980). [PubMed]
R. H. Webb, GW Hughes, O. Pomerantzeff, "Flying spot TV ophthalmoscope," Appl. Opt. 19 2991-2997 (1980). [CrossRef]
R. H. Webb and G. W. Hughes, "Scanning laser ophthalmoscope," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 28, 488-492 (1981). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. W. Dreher and R. N. Weinreb, "Accuracy of topographic measurements in a model eye with the laser tomographic scanner," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 32, 2992-2996 (1991). [PubMed]
R. H. Webb, G. W. Hughes, and F. C. Delori, "Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope," Appl. Opt. 26, 1492-1499 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A.W. Dreher, P.C. Tso , and R. N. Weinreb, "Reproducibility of topographic measurements of the normal and glaucomatous optic nerve head with the laser tomographic scanner," Am. J. Ophthalmol. 111, 221-229 (1991). [PubMed]
For a review of the early infrared scanning laser techniques, see A. E. Elsner, A. H. Jalkh, A.H, and J. J. Weiter, "New devices in retinal imaging and functional evaluation," in Practical Atlas of Retinal Disease and Therapy, W. Freeman, ed. (Raven, New York, 1993) pp. 19-35. The work of several groups is found in A. E. Elsner, D-U. Bartsch, J. J. Weiter, and M. E. Hartnett, "New devices in retinal imaging and functional evaluation," in Practical Atlas of Retinal Disease and Therapy, W. Freeman, ed. (Lippincott-Raven, New York, 1998) 2nd edition, pp. 19-55.
A. E. Elsner, S.A. Burns, S.A., Kreitz, M.R., and J. J. Weiter, "New views of the retina/RPE complex: quantifying sub-retinal pathology," in Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System, Vol. 1 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1991, pp. 150-153).
A. E. Elsner, S. A. Burns, G. W. Hughes, G.W., and R. H. Webb, "Reflectometry with a Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope," Appl. Opt. 31, 3697-3710 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. E. Elsner, S. A. Burns, J. J. Weiter, and F. C. Delori, "Infrared imaging of subretinal structures in the human ocular fundus," Vision Res. 36, 191-205 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. E. Elsner, A. W. Dreher, Q. Zhou, E. Beausencourt, S. A. Burns, R. H. Webb, "Multiply scattered light tomography: vertical cavity surface emitting laser array used for imaging subretinal subretinal structures," Lasers and Light in Ophthalmology 8, 193-202 (1998).
F. C. Delori, "Spectrophotometer for noninvasive measurement of intrinsic fluorescence and reflectance of the ocular fundus," Appl. Opt. 33, 7439-7452 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. M. Kelley, J. P. Walker, G. L. Wing, P. A. Raskauskas, and A. E. Elsner, "Scanning laser ophthalmoscope imaging of age related macular degeneration and neoplasms," J. Ophthalmic Photography 3, 89-94 (1997).
A.E. Elsner, S. A. Burns, J. J. Weiter, and M. E. Hartnett, "Diagnostic applications of near infrared solid-state lasers in the eye," LEOS '94, IEEE Catalog number 94CH3371-2, Library of Congress number 93-61268, 1, 14-15 (1994).
M E. Hartnett and A. E. Elsner, "Characteristics of exudative age-related macular degeneration determined in vivo with confocal direct and indirect infrared imaging," Ophthalmol. 103, 58-71 (1996).
M. E. Hartnett, J. J. Weiter, G. Staurenghi, and A E. Elsner, "Deep retinal vascular anomalous complexes in advanced age- related macular degeneration," Ophthalmol. 103, 2042-2053 (1996).
J. F. Le Gargasson, F. Rigaudiere, J. E. Guez, A. Gaudric, and Y. Grall, "Contribution of scanning laser ophthalmoscopy to the functional investigation of subjects with macular holes," Doc. Ophthalmol. 86, 227-238 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J.-F. Chen, A. E. Elsner, S. A. Burns, R. M. Hansen, P. L. Lou, K. K. Kwong, and A. B. Fulton, "The effect of eye shape on retinal responses," Clinical Vision Sciences 7, 521-530 (1992).
W. Dreher, J. F. Bille, and R. N. Weinreb RN, "Active-optical depth resolution improvement of the laser tomographic scanner," Appl. Opt. 28, 804-808 (1988). [CrossRef]
Remky, O. Arend, A. E. Elsner, F. Toonen, M. Reim, and S. Wolf, "Digital imaging of central serous retinopathy using infrared illumination," German J. Ophthalmology 4, 203-206 (1995).
E. Beausencourt, A. E. Elsner, M. E. Hartnett, and C. L. Trempe, "Quantitative analysis of macular holes with scanning laser tomography," Ophthalmology 104, 2018-2029 (1997). [PubMed]
C. Kunze, A. E. Elsner, E. Beausencourt, L.Moraes, M. E. Hartnett, and C. L. Trempe, "Spatial extent of pigment epithelial detachments in age-related macular degeneration," Ophthalmology 9, 1830-1840 (1999). [CrossRef]
E. Beausencourt, A. Remky, A. E. Elsner, M. E. Hartnett, C. L. Trempe, "Infrared scanning laser tomography of macular cysts," Ophthalmology 107, 376-385 (2000).
D.-U. Bartsch, M. Intaglietta, J. F. Bille, A. W. Dreher, M. Gharib, W. R. Freeman, "Confocal laser tomographic analysis of the retina in eyes with macular hole formation and other focal macular diseases," Am. J. Ophthalmol. 108, 277-87 (1989). [PubMed]
D.-U. Bartsch and W. R. Freeman, "Axial intensity distribution analysis of the human retina with a confocal scanning laser tomograph," Exp. Eye Res. 58, 161-173 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. Hudson F. G. Flanagan, G. S. Turner, D. McLeod, "Scanning laser tomography Z profile signal width as an objective index of macular retinal thickening," Br. J. Ophthalmol. 82, 121-30 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. Jaakkola, I. Vesti, I. Immonen, "The use of confocal scanning laser tomography in the evaluation of retinal elevation in age-related macular degeneration," Ophthalmology 106, 274-9, (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
The link to additional figures is http://color.eri.harvard.edu/annhom.htm.
Updates on infrared scanning laser topographic instrumentation are at http://www.laserdiagnostic.com.

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