Powerful visible (530�??770 nm) luminescence in Yb,Ho:GGG with IR diode pumping

doi:10.1364/OE.10.000832

Powerful visible (530�??770 nm) luminescence in Yb,Ho:GGG with IR diode pumping

Alexander Kir'yanov, V. Aboites, A. Belovolov, M. Timoshechkin, M. Belovolov, M. Damzen, and A. Minassian »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 10, Issue 16, pp. 832-839 (2002)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.10.000832

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Abstract

Powerful visible luminescence in a Gadolinium Gallium Garnet (GGG) crystal, co-activated with Yb³⁺(~15 at.%) and Ho³⁺(~0.1 at.%) ions, is investigated under CW laser diode pumping (λ = 938 and 976 nm). The main visible emission band is observed in the green with its peak at λ ~540 nm) and measured to be about 10% with respect to Yb³⁺IR luminescence (λ ~1000 nm). Red (λ ~650 nm) and near-IR (λ ~755 nm) emission bands are also observed but are weaker (about 3–5%). Analysis of the crystal absorption and luminescence spectra allows one to conclude that Yb³⁺ -Ho³⁺ stepwise up-conversion is the mechanism explaining the phenomenon. Ho³⁺ ions embedded in the crystal in small concentration are shown to form an effective reservoir for energy transferred from the excited Yb³⁺ subsystem and to be an efficient source of the visible emission.

[Optical Society of America ]

1. Introduction

Ytterbium (Yb) doped crystals such as Yb:YAG, Yb:KGW, Yb:FAP, etc. are promising materials for high-power solid state lasers in the λ ~1 μm spectral range. Yb doped lasers provide maximal output powers (at minimum thermal load), high brightness, and the best overall efficiencies [1

C. Stewen, M. Larionov, A. Giesen, and K. Contag, “Yb:YAG thin disk laser with 1 kW output power,” Advanced Solid-State Lasers , H. Injeyan, U. Keller, and C. Marshall, eds., Vol.34 of OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics Series (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C. 2000), pp. 35–41.

E.C. Honea, RJ. Beach, S.C. Mitchell, J.A. Skidmore, M.A. Emanuel, S.B. Sutton, S.A. Payne, P.V. Avizonis, R.S. Monroe, and D.G. Harris, “Dual-rod Yb:YAG laser for high-power and high-brightness applications,” Advanced Solid-State Lasers ,H. Injeyan, U. Keller, and C. Marshall, eds., Vol.34 of OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics Series (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C. 2000), pp. 42–47.

]. Low Stokes losses in Yb³⁺ system (due to near spectral neighboring of the Yb³⁺ absorption and luminescence bands) and absence of excited-state absorption (ions of Yb³⁺ can be characterized by a single pair of levels: ²F_7/2 (ground state) and ²F_5/2 (excited state)) make, in certain cases, Yb-doped materials superior over traditional Neodymium ones. Therefore, a search for new crystals activated with Yb is of great importance. On the other hand, it is known that co-activation of Yb-doped crystals with Holmium (Ho) ions leads to appearance of visible luminescence, which is explained by the Yb³⁺ - Ho³⁺ stepwise upconversion mechanism [3–5

L.F. Johnson and H.J. Guggenheim, “Infrared-pumped visible laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. , 19, 44–47 (1971). [CrossRef]

In recent years, Gadolinium Gallium Garnet (Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂, - GGG) has been the subject of interest as an alternative host for Yb [6–8

M.I. Belovolov, E.M. Dianov, M.I. Timoschechkin, LV. Barashov, A. M. Belovolov, M.A. Ivanov, N.P. Morozov, A.M. Prokhorov, and K.M. Timoschechkin, “Room temperature CW Yb:GGG laser operation at 1,038-μm,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe 1996, Technical Digest, p.43.

]. Yb:GGG has a number of attractive features such as higher emission and absorption cross sections in comparison to other Yb-doped crystals (e.g. Yb:YAG and Yb:FAP) while its thermo-optical properties are comparable to Yb:YAG.

In this letter, we present experimental features of luminescent properties of novel crystal GGG co-doped with Yb and Ho, concentrating attention on investigating its luminescence in the visible. High-intensity visible emission in Yb,Ho:GGG observed under CW IR diode pumping is believed to allow lasing by the up-conversion scheme.

2. Preparation and characterization of Yb,Ho:GGG samples

A number of GGG crystals with high Yb doping (5 at.% up to 50 at.%) and relatively weak Ho concentrations (~0.1 at.%) were grown by the Czochralski method. In the experiments, samples with 15 at.% (Yb) / 0.1 at.% (Ho) concentrations were used. This choice of the ratio for the co-dopants was based on investigations on preliminary samples yielding maximum visible (green) luminescence and in agreement with earlier reported optimum percentages of co-doping for Yb,Ho:YAG [9

R. Walti, W. Luthy, H.P. Weber, S.Ya. Rusanov, A.A. Yakovlev, A.I. Zagumennyi, I.A. Shcherbakov, and A.F. Umyskov, “Yb³⁺ / Ho³⁺ energy exchange mechanisms in Yb,Ho:YAG crystals for 2 μm or 540 nm lasing,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 54, 671–681 (1995).

The Yb,Ho:GGG samples were polished disks of size Ø10 × 0.9 mm. The non-saturated transmission coefficient of the samples was measured to be 26% at λ = 938 nm. The measured basic spectroscopic parameters of the crystals are as follows: room temperature Yb³⁺ excited state (²F_5/2) relaxation time τ ≈ 0.85 ms and peak (1025 nm) Yb³⁺ absorption cross-section σ_a ≈ 3.4^*10^-19cm² in the ²F_5/2 - ²F_7/2 band. The parameters τ and σ_a were evaluated from the data on Yb³⁺ luminescence decay curves and absorption spectra respectively. The latter was also cross-checked by experimentally estimating the saturating intensity, I_s = hν/σ_aτ ≈ 0.7 kW/cm².

3. Absorption and luminescence spectra of Yb,Ho:GGG

3.1. Absorption spectra

Yb,Ho:GGG absorption spectra are shown in Fig.1. The spectra were collected with a Perkin Elmer spectrometer (resolution of 1 nm). As it is seen from the overall spectrum (Fig.1a), the main absorption band in Yb,Ho:GGG lies between 900 and 1000 nm (Yb³⁺, transition ²F_7/2-²F_5/2), which is characteristic for all Yb³⁺-activated materials. There are also additional absorption bands in the UV, visible, and near-IR spectral regions, as seen in Figs. 1b and 1c. The high-intensity band in the near UV (Fig.1b) corresponds to the f-d configuration transition of Yb³⁺ ions. The single-peak at λ ≈275 nm is, most probably, related to the Yb²⁺ ions [10

M. Henke, J. Persson, and S. Kuck, “Preparation and spectroscopy of Yb²⁺- doped Y₃Al₅O₁₂, YAlO₃, and LiBaF₃ ,” J. of Luminescence , 87–89, 1049–1051 (2000). [CrossRef]

], which can accompany Yb³⁺ ions during Yb garnet growth. The triple-peak band near λ ≈300–320 nm is attributed to Gd³⁺ ions, whose presence is the difference of the GGG crystal from, say, the YAG crystal host. In Fig.1c the weak absorption peak near λ ≈370 nm is also identified as a feature of Yb²⁺ ions, while the transitions at λ ≈450–550 nm and λ ≈850–900 nm are attributed to Ho³⁺ ions’ absorption [11

E. Osiak, I. Sokolska, and S. Kuck, “Upconversion-induced blue, green and red emission in Ho³⁺:BaY₂F₈ ,” J. of Alloys & Compounds , 323–324, 283–287 (2001). [CrossRef]

]. The presence of extremely weak absorption peaks in the IR region, near λ ≈1150, 1205, and 1400 nm are also attributed to Ho³⁺ ions’ absorption.

Fig. 1. Absorption spectra of Yb,Ho:GGG at room temperature. (a) overall view; (b,c) – insets for UV and visible / near-IR spectral ranges, respectively.

Thus, the analysis of the absorption spectra allows us to conclude that the samples under investigation are indeed Yb³⁺,Ho³⁺:GGG (any additional possible doping, say, with Er³⁺ or Tm³⁺ ions, is not observed in the spectra). The latter conclusion is important for understanding the nature of the visible (green-to-near-IR) emission in the crystals.

3.2. Luminescence spectra

Luminescence spectra of Yb,Ho:GGG were collected using a setup in which a high-power semiconductor laser diode array (DILAS – Diodenlaser GmbH, λ = 938 nm / 30 W and ATC Semiconductor Devices, λ = 976 nm / 3 W) was used as the pump source. The pump radiation was focused onto the sample using a pair of cylindrical lenses with focal lengths of 2.5 cm. The pump intensity on the sample was estimated to be ~1 kW/cm². Luminescence signal from the samples was recorded by a spectrophotometer (resolution of 0.5 nm) equipped with a fiber head. In order to monitor any possible directionality effects the luminescence signal was measured both from the front and the back of the sample.

The results of luminescence measurements are shown in Figs.2 and 3.

The main (IR) luminescence signal, around λ ≈ 1μm, is shown in Fig.2; its shape resembles that observed in other Yb-activated crystals and is attributed to ²F5_5/2-²F_7/2 transition of Yb³⁺.

Fig. 2. Main luminescence band (Yb³⁺) of Yb,Ho:GGG (T = 300 K). Pump -17W(λ ≈ 938 nm.

Luminescence spectra collected in the visible are shown in Fig.3. It is seen that a very strong visible signal is detected in the green (centered at λ ≈530–560 nm) and slightly less powerful signals – in the near-IR (λ ≈740–770 nm) and red (λ ≈635–670 nm) spectral ranges. No directionality effect in the visible emission was detected.

In our experimental conditions, the intensity of the visible luminescence in the green was notably high and was estimated to be 8–10% of the IR emission at λ ≈ 1025 nm. This fact supports the prospect of achieving lasing in Yb.Ho:GGG under IR diode pumping. The other visible emission bands in the samples (λ ≈635–670 nm and λ ≈740–770 nm), reported for the first time to our knowledge, are remarkably strong as well.

The visible green emission could be seen with as low as 10 mW of incidence diode pump power (λ =938 and 976 nm) and had the dependence versus pump shown in Fig.4. On the inset of Fig. 4, the log-log scale of the power curves, over the whole excitation range, has a slope of 1.57 (green signal) and 1.61 (near-IR signal). The similarity of the values of the slopes is not surprising, since both processes start from the same level of Ho³⁺ ion (⁵F_{4 /} ⁵S₂, see below). It can also be noted that if an up-conversion mechanism for excitation exists in a material under study then a slope is an indication of an effective number of photons involved in that mechanism. The energy-transfer up-conversion step-wise mechanism [12

A. Kaminskii, Crystalline Lasers: Physical Properties and Operation Schemes (CRC, Boca-Raton, FL, 1996).

] (with two or even more sequential processes involved) is, most probably, responsible for the anti-Stokes visible emission in Yb,Ho:GGG. Thus, an expected value of the slope might be near 2; the observed slope ~1.6 can be explained by additional cross-relaxation processes within the Ho³⁺ [11

E. Osiak, I. Sokolska, and S. Kuck, “Upconversion-induced blue, green and red emission in Ho³⁺:BaY₂F₈ ,” J. of Alloys & Compounds , 323–324, 283–287 (2001). [CrossRef]

] and competition between linear decay and up-conversion for the depletion of the intermediate excited states [13

M. Pollnau, D.R. Gamelin, S.R. Luthi, H.U. Gudel, and M.P. Hehlen, “Power dependence of upconversion luminescence in lanthanide and transition-metal-ion systems,” Phys. Rev. B , 61, 3337–3346 (2000). [CrossRef]

]. It is further noted that the red signal (not shown in Fig.4) presents more complicated dependence on pump (due to more complicated scheme of excitation, see below) and can even influence on the green up-conversion signal [14

W. Ryba-Romanowski, P.J. Deren, S. Golab, and G. Dominik-Dzik, “Conversion of red light into green light in LiTa₃:Ho,” J. of Appl. Phys. , 88, 6078–6080 (2000). [CrossRef]

Fig. 3. Luminescence spectra of Yb,Ho:GGG in visible (T = 300 K, Pump at λ ≈ 938 nm). Curves 1–3 correspond to different levels of pump -4(1), 12.5 (2), and 17 (3) W.

4. Mechanism explaining visible luminescence in Yb,Ho:GGG

The visible emission observed experimentally should be attributed to some specific mechanism. Below we offer possible explanations for this phenomenon.

First of all, any nonlinear-optical process (like SHG) should be rejected, since it is inconsistent with the high magnitude of the visible signal, its broad wavelength band and fixed spectrum with change of diode wavelength (between 976 nm and 938 nm diode wavelength) and lack of directionality.

Secondly, a few papers [15

E. Montoya, O. Espeso, and L.E. Bausa, “Cooperative luminescence in Yb³⁺:LiNbO₃ ,” J. of Luminescence , 87–89, 1036–1038(2000). [CrossRef]

,16

M.A. Noginov, G.B. Loutts, C.S. Steward, B.D. Lucas, D. Fider, V. Peters, E. Mix, and G. Huber, “Spectroscopic study of Yb doped oxide crystals for intrinsic optical bistability,” J. of Luminescence , 96, 129–140(2002). [CrossRef]

] comment on a energy up-conversion effect based on collective effects of a pair of Yb ions in pure Yb³⁺, but highly-doped, garnets to explain extremely weak green emission (≈10^-6 – 10^-5 with respect to IR); but in those cases the green emission is centered exactly at a half-wavelength of the main IR luminescence (i.e., at λ ≈480–500 nm, not at λ ≈ 540–550 nm). This mechanism does not explain the appearance of the visible emission centered at λ – 650 and 755 nm.

The comparison of the absorption spectra (Fig.1) and luminescence spectra (Figs.2,3) with the known data on spectral features of Ho³⁺ ions in other materials [9

,11

E. Osiak, I. Sokolska, and S. Kuck, “Upconversion-induced blue, green and red emission in Ho³⁺:BaY₂F₈ ,” J. of Alloys & Compounds , 323–324, 283–287 (2001). [CrossRef]

,14

W. Ryba-Romanowski, P.J. Deren, S. Golab, and G. Dominik-Dzik, “Conversion of red light into green light in LiTa₃:Ho,” J. of Appl. Phys. , 88, 6078–6080 (2000). [CrossRef]

,17–22

R.A. Hewes and J.F. Sarver, “Infrared excitation processes for the visible luminescence of Er³⁺, Ho³⁺, and Tm³⁺ in Yb³⁺-sensitized rare-earth trifluorides,” Phys. Rev. , 182, 427–436 (1969). [CrossRef]

], and character of the dependences of the visible emission on pump (Fig.4) allows us to infer that the known Yb³⁺-Ho³⁺ stepwise up-conversion scheme (see Fig.5) is the only unique mechanism fully explaining the visible (green-to-near-IR) emission in Yb,Ho:GGG. Indeed the luminescence spectra obtained (Fig.3, a–c) are virtually the same as the ones given for a Ho³⁺:BaY₂F₈ crystal [11

E. Osiak, I. Sokolska, and S. Kuck, “Upconversion-induced blue, green and red emission in Ho³⁺:BaY₂F₈ ,” J. of Alloys & Compounds , 323–324, 283–287 (2001). [CrossRef]

] (compare with Fig.6 where data of Ref.11

E. Osiak, I. Sokolska, and S. Kuck, “Upconversion-induced blue, green and red emission in Ho³⁺:BaY₂F₈ ,” J. of Alloys & Compounds , 323–324, 283–287 (2001). [CrossRef]

are shown).

Fig. 4. Dependencies of up-converted green and near-IR emission intensity in Yb,Ho:GGG on pump (λ ≈ 938 nm) power. Inset – the dependencies for the most intense spectral peaks in double-logarithm scale.

The above evidence strongly supports the visible luminescence in Yb,Ho:GGG to stem from the presence of Ho³⁺ co-dopants and for energy transfer within the Yb³⁺ – Ho³⁺ system. Let us discuss in more detail the the proposed scheme of the up-conversion mechanism in Yb,Ho:GGG (Fig.5). In particular, owing to close energy match of the levels ²F_5/2 (Yb³⁺) and ⁵I₆ (Ho³⁺), an easy transfer of the absorbed energy is possible from the excited Yb³⁺ ion to a Ho³⁺ ion (⁵I₆, ≈8,000 cm^-1). The Ho³⁺ can, as the next step of up-conversion, be excited to the band lying at ≈18,000 cm^-1 (the level ⁵S₂). Excitation of this Ho³⁺ band is removed via emission of a near-IR photon at λ ≈ 755 nm (transition to ⁵I₇ level, ≈5,000 cm^-1) and green emission at λ ≈ 540 nm (transition to the ground-state, ⁵I₈). These processes are shown in Fig.5 as (1) and (2), respectively. Red emission (shown in Fig.5 as (3)) is realized via the transition from the state ⁵F₅ (after partial relaxation of excitation from the level ⁵S₂) to the ground state, ⁵I₈. Additionally, one more step of energy up-conversion can take place, when one more excited ion of Yb³⁺ transfers its energy to the Ho³⁺ ion in the ⁵S₂ state, which results in excitation of the latter to the ³H₆ state (≈28,000 cm^-1). After a series of non-radiative processes, the level ⁵F₃ of Ho³⁺ can be populated and from there excitation is radiatively removed via red emission (shown as 3’, dashed line) at λ ≈ 650 nm (the transition to the term ⁵I₇).

Finally, weak blue (λ ≈ 480 nm) and IR (λ ≈ 1205 nm) luminescence signals observed in the crystal are also well explained by the model. These luminescence lines correspond to the transitions ⁵F₃ – ⁵I₈ and ⁵I₆ – ⁵I₈ of Ho³⁺, respectively.

Hence, the scheme sketched in Fig.5 seems to be the most adequate to explain the visible luminescence in Yb,Ho:GGG, including fine structure of the luminescence bands, which is analogous to level structure observed for Ho³⁺:BaY₂F₈ (see Fig.6 and Ref 11

E. Osiak, I. Sokolska, and S. Kuck, “Upconversion-induced blue, green and red emission in Ho³⁺:BaY₂F₈ ,” J. of Alloys & Compounds , 323–324, 283–287 (2001). [CrossRef]

Fig. 5. Energy level diagram explaining visible emission in Yb,Ho:GGG at stepwise up-conversion in Yb³⁺-Ho³⁺ mixture system.

Fig. 6. Emission spectra of Ho³⁺:BaY₂F₈ crystal at room temperature excited at λ = 888nm [11

E. Osiak, I. Sokolska, and S. Kuck, “Upconversion-induced blue, green and red emission in Ho³⁺:BaY₂F₈ ,” J. of Alloys & Compounds , 323–324, 283–287 (2001). [CrossRef]

To further support the above assertions we performed kinetic studies of the green luminescence (λ = 539 nm) under short-pulse (50 μs) excitation by a Ti-Sapphire laser operating at λ ≈ 944 nm.

Fig. 7. Kinetics of green luminescence at λ = 538.3 nm (Ho³⁺) under short pump pulse (50μs) excitation in Yb,Ho:GGG crystal . 1 – Excitation pulse; 2 – Green luminescence signal (triangles – experimental data; solid line – their approximation by bi-exponential function).

Fig.7.shows the green luminescence signal (curve 2) which is seen to grow after the end of the exciting pulse (curve 1). This indicates that the green emission is caused by transitions from real impurity levels (as concluded above, Ho³⁺). The green emission response is quite characteristic [21

W. Ryba-Romanowski, S. Golab, G. Dominik-Dzik, and P. Solarz, “Conversion of infrared into red emission in YVO₄:Yb,Ho,” Appl. Phys. Lett. , 79, 3026–3028 (2001). [CrossRef]

,22

E. Osiak, I. Sokolska, and S. Kuck, “Avalanche-like mechanisms and up-conversion processes under infrared pumping in Ho³⁺,Yb³⁺:YAlO₃ ,” J. of Luminescence , 94–95, 289–292 (2001). [CrossRef]

] for the mechanism of anti-Stokes luminescence (i.e., the stepwise up-conversion). Similar shape for the luminescence kinetics was observed at λ = 755 nm, indicating the emission to be due to ⁵S₂ level population evolution. We deduced characteristic time constant of the green and near-IR luminescence and determined that the processes are well described by a bi-exponential dependence with the rates W₁ ≈ 1.2×10³/s (decay contribution of the main IR Yb³⁺ emission) and W ₂ ≈ 5.5×10³/s (contribution of the Ho³⁺ emission). The red luminescence (λ = 650 nm) has a different, more complicated, character and practically linearly follows the main IR Yb³⁺ luminescence; investigation of the latter feature is the subject of a separate investigation.

One more interesting observation is that, at short-pulse excitation, the red (λ ~ 650 nm) and near-IR (λ ~ 755 nm) signals decrease substantially, while the main green signal (λ ~ 540 nm) stays still powerful (the correspondent ratio of the luminescence signals becomes in the latter case ~1/3/10, respectively). This fact is in full agreement with observation of Ref.21

W. Ryba-Romanowski, S. Golab, G. Dominik-Dzik, and P. Solarz, “Conversion of infrared into red emission in YVO₄:Yb,Ho,” Appl. Phys. Lett. , 79, 3026–3028 (2001). [CrossRef]

for Yb,Ho:YVO₄, where similar case of up-conversion is realized.

5. Conclusion

We have demonstrated the absorption and luminescence features (at high-power IR laser diode excitation) of Yb,Ho:GGG. We have found that the presence in the crystal of Ho³⁺ ions, even at small concentration, is a source of notably powerful (≈10% with respect to IR) luminescence in the visible. The Yb³⁺-Ho³⁺ stepwise up-conversion in GGG is proved to be the mechanism explaining the phenomenon. The Ho³⁺ ions are shown to form an effective reservoir for energy stored in the Yb³⁺ sub-system and to be a source of the visible light.

At present time, work is in progress on developing an IR-pumped Yb,Ho:GGG laser oscillating in the visible (λ ~ 540 nm) spectral range.

6. Acknowledgments

This work was supported by CONACyT (Mexico) under Grant #32269-E. A.V.K. wishes to thank M.A.Noginov (USA), A.A.Kaminskii (Russia), N.N.Il’ichev (Russia), and L.A.Diaz-Torres (Mexico) for fruitful discussions.

References and links

1.	C. Stewen, M. Larionov, A. Giesen, and K. Contag, “Yb:YAG thin disk laser with 1 kW output power,” Advanced Solid-State Lasers , H. Injeyan, U. Keller, and C. Marshall, eds., Vol.34 of OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics Series (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C. 2000), pp. 35–41.
2.	E.C. Honea, RJ. Beach, S.C. Mitchell, J.A. Skidmore, M.A. Emanuel, S.B. Sutton, S.A. Payne, P.V. Avizonis, R.S. Monroe, and D.G. Harris, “Dual-rod Yb:YAG laser for high-power and high-brightness applications,” Advanced Solid-State Lasers ,H. Injeyan, U. Keller, and C. Marshall, eds., Vol.34 of OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics Series (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C. 2000), pp. 42–47.
3.	L.F. Johnson and H.J. Guggenheim, “Infrared-pumped visible laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. , 19, 44–47 (1971). [CrossRef]
4.	Th. Rotacher, W. Luthy, and H.P. Weber, “Diode pumping and laser properties of Yb:Ho:YAG”, Optics Commun. , 155, 68–72 (1998). [CrossRef]
5.	I.R. Martin, V.D. Rodriguez, V. Lavin, and U.R. Rodriguez-Medoza, “Upconversion dynamics in Yb³⁺- Ho³⁺-doped fluoroindate glasses,” J. of Alloys & Compounds , 275–277, 345–348 (2001).
6.	M.I. Belovolov, E.M. Dianov, M.I. Timoschechkin, LV. Barashov, A. M. Belovolov, M.A. Ivanov, N.P. Morozov, A.M. Prokhorov, and K.M. Timoschechkin, “Room temperature CW Yb:GGG laser operation at 1,038-μm,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe 1996, Technical Digest, p.43.
7.	M. Shimokozono, N. Sugimoto, A. Tate, Y. Katoh, M. Tanno, S. Fukuda, and T. Ryouh, “Room-temperature operation of an Yb-doped Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂ buried channel waveguide laser at 1.025 μm wavelength,” Appl. Phys. Lett. , 68, 2177–2179 (1996). [CrossRef]
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9.	R. Walti, W. Luthy, H.P. Weber, S.Ya. Rusanov, A.A. Yakovlev, A.I. Zagumennyi, I.A. Shcherbakov, and A.F. Umyskov, “Yb³⁺ / Ho³⁺ energy exchange mechanisms in Yb,Ho:YAG crystals for 2 μm or 540 nm lasing,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 54, 671–681 (1995).
10.	M. Henke, J. Persson, and S. Kuck, “Preparation and spectroscopy of Yb²⁺- doped Y₃Al₅O₁₂, YAlO₃, and LiBaF₃ ,” J. of Luminescence , 87–89, 1049–1051 (2000). [CrossRef]
11.	E. Osiak, I. Sokolska, and S. Kuck, “Upconversion-induced blue, green and red emission in Ho³⁺:BaY₂F₈ ,” J. of Alloys & Compounds , 323–324, 283–287 (2001). [CrossRef]
12.	A. Kaminskii, Crystalline Lasers: Physical Properties and Operation Schemes (CRC, Boca-Raton, FL, 1996).
13.	M. Pollnau, D.R. Gamelin, S.R. Luthi, H.U. Gudel, and M.P. Hehlen, “Power dependence of upconversion luminescence in lanthanide and transition-metal-ion systems,” Phys. Rev. B , 61, 3337–3346 (2000). [CrossRef]
14.	W. Ryba-Romanowski, P.J. Deren, S. Golab, and G. Dominik-Dzik, “Conversion of red light into green light in LiTa₃:Ho,” J. of Appl. Phys. , 88, 6078–6080 (2000). [CrossRef]
15.	E. Montoya, O. Espeso, and L.E. Bausa, “Cooperative luminescence in Yb³⁺:LiNbO₃ ,” J. of Luminescence , 87–89, 1036–1038(2000). [CrossRef]
16.	M.A. Noginov, G.B. Loutts, C.S. Steward, B.D. Lucas, D. Fider, V. Peters, E. Mix, and G. Huber, “Spectroscopic study of Yb doped oxide crystals for intrinsic optical bistability,” J. of Luminescence , 96, 129–140(2002). [CrossRef]
17.	R.A. Hewes and J.F. Sarver, “Infrared excitation processes for the visible luminescence of Er³⁺, Ho³⁺, and Tm³⁺ in Yb³⁺-sensitized rare-earth trifluorides,” Phys. Rev. , 182, 427–436 (1969). [CrossRef]
18.	L. Esterowitz, J. Noonan, and J. Bahler, “Enhancement in a Ho³⁺ - Yb³⁺ quantum counter by energy transfer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. , 10, 126–127 (1967). [CrossRef]
19.	A. Diening and S. Kuck, “Spectroscopy and diode-pumped laser oscillation of Yb³⁺,Ho³⁺-doped yttrium scandium gallium garnet,“ J. of Appl. Phys. , 87, 4063–4068 (2000). [CrossRef]
20.	L.F. Johnson and H.J. Guggenheim, “Infrared-pumped visible laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. , 19, 44–47 (1971). [CrossRef]
21.	W. Ryba-Romanowski, S. Golab, G. Dominik-Dzik, and P. Solarz, “Conversion of infrared into red emission in YVO₄:Yb,Ho,” Appl. Phys. Lett. , 79, 3026–3028 (2001). [CrossRef]
22.	E. Osiak, I. Sokolska, and S. Kuck, “Avalanche-like mechanisms and up-conversion processes under infrared pumping in Ho³⁺,Yb³⁺:YAlO₃ ,” J. of Luminescence , 94–95, 289–292 (2001). [CrossRef]

OCIS Codes
(140.5680) Lasers and laser optics : Rare earth and transition metal solid-state lasers
(160.2540) Materials : Fluorescent and luminescent materials
(160.5690) Materials : Rare-earth-doped materials
(300.6280) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy, fluorescence and luminescence

ToC Category:
Research Papers

History
Original Manuscript: June 10, 2002
Revised Manuscript: August 1, 2002
Published: August 12, 2002

Citation
Alexander Kir'yanov, V. Aboites, A. Belovolov, M. Timoshechkin, M. Belovolov, M. Damzen, and A. Minassian, "Powerful visible (530�??770 nm) luminescence in Yb,Ho:GGG with IR diode pumping," Opt. Express 10, 832-839 (2002)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-10-16-832

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References

C.Stewen, M.Larionov, A.Giesen, and K.Contag, �??Yb:YAG thin disk laser with 1 kW output power,�?? Advanced Solid-State Lasers, H.Injeyan, U.Keller, and C.Marshall, eds., Vol. 34 of OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics Series (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C. 2000), pp. 35-41.
E.C.Honea, R.J.Beach, S.C.Mitchell, J.A.Skidmore, M.A.Emanuel, S.B.Sutton, S.A.Payne, P.V.Avizonis, R.S.Monroe, and D.G.Harris, �??Dual-rod Yb:YAG laser for high-power and high-brightness applications,�?? Advanced Solid-State Lasers, H.Injeyan, U.Keller, and C.Marshall, eds., Vol. 34 of OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics Series (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C. 2000), pp. 42-47.
L.F.Johnson and H.J.Guggenheim, �??Infrared-pumped visible laser,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 44-47 (1971). [CrossRef]
Th. Rotacher, W. Luthy, and H.P. Weber, �??Diode pumping and laser properties of Yb:Ho:YAG,�?? Opt. Commun. 155, 68-72 (1998). [CrossRef]
I.R. Martin, V.D. Rodriguez, V. Lavin, and U.R. Rodriguez-Medoza, �??Upconversion dynamics in Yb3+- Ho3+- doped fluoroindate glasses,�?? J. of Alloys Compounds 275-277, 345-348 (2001).
M.I. Belovolov, E.M. Dianov, M.I. Timoschechkin, L.V. Barashov, A.M. Belovolov, M.A. Ivanov, N.P. Morozov, A.M. Prokhorov, and K.M. Timoschechkin, �??Room temperature CW Yb:GGG laser operation at 1,038-µm,�?? Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe 1996, Technical Digest, p. 43.
M. Shimokozono, N. Sugimoto, A. Tate, Y. Katoh, M. Tanno, S. Fukuda, and T. Ryouh, �??Room-temperature operation of an Yb-doped Gd3Ga5O12 buried channel waveguide laser at 1.025 µm wavelength,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 2177-2179 (1996). [CrossRef]
S. Chenais, F. Druon, F. Balembois, P. Georges, A. Brun, A. Brenier, and G. Boulon, �??Diode-pumped operation of Yb:GGG laser�??, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2001, Technical Digest, pp. 170-171.
R. Walti, W. Luthy, H.P. Weber, S. a.Rusanov, A.A. Yakovlev, A.I. Zagumennyi, I.A. Shcherbakov, and A.F. Umyskov, �??Yb3+ / Ho3+ energy exchange mechanisms in Yb,Ho:YAG crystals for 2 µm or 540 nm lasing,�?? J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 54, 671-681 (1995).
M. Henke, J. Persson, and S. Kuck, �??Preparation and spectroscopy of Yb2+- doped Y3Al5O12, YAlO3, and LiBaF3,�?? J. Luminescence 87-89, 1049-1051 (2000). [CrossRef]
E. Osiak, I. Sokolska, and S. Kuck, �??Upconversion-induced blue, green and red emission in Ho3+:BaY2F8,�?? J. Alloys Compounds 323-324, 283-287 (2001). [CrossRef]
A. Kaminskii, Crystalline Lasers: Physical Properties and Operation Schemes (CRC, Boca-Raton, FL, 1996).
M. Pollnau, D.R. Gamelin, S.R. Luthi, H.U. Gudel, and M.P. Hehlen, �??Power dependence of upconversion luminescence in lanthanide and transition-metal-ion systems,�?? Phys. Rev. B 61, 3337-3346 (2000). [CrossRef]
W. Ryba-Romanowski, P.J. Deren, S. Golab, and G. Dominik-Dzik, �??Conversion of red light into green light in LiTa3:Ho,�?? J. of Appl. Phys. 88, 6078-6080 (2000). [CrossRef]
E. Montoya, O. Espeso, and L.E. Bausa, �??Cooperative luminescence in Yb3+:LiNbO3,�?? J. Luminescence 87-89, 1036-1038 (2000). [CrossRef]
M.A. Noginov, G.B. Loutts, C.S. Steward, B.D. Lucas, D. Fider, V. Peters, E. Mix, and G. Huber, �??Spectroscopic study of Yb doped oxide crystals for intrinsic optical bistability,�?? J. Luminescence 96, 129-140 (2002). [CrossRef]
R.A. Hewes and J.F. Sarver, �??Infrared excitation processes for the visible luminescence of Er3+, Ho3+, and Tm3+ in Yb3+-sensitized rare-earth trifluorides,�?? Phys. Rev. 182, 427-436 (1969). [CrossRef]
L. Esterowitz, J. Noonan, and J. Bahler, �??Enhancement in a Ho3+- Yb3+ quantum counter by energy transfer,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 126-127 (1967). [CrossRef]
A. Diening and S. Kuck, �??Spectroscopy and diode-pumped laser oscillation of Yb3+,Ho3+-doped yttrium scandium gallium garnet," J. Appl. Phys. 87, 4063-4068 (2000). [CrossRef]
L.F. Johnson and H.J. Guggenheim, �??Infrared-pumped visible laser,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 44-47 (1971). [CrossRef]
W. Ryba-Romanowski, S. Golab, G. Dominik-Dzik, and P. Solarz, �??Conversion of infrared into red emission in YVO4:Yb,Ho,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 3026-3028 (2001). [CrossRef]
E. Osiak, I. Sokolska, and S. Kuck, �??Avalanche-like mechanisms and up-conversion processes under infrared pumping in Ho3+,Yb3+:YAlO3,�?? J. Luminescence 94-95, 289-292 (2001). [CrossRef]

Advanced Solid-State Lasers

C.Stewen, M.Larionov, A.Giesen, and K.Contag, �??Yb:YAG thin disk laser with 1 kW output power,�?? Advanced Solid-State Lasers, H.Injeyan, U.Keller, and C.Marshall, eds., Vol. 34 of OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics Series (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C. 2000), pp. 35-41.
E.C.Honea, R.J.Beach, S.C.Mitchell, J.A.Skidmore, M.A.Emanuel, S.B.Sutton, S.A.Payne, P.V.Avizonis, R.S.Monroe, and D.G.Harris, �??Dual-rod Yb:YAG laser for high-power and high-brightness applications,�?? Advanced Solid-State Lasers, H.Injeyan, U.Keller, and C.Marshall, eds., Vol. 34 of OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics Series (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C. 2000), pp. 42-47.

Appl. Phys. Lett.

L.F.Johnson and H.J.Guggenheim, �??Infrared-pumped visible laser,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 44-47 (1971). [CrossRef]
M. Shimokozono, N. Sugimoto, A. Tate, Y. Katoh, M. Tanno, S. Fukuda, and T. Ryouh, �??Room-temperature operation of an Yb-doped Gd3Ga5O12 buried channel waveguide laser at 1.025 µm wavelength,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 2177-2179 (1996). [CrossRef]
L. Esterowitz, J. Noonan, and J. Bahler, �??Enhancement in a Ho3+- Yb3+ quantum counter by energy transfer,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 126-127 (1967). [CrossRef]
L.F. Johnson and H.J. Guggenheim, �??Infrared-pumped visible laser,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 44-47 (1971). [CrossRef]
W. Ryba-Romanowski, S. Golab, G. Dominik-Dzik, and P. Solarz, �??Conversion of infrared into red emission in YVO4:Yb,Ho,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 3026-3028 (2001). [CrossRef]

J. Alloys Compounds

E. Osiak, I. Sokolska, and S. Kuck, �??Upconversion-induced blue, green and red emission in Ho3+:BaY2F8,�?? J. Alloys Compounds 323-324, 283-287 (2001). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

A. Diening and S. Kuck, �??Spectroscopy and diode-pumped laser oscillation of Yb3+,Ho3+-doped yttrium scandium gallium garnet," J. Appl. Phys. 87, 4063-4068 (2000). [CrossRef]

J. Luminescence

E. Osiak, I. Sokolska, and S. Kuck, �??Avalanche-like mechanisms and up-conversion processes under infrared pumping in Ho3+,Yb3+:YAlO3,�?? J. Luminescence 94-95, 289-292 (2001). [CrossRef]
M. Henke, J. Persson, and S. Kuck, �??Preparation and spectroscopy of Yb2+- doped Y3Al5O12, YAlO3, and LiBaF3,�?? J. Luminescence 87-89, 1049-1051 (2000). [CrossRef]
E. Montoya, O. Espeso, and L.E. Bausa, �??Cooperative luminescence in Yb3+:LiNbO3,�?? J. Luminescence 87-89, 1036-1038 (2000). [CrossRef]
M.A. Noginov, G.B. Loutts, C.S. Steward, B.D. Lucas, D. Fider, V. Peters, E. Mix, and G. Huber, �??Spectroscopic study of Yb doped oxide crystals for intrinsic optical bistability,�?? J. Luminescence 96, 129-140 (2002). [CrossRef]

J. of Alloys Compounds

I.R. Martin, V.D. Rodriguez, V. Lavin, and U.R. Rodriguez-Medoza, �??Upconversion dynamics in Yb3+- Ho3+- doped fluoroindate glasses,�?? J. of Alloys Compounds 275-277, 345-348 (2001).

J. of Appl. Phys.

W. Ryba-Romanowski, P.J. Deren, S. Golab, and G. Dominik-Dzik, �??Conversion of red light into green light in LiTa3:Ho,�?? J. of Appl. Phys. 88, 6078-6080 (2000). [CrossRef]

J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer

R. Walti, W. Luthy, H.P. Weber, S. a.Rusanov, A.A. Yakovlev, A.I. Zagumennyi, I.A. Shcherbakov, and A.F. Umyskov, �??Yb3+ / Ho3+ energy exchange mechanisms in Yb,Ho:YAG crystals for 2 µm or 540 nm lasing,�?? J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 54, 671-681 (1995).

Opt. Commun.

Th. Rotacher, W. Luthy, and H.P. Weber, �??Diode pumping and laser properties of Yb:Ho:YAG,�?? Opt. Commun. 155, 68-72 (1998). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev.

R.A. Hewes and J.F. Sarver, �??Infrared excitation processes for the visible luminescence of Er3+, Ho3+, and Tm3+ in Yb3+-sensitized rare-earth trifluorides,�?? Phys. Rev. 182, 427-436 (1969). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. B

M. Pollnau, D.R. Gamelin, S.R. Luthi, H.U. Gudel, and M.P. Hehlen, �??Power dependence of upconversion luminescence in lanthanide and transition-metal-ion systems,�?? Phys. Rev. B 61, 3337-3346 (2000). [CrossRef]

Other

A. Kaminskii, Crystalline Lasers: Physical Properties and Operation Schemes (CRC, Boca-Raton, FL, 1996).
M.I. Belovolov, E.M. Dianov, M.I. Timoschechkin, L.V. Barashov, A.M. Belovolov, M.A. Ivanov, N.P. Morozov, A.M. Prokhorov, and K.M. Timoschechkin, �??Room temperature CW Yb:GGG laser operation at 1,038-µm,�?? Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe 1996, Technical Digest, p. 43.
S. Chenais, F. Druon, F. Balembois, P. Georges, A. Brun, A. Brenier, and G. Boulon, �??Diode-pumped operation of Yb:GGG laser�??, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2001, Technical Digest, pp. 170-171.

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