Pulse deformations at guided-mode resonance filters

doi:10.1364/OE.10.000840

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Pulse deformations at guided-mode resonance filters

Tuomas Vallius, Pasi Vahimaa, and Jari Turunen »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 10, Issue 16, pp. 840-843 (2002)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.10.000840

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– Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Theory
3 Numerical results
4 Conclusions
– References and links

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Abstract

A short pulse of light incident on a waveguiding region with a periodic mixture of dielectric materials is shown to experience dramatic changes in its spatial and temporal composition. The reflected and transmitted pulse components experience lateral spread and temporal decompression, which depend on the pulse width, pulse duration, and the structural parameters of the resonant grating.

[Optical Society of America ]

1 Introduction

Guided-mode resonances [1

S. S. Wang, R. Magnusson, J. S. Bagby, and M. G. Moharam, “Guided-mode resonances in planar dielectric-layer diffraction gratings,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7, 1470–1474 (1990). [CrossRef]

] are anomalous effects encountered when a periodically corrugated region of increased effective refractive index between two dielectric media is illuminated with a plane wave. While traditionally applied to coupling of light into waveguides [2

R. Petit, ed., Electromagnetic Theory of Gratings (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1980). [CrossRef]

], these resonances also permit the realization of narrow-band reflection filters [3

S. S. Wang and R. Magnusson, “Theory and applications of guided-mode resonance filters,” Appl. Opt. 32, 2606–2613 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]: with appropriate values of the frequency ω and the angle of incidence θ in the incident medium, the resonant structure can reflect all of the incident energy. For other combinations of ω and θ part of the incident energyis transmitted. Hence it is clear that (i) stationaryfields with finite spatial extent can experience partial reflection and transmission accompanied with substantial angular-spectrum modifications [4

R. Magnusson and S. S. Wang, “Optical waveguide-grating filters,” Proc. SPIE 2108, 380–391 (1993). [CrossRef]

, 5

J. Saarinen, E. Noponen, and J. Turunen, “Guided-mode resonance filters of finite aperture,” Opt. Eng. 34, 2560–2566 (1995). [CrossRef]

], (ii) pulsed plane waves with finite temporal widths can experience phase delays because of guided-wave coupling [6

F. Schreier, M. Schmitz, and O. Bryngdahl, “Pulse delay at diffractive structures under resonance conditions,” Opt. Lett. 23, 1337–1339 (1998). [CrossRef]

, 7

F. Schreier and O. Bryngdahl, “Confined wave packets in the domain of Rayleigh-Wood anomalies,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 17, 68–73 (2000). [CrossRef]

], and as a consequence (iii) pulsed fields with with finite spatial extent should exhibit partial reflection and transmission accompanied with strong spatial and temporal deformations. The latter type of fields are of concern here. We predict, by numerical implementations of rigorous diffraction theory, giantly enhanced Goos-Hänchen -type [8

F. Goos and H. Hanchen, “Ein neuer und fundamentaler versuch zur totalreflexion,” Ann. Physik 6, 333–346 (1947). [CrossRef]

] temporal delays and pulse decompression effects as well as substantial spatial pulse deformations of initially Gaussian pulses when they interact with guided-mode resonance filters.

2 Theory

The geometry of Fig. 1 illustrates a single period of an idealized guided-mode resonance filter consisting of an infinite train of periods embedded in a uniform dielectric medium. The parameters that define the index-modulation profile are the depth h of the structure, its period d, and the refractive indices n ₁ and n ₂. In all calculations the fill factor of the grating is assumed to be 1/2. Fulfillment of the guided-mode resonance conditions demands a subwavelength-period grating such that onlythe zero-order reflected and transmitted orders propagate. The reflection and transmission coefficients for these orders are obtained straightforwardly by rigorous grating theory for any wavelength and incident angle [2

R. Petit, ed., Electromagnetic Theory of Gratings (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1980). [CrossRef]

, 9

J. Turunen, “Diffraction theory of microrelief gratings,” Chapter 2 in Micro-Optics: Elements, Systems, and Applications, H. P. Herzig, ed. (Taylor & Francis, London, 1997).

]. The filter produces a strong resonance reflection at the wavelength λ = 0.633 μm with a 1/e width of 0.095 nm.

The field incident upon the filter is assumed to be a paraxial, coherent, TE-polarized, spatially and temporally Gaussian pulse with

E_{y} (x, z = 0, t) = \exp (- \frac{t^{2}}{T_{0}^{2}} - \frac{x^{2}}{w_{0}^{2}}) \exp (- i ω_{0} t)

(1)

with central frequency ω ₀ = 2πc/λ_o, pulse width T ₀, and beam (waist) width ω ₀; c and λ₀ are the speed of light and the central wavelength in vacuum, and we have used the value λ₀ = 0.633 μm. This pulse can be decomposed into its (monochromatic) Fourier components

E_{y} (x, z = 0, ω) = \frac{T_{0}}{2 \sqrt{π}} \exp [- \frac{{(ω - ω_{0})}^{2}}{{(2 / T_{0})}^{2}}] \exp (- \frac{x^{2}}{ω_{0}^{2}}),

(2)

which can further be expanded in angular spectra of (monochromatic) plane-wave components

E_{y} (α, z = 0, ω) = \frac{T_{0} ω_{0}}{4 π} \exp [- \frac{{(ω - ω_{0})}^{2}}{{(2 / T_{0})}^{2}}] \exp [- \frac{α^{2}}{{(2 / ω_{0})}^{2}}],

(3)

where α = (ω/v)sinθ and v is the speed of light in the incident medium. Examining the frequency domain representation of the field [ in Eq. (2)], we observe that the pulse is of type I in view of Ref. [10

C. J. R. Sheppard, “Bessel pulse beams and focus wave modes,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 18, 2594–2600 (2001). [CrossRef]

] since its spectral distribution is constant.

Fig. 1. Geometry of a guided-mode resonance filter considered in the present work. n ₁ = 1.5, n ₂ = 1.6, n _I = n _III = 1.5, d = 0.4213 μm and h = 0.1176 μm.

The standard methods of rigorous diffraction theory can be applied to each plane-wave component, and a superposition of a discrete set of rigorous solutions provides a complete solution for the reflected and transmitted angular spectra at a given frequency. Once this procedure is repeated for a sufficientlydensely sampled set of frequencies, the temporal and spatial shape of the reflected and transmitted pulses can be constructed by inverse Fourier transforms. Such a procedure was used to construct the fields presented in the examples provided below. In the numerical work we used a spatial sampling interval of 0.001 radians and a frequencysampling period of 1.57 × 10¹¹ s^-1, which we found sufficient to guarantee satisfactory numerical convergence of the results in structures of the type presented in Fig. 1.

3 Numerical results

Figure 2 illustrates some of the numerically obtained results. Here a spatially and temporally Gaussian incident pulse with parameters ω ₀ = 0.6 mm and T ₀ = 2 ps encounters the guided-mode resonance filter with the parameters given above. The spectral width of such a pulse is 0.21 nm. The figure illustrates the time evolution of the pulse, which is split into reflected and transmitted pulses upon interaction with the filter located at z = 0; the thickness of the filter is insubstantial compared with the scale of the figures, where the spatial units are in millimeters and the time interval between the subsequent frames is 1.5 ps. When entering the filter, the incident pulse is clearlyseen to be partially guided into the filter, which is recognized as a straight vertical line in the subsequent frames at x = 0. The light originally contained in the incident pulse is partially transmitted because it contains components that do not satisfy the guided-mode resonance conditions. These components give rise to the initial transmitted pulse in (b), which effectively separates from the reflected pulse in (c). Here the spatial extensions of the incident and the reflected pulses are still essentially the same. Hence that part of the incident spatial-temporal spectrum that should be reflected totally in view of the stationary narrow-band field theory is indeed reflected. However, some spatial spreading of the the reflected field in comparison to the incident field is already observable, which is attributable to resonant coupling into the waveguide.

The situation changes rather dramatically in Fig. 2(d), where one may observe both the growth of the intensity of the reflected pulse and the emergence of new transmitted contributions that start to follow the initial transmitted pulse, however being spatially displaced. This trend is strengthened in the following frames. Both the reflected and transmitted pulses exhibit tails that result from the interaction with the filter: optical energy leaks from the waveguide practically equally to both sides as soon as the spatial extension of the incident pulse is less than the distance the waveguide modes excited by it have travelled in the waveguide.

4 Conclusions

In conclusion, we have presented, for the first time to our knowledge, a rigorous diffraction analysis of spatial and temporal deformations of pulses with finite spatial extent incident on resonant structures. The analysis revealed substantial deformations, which have consequences in engineering applications. While we were able, because of space limitations, to consider explicitly only one selected set of beam and grating parameters, the physical interpretations presented are generally applicable. Rather similar behavior as illustrated in Fig. 2 is observed also in TM polarization provided that the grating parameters are adjusted such that TM-polarized light is resonant at normal incidence and at the center frequency ω ₀. If the effective index modulation of the grating is reduced, the resonance-induced guided waves propagate further before being coupled out.

Fig. 2. Spatially and temporally Gaussian pulse with W ₀ = 600 μm and T ₀ = 2 ps encounters a resonance filter at z = 0. The horizontal and vertical axes are the z and x-axis, respectively. The units are in millimeters. The time interval between the figures is 1.5 ps.

A wider incident beam or a narrower pulse spectrum lead to a higher reflectance efficiency because a larger proportion of the plane-wave components in the incident field satisfy the resonant conditions sufficiently well.

The work of T. Vallius was financed by the Graduate School on Modern Optics and Photonics. Additional support from the Academy of Finland is gratefully acknowledged.

References and links

1.	S. S. Wang, R. Magnusson, J. S. Bagby, and M. G. Moharam, “Guided-mode resonances in planar dielectric-layer diffraction gratings,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7, 1470–1474 (1990). [CrossRef]
2.	R. Petit, ed., Electromagnetic Theory of Gratings (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1980). [CrossRef]
3.	S. S. Wang and R. Magnusson, “Theory and applications of guided-mode resonance filters,” Appl. Opt. 32, 2606–2613 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4.	R. Magnusson and S. S. Wang, “Optical waveguide-grating filters,” Proc. SPIE 2108, 380–391 (1993). [CrossRef]
5.	J. Saarinen, E. Noponen, and J. Turunen, “Guided-mode resonance filters of finite aperture,” Opt. Eng. 34, 2560–2566 (1995). [CrossRef]
6.	F. Schreier, M. Schmitz, and O. Bryngdahl, “Pulse delay at diffractive structures under resonance conditions,” Opt. Lett. 23, 1337–1339 (1998). [CrossRef]
7.	F. Schreier and O. Bryngdahl, “Confined wave packets in the domain of Rayleigh-Wood anomalies,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 17, 68–73 (2000). [CrossRef]
8.	F. Goos and H. Hanchen, “Ein neuer und fundamentaler versuch zur totalreflexion,” Ann. Physik 6, 333–346 (1947). [CrossRef]
9.	J. Turunen, “Diffraction theory of microrelief gratings,” Chapter 2 in Micro-Optics: Elements, Systems, and Applications, H. P. Herzig, ed. (Taylor & Francis, London, 1997).
10.	C. J. R. Sheppard, “Bessel pulse beams and focus wave modes,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 18, 2594–2600 (2001). [CrossRef]

OCIS Codes
(050.1970) Diffraction and gratings : Diffractive optics
(320.0320) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast optics
(320.5390) Ultrafast optics : Picosecond phenomena
(320.5540) Ultrafast optics : Pulse shaping
(320.5550) Ultrafast optics : Pulses

ToC Category:
Research Papers

History
Original Manuscript: June 18, 2002
Revised Manuscript: July 19, 2002
Published: August 12, 2002

Citation
Tuomas Vallius, Pasi Vahimaa, and Jari Turunen, "Pulse deformations at guided-mode resonance filters," Opt. Express 10, 840-843 (2002)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-10-16-840

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References

S. S. Wang, R. Magnusson, J. S. Bagby, and M. G. Moharam, �??Guided-mode resonances in planar dielectric-layer diffraction gratings,�?? J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7, 1470�??1474 (1990). [CrossRef]
R. Petit, ed., Electromagnetic Theory of Gratings (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1980). [CrossRef]
S. S. Wang and R. Magnusson, �??Theory and applications of guided-mode resonance filters,�?? Appl. Opt. 32, 2606�??2613 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. Magnusson and S. S. Wang, �??Optical waveguide-grating filters,�?? Proc. SPIE 2108, 380�??391 (1993). [CrossRef]
J. Saarinen, E. Noponen, and J. Turunen, �??Guided-mode resonance filters of finite aperture,�?? Opt. Eng. 34, 2560�??2566 (1995). [CrossRef]
F. Schreier, M. Schmitz, and O. Bryngdahl, �??Pulse delay at diffractive structures under resonance conditions,�?? Opt. Lett. 23, 1337�??1339 (1998). [CrossRef]
F. Schreier and O. Bryngdahl, �??Confined wave packets in the domain of Rayleigh-Wood anomalies,�?? J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 17, 68�??73 (2000). [CrossRef]
F. Goos and H. Hanchen, �??Ein neuer und fundamentaler versuch zur totalreflexion,�?? Ann. Physik 6, 333�??346 (1947). [CrossRef]
J. Turunen, �??Diffraction theory of microrelief gratings,�?? Chapter 2 in Micro-Optics: Elements Systems, and Applications, H. P. Herzig, ed. (Taylor & Francis, London, 1997).
C. J. R. Sheppard, �??Bessel pulse beams and focus wave modes,�?? J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 18, 2594�??2600 (2001). [CrossRef]

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