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Optics Express

  • Editor: Michael Duncan
  • Vol. 12, Iss. 1 — Jan. 12, 2004
  • pp: 136–142

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Parametric amplification in presence of dispersion fluctuations

Mitra Farahmand and Martijn de Sterke  »View Author Affiliations


Optics Express, Vol. 12, Issue 1, pp. 136-142 (2004)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.12.000136


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Abstract

Parametric amplification in fibers with dispersion fluctuations is analyzed. The fluctuations are modelled as a stochastic process, with their size at a given position modelled as a Gaussian, and the autocorrelation decreasing exponentially. Two models are studied: in one the dispersion is piecewise constant, while in the other it is continuous. We find that the amplification does not depend on the models’ details and that only fluctuations with long correlation lengths affect the amplification significantly.

© 2004 Optical Society of America

1. Introduction

Parametric amplification can occur when a strong pump with frequency ωp co-propagates in an optical fiber with a weaker signal with frequency ωs . By degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM), induced by the cubic nonlinearity of the glass, energy from the pump is transferred to the signal and, because of energy conservation, to an idler with frequency ωi =2ωp-ωs as well [1

G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, 1995)

, 2

S. Kinoshita et al. Eds., Optical amplifiers and their application (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC 1999).

]. A key advantage of parametric amplification is its wide bandwidth, which is not limited by the properties of erbium, as in erbium doped fiber amplifiers, or by the properties of Raman phonons in glass, such as in Raman amplifiers [1

G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, 1995)

, 2

S. Kinoshita et al. Eds., Optical amplifiers and their application (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC 1999).

, 3

M-C Ho, K. Uesaka, M. Marhic, Y. Akasaka, and L.G. Kazovsky, “200-nm-bandwidth fiber optical amplifier combining parametric an Raman gain,” J. Lightwave Technol. 19, 977–980 (2001). [CrossRef]

]. For parametric amplification to occur efficiently a phase matching condition needs to be satisfied that depends on the propagation constants of the fields as

Δ β= 2 βp− βs− βi,
(1)

where, βp,s,i are the propagation constants of the pump, signal and idler.

It has been established that even in nominally uniform fibers, the parameters can vary slightly as a function of position, which in turn causes the zero-dispersion wavelength to vary with position [4

M. Karlsson, “Four-wave mixing in fibers with randomly varying zero-dispersion wavelength,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B , 15, 2269–2275 (1998). It is noted that in the Appendix in this paper the matrices G and H are implicitly, and incorrectly, assumed to commute. [CrossRef]

, 5

I. Brener, P.P. Mitra, D.D. Lee, and D.J. Thomson, “High-resolution zero-dispersion wavelength mapping in single-mode fiber,” Opt. Lett. 23, 1520–1522 (1998). [CrossRef]

, 6

J.S. Pereira et al, “Measurement of zero-dispersion wavelength using a novel method based on four-wave mixing,” in Optical Fiber Communications Conference , Vol. 2, 1998 OSA Technical Digest Series (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1998), pp. 345–346.

, 7

M. Eiselt, R.M. Jopson, and R.H. Stolen, “Non-destructive position-resolved measurement of the zero-dispersion wavelength in an optical fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 15, 135–142 (1997). [CrossRef]

, 8

N. Kuwaki and M. Ohashi, “Evolution of longitudinal chromatic dispersion,” J. Lightwave Technol. 8, 1476–1480 (1990). [CrossRef]

, 9

M. González-Herráez, P. Corredera, M.L. Hernanz, and J.A. Méndez, “Retrieval of the zero-dispersion wavelength map of an optical fiber from measurement of its continuous wave four-wave mixing efficiency,” Opt. Lett. 27, 1546–1548 (2002). [CrossRef]

, 10

J.M. Chávez-Boggio, P. Dainese, and H.L. Fragnito, “Performance of a two-pump fiber optical parametric amplifier in a 10 Gb/s×64 channel dense wavelength division multiplexing system,” Opt. Commun. 218, 303–310 (2003). [CrossRef]

]. This causes the propagation constants βp,s,i to vary with position, and hence also the phase matching parameter Δβ (1), and thus the gain. These variations in the fiber parameters can occur over long length scales, of the order of 100–1000 m [4

M. Karlsson, “Four-wave mixing in fibers with randomly varying zero-dispersion wavelength,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B , 15, 2269–2275 (1998). It is noted that in the Appendix in this paper the matrices G and H are implicitly, and incorrectly, assumed to commute. [CrossRef]

, 5

I. Brener, P.P. Mitra, D.D. Lee, and D.J. Thomson, “High-resolution zero-dispersion wavelength mapping in single-mode fiber,” Opt. Lett. 23, 1520–1522 (1998). [CrossRef]

, 6

J.S. Pereira et al, “Measurement of zero-dispersion wavelength using a novel method based on four-wave mixing,” in Optical Fiber Communications Conference , Vol. 2, 1998 OSA Technical Digest Series (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1998), pp. 345–346.

, 7

M. Eiselt, R.M. Jopson, and R.H. Stolen, “Non-destructive position-resolved measurement of the zero-dispersion wavelength in an optical fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 15, 135–142 (1997). [CrossRef]

, 9

M. González-Herráez, P. Corredera, M.L. Hernanz, and J.A. Méndez, “Retrieval of the zero-dispersion wavelength map of an optical fiber from measurement of its continuous wave four-wave mixing efficiency,” Opt. Lett. 27, 1546–1548 (2002). [CrossRef]

, 10

J.M. Chávez-Boggio, P. Dainese, and H.L. Fragnito, “Performance of a two-pump fiber optical parametric amplifier in a 10 Gb/s×64 channel dense wavelength division multiplexing system,” Opt. Commun. 218, 303–310 (2003). [CrossRef]

], and short length scales, of the order of 0.1–1 m [4

M. Karlsson, “Four-wave mixing in fibers with randomly varying zero-dispersion wavelength,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B , 15, 2269–2275 (1998). It is noted that in the Appendix in this paper the matrices G and H are implicitly, and incorrectly, assumed to commute. [CrossRef]

, 8

N. Kuwaki and M. Ohashi, “Evolution of longitudinal chromatic dispersion,” J. Lightwave Technol. 8, 1476–1480 (1990). [CrossRef]

], sometimes in the same fiber [11

J.M. Chávez Boggia, S. Tenenbaum, and H.L. Fragnito, “Amplification of broadband noise pumped by two lasers in optical fibers,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 18, 1428–1435 (2001). [CrossRef]

].

The effect of dispersion fluctuations on parametric gain was studied systematically before by Karlsson [4

M. Karlsson, “Four-wave mixing in fibers with randomly varying zero-dispersion wavelength,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B , 15, 2269–2275 (1998). It is noted that in the Appendix in this paper the matrices G and H are implicitly, and incorrectly, assumed to commute. [CrossRef]

] and by Abdullaev et al. [12

F. Kh. Abdullaev, S.A. Darmanyan, A. Kobyakov, and F. Lederer, “Modulational instability in optical fibers with variable dispersion,” Phys. Lett. A 220, 213–218 (1996). [CrossRef]

]. Abdullaev et al. restrict their work to fibers with periodically varying quadratic dispersion, and treat this case perturbatively. Karlsson considers the fiber dispersion to be derived from a stochastic process, but his subsequent analysis is flawed [4

M. Karlsson, “Four-wave mixing in fibers with randomly varying zero-dispersion wavelength,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B , 15, 2269–2275 (1998). It is noted that in the Appendix in this paper the matrices G and H are implicitly, and incorrectly, assumed to commute. [CrossRef]

]. Here we follow Karlsson in that we model the dispersion as a stochastic process, but we solve the ensuing equations numerically.

2. Propagation in the presence of FWM

Here we briefly review light propagation in the presence of FWM. Following Agrawal and Karlsson [1

G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, 1995)

, 4

M. Karlsson, “Four-wave mixing in fibers with randomly varying zero-dispersion wavelength,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B , 15, 2269–2275 (1998). It is noted that in the Appendix in this paper the matrices G and H are implicitly, and incorrectly, assumed to commute. [CrossRef]

], we consider CW pump, signal and idler fields, all polarized in the same direction. The wave equation can then be solved in a scalar form for the discrete frequencies ωp,s,i separately, ignoring weaker fields at other frequencies. In the undepleted pump approximation, we then find for the pump amplitude Ap ,

Ap= P0exp (iγ P0z),
(2)

with the exponential factor corresponding to self-phase modulation. Following Agrawal [1

G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, 1995)

], the total pump power P 0=|Ap |2. The signal and idler amplitudes, As, Ai satisfy the set of linear differential equations [4

M. Karlsson, “Four-wave mixing in fibers with randomly varying zero-dispersion wavelength,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B , 15, 2269–2275 (1998). It is noted that in the Appendix in this paper the matrices G and H are implicitly, and incorrectly, assumed to commute. [CrossRef]

]

dAdz= ( iΔk iγ P0 −iγ P0 −iΔk) A.
(3)

where, Δk=γP 0-Δβ/2, A is the column vector with elements As and A* i , and γ=ωn (2)/(cAeff ) is the effective nonlinearity of the fiber. Here n (2) is the nonlinear refractive index, A eff the effective area of the modes, and ω the frequency of the light. In the treatment below we take γ to be the same for the three frequencies ωp,s,i .

Though here we study the case in which Δk varies randomly with position, let us first consider constant dispersion. We then obtain the propagation matrix M that describes how the amplitudes of the signal and idler evolve with position

A (z)= MA (0)≡ [ cosh⁡αz+ iΔkα sinh⁡αz iγ P0α sinh⁡αz − iγ P0α sinh⁡αz cosh⁡α z− iΔkα sinh⁡αz] A (0),
(4)

where α= (γ P0)2− (Δk)2. Matrix M is written in terms of hyperbolic functions, which is appropriate for α 2>0, and the gain therefore grows exponentially. Otherwise, when α 2<0, sinusoidal functions must be used, and the gain is expected to be small. In this work we take the initial conditions Ai (0)=0 and As (0)=1. In the absence of dispersion fluctuations, and when α 2>0, the signal gain for a system of length L is thus

G= cosh2⁡α L+ (Δk)2 α2 sinh2⁡αL,
(5)

which peaks when Δk=0, or Δβ=2γP 0.

Fig. 1. (a) Example of dispersion fluctuations according to Model I. (b) Same as (a), but for Model II.

3. Stochastic models for dispersion variations

In the presence of dispersion fluctuations, the phase mismatch in the fiber, Δβ, is taken to be a stochastic variable and therefore so is Δk. We write Δk as Δk=Δ+δk where Δ is the average value of Δk, but δk varies randomly. Following Karlsson [4

M. Karlsson, “Four-wave mixing in fibers with randomly varying zero-dispersion wavelength,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B , 15, 2269–2275 (1998). It is noted that in the Appendix in this paper the matrices G and H are implicitly, and incorrectly, assumed to commute. [CrossRef]

] we choose δk at a given position to follow the Gaussian distribution

fG (δk)= 1 σ 2πexp [ − 12 ( δk σ2)2],
(6)

where σ is the standard deviation of Δk, and the average vanishes since it is already given by Δ. The autocorrelation of the dispersion variations, describing the spatial distribution of Δk, is taken to have the form [4

M. Karlsson, “Four-wave mixing in fibers with randomly varying zero-dispersion wavelength,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B , 15, 2269–2275 (1998). It is noted that in the Appendix in this paper the matrices G and H are implicitly, and incorrectly, assumed to commute. [CrossRef]

]

C (z)= σ2exp ( − ∣z∣⁄ Lc),
(7)

where Lc is the correlation length, the typical length scale over which the fluctuations occur.

Assumptions (6) and (7) do not uniquely define the stochastic process. Since the detailed properties of the dispersion fluctuations are not known, we construct two different models that are both consistent with (6) and (7), and use these to find the dependence of the results on the features of the models, which are described in detail below. Briefly, in Model I the fluctuations are piecewise constant, whereas in Model II, which is Gaussian to all orders, the fluctuations vary continuously. Figure 1 shows the examples of Model I and II for dispersion variations.

In Model I, illustrated in Fig. 1(a), the phase mismatch is constant over finite intervals, while changing discontinuously between them. The distribution (6) gives Δk in each interval, while the dispersion jumps follow a Poisson distribution with average distance Lc between events. Thus, the distribution of the segment lengths Ls follows the exponentially decreasing function

P ( Ls)∝ e − Ls⁄ Lc.
(8)

This is so since if on the interval between z 0 and z 0+z 1 the dispersion changes, the dispersion at these positions is uncorrelated. In contrast if the dispersion does not change, the probability of which is exp(-z 1/Lc ), then the dispersion at z 0 and z 0+z 1 is perfectly correlated. We generate the values of δk and of the length segments numerically using the LAPACK Auxiliary Routine Version 2 Random Number Generator. Thus, δk(z)=σ×m, where m is the output of the normal distribution [0,1

G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, 1995)

] of the random number generator, and L=-Lc ×lnm, where m now is the output of the uniform distribution [0,1

G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, 1995)

]. Once the dispersion is defined, the propagation matrix M from Eq. (4) is used to calculate the fields in each segment. The total gain follows by multiplying the propagation matrices of the individual segments.

In Model II, shown in Fig. 1(b), the dispersion varies continuously, which is likely to be more realistic [5

I. Brener, P.P. Mitra, D.D. Lee, and D.J. Thomson, “High-resolution zero-dispersion wavelength mapping in single-mode fiber,” Opt. Lett. 23, 1520–1522 (1998). [CrossRef]

, 6

J.S. Pereira et al, “Measurement of zero-dispersion wavelength using a novel method based on four-wave mixing,” in Optical Fiber Communications Conference , Vol. 2, 1998 OSA Technical Digest Series (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1998), pp. 345–346.

, 7

M. Eiselt, R.M. Jopson, and R.H. Stolen, “Non-destructive position-resolved measurement of the zero-dispersion wavelength in an optical fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 15, 135–142 (1997). [CrossRef]

, 9

M. González-Herráez, P. Corredera, M.L. Hernanz, and J.A. Méndez, “Retrieval of the zero-dispersion wavelength map of an optical fiber from measurement of its continuous wave four-wave mixing efficiency,” Opt. Lett. 27, 1546–1548 (2002). [CrossRef]

, 10

J.M. Chávez-Boggio, P. Dainese, and H.L. Fragnito, “Performance of a two-pump fiber optical parametric amplifier in a 10 Gb/s×64 channel dense wavelength division multiplexing system,” Opt. Commun. 218, 303–310 (2003). [CrossRef]

]. It is constructed as follows: the Gaussian distribution (6) is used to give δk(z 0) at the beginning of the fiber. Then δk(z 1), at z 1>z 0, is given by the conditional distribution

f (δk ( z1) ∣δk ( z0))= 1 σ 2π ( 1− r2) e − 1 2 σ2 ( 1− r2) ( δk ( z1)−rδk ( z0))2,
(9)

where r is the correlation coefficient between z=z 0 and z=z 1. When r=0, distribution (9) reduces to (6), which is independent of δk(z 0). When r=1, then δk(z 0)=δk(z 1). For 0<r<1, δk(z 0) and δk(z 1) are partly correlated. Now r(z)≡C(z)/σ2, and so r(z)=exp(-|z|/Lc ) from (7). Thus δk(z) is generated by taking small steps Δz and applying (9). Since our r(z) has the property r(z 1)r(z 2)=r(z 1+z 2), the result does not depend on the step size, as required. The resulting stochastic process is Gaussian to all orders, as can be ascertained, for example, by evaluating 4th order correlations [13

A. Papoulis, Probability, random variables, and stochastic processes (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1965).

].

We generate the numerical values of δk(z) from (9) by δk ( z1)= r×δk ( z0) +σ ( 1− r2) ×m, where m is the output of the normal distribution [0,1

G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, 1995)

] of the same random number generator used for Model I and where r=exp(-|z 1-z 0|/Lc ). In our implementation, we sample Δk along the length with the step size of 0.004Lc or 0.001L, whichever is smaller. Then we use the fourth order Runge Kutta integration method to integrate the coupled equations (3). Note that in Model I, δk is constant in each segment of average length Lc so that (4) can be used, whereas in Model II the calculation is done for at least 250 steps per correlation length. Therefore, the speed of computation for Model II is smaller than for Model I.

3.1. Numerical results

In Fig. 2 we present the numerical results for the amplification according to Model I and II. The data points show the gain at the end of the fiber, averaged over an ensemble of N=900,000 realizations for Model I, indicated in red, and N=5,000 realizations for Model II, indicated in green. The ensemble is smaller for Model II than for Model I since, as discussed in Section 3, the speed of calculation is lower in this case. Since the gain is typically measured in decibells, the average gain can be computed in two ways. We can either calculate the gain in decibells for each realization and then average these, or first average over the realizations and then express this average in decibells. The first of these corresponds to the average that would be measured if the ensemble of fibers were connected in series; the second would be obtained if the ensemble were connected in parallel. Here we choose the former since it corresponds to situation we wish to describe. We also calculate the standard deviation σg of the gain distribution, which is given by the error bars in the graphs. The upward error corresponds to the width following from Model I, whereas the lower bar corresponds to that following from Model II. Note finally that the accuracy of the average gain is given by σa=σg /√N, which is below 0.14 dB for Model II, and smaller for Model I.

Since the typical gain of interest is approximately 30 dB, we present the results, which are summarized in Fig. 2, for γP 0 L=4, corresponding by Eq. (4) to a maximum gain of cosh2 γP 0 L=28.7 dB when Δ=0. However, other values of γP 0 L lead to the same conclusions. In Figs. 2 we show the average gain versus the dimensionless quantity γP 0 Lc , for fixed values of Δ/γP 0 and σ/γP 0. It is noted that from the governing Eqs. (3), the results only depend on these ratios. Therefore we immediately see that the effect of the fluctuations decreases when γP 0 increases, i.e., for increasing pump power or fiber nonlinearity. We also see that the effect of the correlation length of a fiber depends on how it compares with the gain length 1/(γP 0). We also show the amplification results for two extreme cases that are calculated easily: (1) σ=0, i.e., no fluctuations, and (2) Lc ≫L. When σ=0 then the “ideal gain” is simply given by Eq. (5). In Figs. 2 we show this result by a solid line. When Lc ≫L, then Δk does not vary over the length of fiber and so the average gain is given by the expectation value of (5) subject to distribution (6)

G ( Lc≫L)= 1 2πσ ∫ −∞ +∞d (Δk) e − ( Δk−Δ)2⁄2 σ2log [ cosh2⁡αL+ (Δk)2 α2 sinh2⁡αL].
(10)

As discussed when α 2<0, the hyperbolic functions need to be replaced by sinusoidal functions. The result of Eq. (10) is given by the dotted line in Figs. 2.

The first conclusion to be drawn from Figs 2 is that the results for Model I and Model II are very similar. We have found this to be true for all situations we have considered. Since our two quite different models evidently lead to the same results, the details of the models do not matter, and the results can thus be considered quite general. This conclusion is similar to that of Wai and Menyuk, who studied fibers with randomly varying birefringence [14

P.K.A. Wai and C.R. Menyuk, “Anisotropic diffusion of the state of polarization in optical fibers with randomly varying birefringence,” Opt. Lett. 24, 2493–2495 (1995). [CrossRef]

].

Before considering the numerical results in detail we establish one more result. When Lc →0, so that the dispersion varies rapidly with position, we can use an argument that applies to both Models, but most directly to Model I. It is straightforward to see from Eqs. (3) that in the presence of dispersion fluctuations, the powers |Ap,i |2 and its first derivative are both continuous, while the second derivative is discontinuous. Deviations between different realizations within a segment thus increase with L c 2, since Lc is the average length of the segments. The average number of segments is L/Lc , and the total deviation in the gain between different realizations thus scales as L c 2×L/Lc ∝Lc . Hence, when Lc →0, the effect of the fluctuations disappears. Thus in this limit result (5) applies (solid lines in Figs. 2) and the variations in the gain disappear, whereas when Lc →∞ we have result (10) (dotted line in Figs. 2).

We now discuss Figs. 2 in detail, ignoring the distinction between the models. We have identified three regimes: |Δ|≲γP 0 (Figs. 2(a) and (b)), |Δ|≳γP 0 (Figs. 2(c) and (d)), and |Δ|⋍γP 0 (Figs. 2(e) and (f)). These correspond to frequencies that are tuned close to the gain peak, far from the gain peak, and tuned close to the edges of the region with exponential gain, respectively. In all three regimes the gain behaves as required when Lc →0 and Lc →∞. Figures 2(a) and (b) show that when |Δ|≲γP 0, the gain decreases monotonically with Lc . We can understand this by considering the extreme case where Δ→0. Then the gain is maximum and fluctuations can only cause the gain to decrease. By increasing σ the gain decreases more strongly. In contrast, Figs. 2(c) and (d) show that when |Δ|≳γP 0, the gain increases monotonically with Lc . This can be understood in a similar way as before: when σ=0, α 2<0, and no exponential significant gain arises. Fluctuations may cause some exponential gain to occur, thus increasing the average gain. Finally, Figs. 2(e) and (f) show results for |Δ|=γP 0. Now the fluctuation may cause the average gain either to increase, or to decrease, and the dependence on Lc is not monotonic.

Fig. 2. Numerical results for the expectation value of the gain versus γP 0 Lc , for γP 0 L=4. The horizontal solid line refers to result (5) whereas the dotted line indicates result (10). The red coloring refers to Model I, whereas green refers to Model II. The error bars indicate the variance of the distribution. In (a) and (b) Δ/(γP 0)=0.25; in (c) and (d) Δ/(γP 0)=2.00; in (e) and (f) Δ/(γP 0)=1.00. Further, in (a), (c) and (e) σ/(γP 0)=0.50, while in (b), (d) and (f) σ/(γP 0)=1.00.

4. Discussion and conclusions

We have studied parametric amplification in the presence of dispersion fluctuations. To analyze the effect of fluctuations, we use two models, one piecewise constant and the other continuous. The numerical results show that the amplification does not depend on the details of the models. We also observe that fluctuations with short coherence length, γP 0 Lc ≪1, do not affect the operation of the parametric amplifier, as can be understood using a simple scaling argument. This manifests itself in two ways. First, the gain in this limit approaches that in the absence of fluctuations. Secondly, in this limit the fluctuations in the gain rapidly vanish. Therefore, only dispersion fluctuations that vary on long length scales matter for the amplification, while the effect of short-length scale fluctuations decreases quickly with decreasing correlation length. As an example, consider a highly nonlinear fiber with γ=20 W-1km-1, L=400 m and P 0=0.5 W, so that γP 0 L=4, and the maximum gain is 28.7 dB, as in Section 3. Any fluctuations with σ≪γP 0=2 km-1 is likely to be negligible. For fluctuations for which this inequality is not satisfied, those with Lc ≈1m(so γP 0 Lc =0.01) can likely still be ignored, while fluctuations with a correlation length of around 100 m (so γP 0 Lc =1) need to be considered carefully.

The authors thank Dr. M. Karlsson for correspondence regarding his earlier work. This work was produced with the assistance of the Australian Research Council under the ARC Centres of Excellence program.

References and links

1.

G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, 1995)

2.

S. Kinoshita et al. Eds., Optical amplifiers and their application (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC 1999).

3.

M-C Ho, K. Uesaka, M. Marhic, Y. Akasaka, and L.G. Kazovsky, “200-nm-bandwidth fiber optical amplifier combining parametric an Raman gain,” J. Lightwave Technol. 19, 977–980 (2001). [CrossRef]

4.

M. Karlsson, “Four-wave mixing in fibers with randomly varying zero-dispersion wavelength,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B , 15, 2269–2275 (1998). It is noted that in the Appendix in this paper the matrices G and H are implicitly, and incorrectly, assumed to commute. [CrossRef]

5.

I. Brener, P.P. Mitra, D.D. Lee, and D.J. Thomson, “High-resolution zero-dispersion wavelength mapping in single-mode fiber,” Opt. Lett. 23, 1520–1522 (1998). [CrossRef]

6.

J.S. Pereira et al, “Measurement of zero-dispersion wavelength using a novel method based on four-wave mixing,” in Optical Fiber Communications Conference , Vol. 2, 1998 OSA Technical Digest Series (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1998), pp. 345–346.

7.

M. Eiselt, R.M. Jopson, and R.H. Stolen, “Non-destructive position-resolved measurement of the zero-dispersion wavelength in an optical fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 15, 135–142 (1997). [CrossRef]

8.

N. Kuwaki and M. Ohashi, “Evolution of longitudinal chromatic dispersion,” J. Lightwave Technol. 8, 1476–1480 (1990). [CrossRef]

9.

M. González-Herráez, P. Corredera, M.L. Hernanz, and J.A. Méndez, “Retrieval of the zero-dispersion wavelength map of an optical fiber from measurement of its continuous wave four-wave mixing efficiency,” Opt. Lett. 27, 1546–1548 (2002). [CrossRef]

10.

J.M. Chávez-Boggio, P. Dainese, and H.L. Fragnito, “Performance of a two-pump fiber optical parametric amplifier in a 10 Gb/s×64 channel dense wavelength division multiplexing system,” Opt. Commun. 218, 303–310 (2003). [CrossRef]

11.

J.M. Chávez Boggia, S. Tenenbaum, and H.L. Fragnito, “Amplification of broadband noise pumped by two lasers in optical fibers,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 18, 1428–1435 (2001). [CrossRef]

12.

F. Kh. Abdullaev, S.A. Darmanyan, A. Kobyakov, and F. Lederer, “Modulational instability in optical fibers with variable dispersion,” Phys. Lett. A 220, 213–218 (1996). [CrossRef]

13.

A. Papoulis, Probability, random variables, and stochastic processes (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1965).

14.

P.K.A. Wai and C.R. Menyuk, “Anisotropic diffusion of the state of polarization in optical fibers with randomly varying birefringence,” Opt. Lett. 24, 2493–2495 (1995). [CrossRef]

OCIS Codes
(060.4370) Fiber optics and optical communications : Nonlinear optics, fibers
(190.4380) Nonlinear optics : Nonlinear optics, four-wave mixing

ToC Category:
Research Papers

History
Original Manuscript: October 21, 2003
Revised Manuscript: December 22, 2003
Published: January 12, 2004

Citation
Mitra Farahmand and Martijn de Sterke, "Parametric amplification in presence of dispersion fluctuations," Opt. Express 12, 136-142 (2004)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-1-136


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References

  1. G. P.Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, 1995)
  2. S. Kinoshita et al. Eds., Optical amplifiers and their application (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC 1999).
  3. M-C Ho, K. Uesaka, M. Marhic, Y. Akasaka, and L.G. Kazovsky, �??200-nm-bandwidth fiber optical amplifier combining parametric an Raman gain,�?? J. Lightwave Technol. 19, 977-980 (2001). [CrossRef]
  4. M. Karlsson, �??Four-wave mixing in fibers with randomly varying zero-dispersion wavelength,�?? J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 15, 2269-2275 (1998). It is noted that in the Appendix in this paper the matrices G and H are implicitly, and incorrectly, assumed to commute. [CrossRef]
  5. I. Brener, P.P. Mitra, D.D. Lee, and D.J. Thomson, �??High-resolution zero-dispersion wavelength mapping in single-mode fiber,�?? Opt. Lett. 23, 1520-1522 (1998). [CrossRef]
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