Three-photon-excited upconversion luminescence of YVO4 single crystal by infrared femtosecond laser irradiation

doi:10.1364/OPEX.13.010157

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Three-photon-excited upconversion luminescence of YVO4 single crystal by infrared femtosecond laser irradiation

Luyun Yang, Chen Wang, Yongjun Dong, Ning Da, Xiao Hu, Danping Chen, and Jianrong Qiu »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 13, Issue 25, pp. 10157-10162 (2005)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.13.010157

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– Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experiment
4. Conclusions
– References and links

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Abstract

We report on the upconversion luminescence of a pure YVO₄ single crystal excited by an infrared femtosecond laser. The luminescent spectra show that the upconversion luminescence comes from the transitions from the lowest excited states ³T₁, ³T₂ to the ground state ¹A₁ of the V ${O_{4}}^{3 -}$ . The dependence of the fluorescence intensity on the pump power density of laser indicates that the conversion of infrared irradiation to visible emission is dominated by three-photon excitation process. We suggest that the simultaneous absorption of three infrared photons promotes the V ${O_{4}}^{3 -}$ to excited states, which quickly cascade down to lowest excited states, and radiatively relax to ground states, resulting in the broad characteristic fluorescence of V ${O_{4}}^{3 -}$ .

1. Introduction

Upconversion luminescence offers a simple and effective route for conversion of infrared irradiation to the visible and near ultraviolet output and has promising applications on full-color all-solid state display, high-density optical storage, visible laser, and visible detection of infrared radiation [1–4

L. F. Johnson and G. J. Guggenheim , “ Infrared-Pumped Visible Laser ,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 19 , 44 – 47 ( 1971 ). [CrossRef]

]. In the research field of upconversion, luminescent materials containing active ions have been widely investigated to clarify upconversion processes and to utilize characteristic luminescence of active ions [5–8

J. S. Chivian , W. E. Case , and D. D. Eden , “ The photon avalanche: A new phenomenon in Pr ³⁺ -based infrared quantum counters ,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 35 , 124 – 125 ( 1979 ). [CrossRef]

]. However, little attention has been paid to the upconversion luminescence in intrinsic luminescent materials such as YVO₄, YNbO₄, CaWO₄, and PbWO₄ single crystals. These materials belong to a group of so-called classic phosphors, and the complex of V

{O_{4}}^{3 -}

, Nb

{O_{4}}^{3 -}

and W

{O_{4}}^{2 -}

act as luminescent centers [9–12

G. Blasse and B. C. Grabmaier , Luminescent Materials . ( Springer-Verlag, Berlin , 1994 ). [CrossRef]

]. The complex of V

{O_{4}}^{3 -}

, Nb

{O_{4}}^{3 -}

and W

{O_{4}}^{2 -}

are characterized by lack of absorption bands within infrared wavelength band, which is not suited for the requirements for upconversion luminescence from infrared irradiation. There have been no investigations on upconversion luminescence in YVO₄, YNbO₄ and CaWO₄ single crystals up to now. Recently, we demonstrated that by infrared femtosecond laser irradiation, Cr³⁺-doped Al₂O₂ [13

L.Y. Yang , Y. J. Dong , D. P. Chen , C. Wang , N. Da , X. W. Jiang , C. S. Zhu , and J. R. Qiu , “ Upconversion luminescence from 2E state of Cr ³⁺ in Al ₂ O ₃ crystal by infrared femtosecond laser irradiation ,” Opt. Express. 13 , 7893 – 98 ( 2005 ). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] and several Ce³⁺-doped scintillators exhibit strong visible upconversion luminescence. These upconversion mechanisms can be ascribed to two- or three-photon simultaneous absorption. In this paper, we report on the three-photon excited upconversion luminescence in YVO₄ single crystal by infrared femtosecond laser irradiation. To the authors’ knowledge, it is the first observation of upconversion luminescence in intrinsic luminescent materials. This observation is useful for the application of YVO₄ single crystal in three dimensional display, and visible detection of infrared radiation etc.

2. Experiment

Crystal of YVO₄ was grown by czochralski method. The starting materials of high purity Y₂O₃, and V₂O₅ were used to synthesize stoichiometric YVO₄. The apparatus and detailed crystal-growth procedure have been described elsewhere [14

L. H. Zhang , Y. Hang , D. L. Sun , B. X. Qian , F. S. Li , and S. T. Yin , “ The color problems of YVO ₄ crystal ,” J. Synth. Cryst. 32 , 24 – 26 ( 2003 in chinese).

]. The crystal obtained was cut and polished into samples with various thickness from 1mm to 4mm for femtosecond laser irradiation and spectral measurements. The crystal samples were yellow. No inclusions or other light scattering centers were observed by the optical microscope.

A regeneratively amplified 800 nm Ti: sapphire laser that emits 120 femtosecond, 1 kHz, mode-locked pulses was used as the irradiation source. To achieve a high power density, the laser beam was focused into samples by objective lens or optical lens. When using objective lens, the focal point can be monitored by a confocal microscope system linked to a charge coupled device system. The position of the focal point was beneath the sample surface. In fact, the laser beam can be focused into any place within the sample. The spot size can be controlled at least below several microns by choosing appropriate objective lens or optical lens and adjusting the power density of laser beam. The fluorescence spectra excited by focused femtosecond laser were recorded by a spectrophotometer of ZOLIX SBP300. The scanning rate of this spectrophotometer was 100nm/min. The fluorescence spectra were measured at ~90° direction with respect to the pump beam. The fluorescence spectra excited by a 267nm monochromatic light from a xenon lamp were measured by a JASCO FP6500 spectrophotometer. In addition, the absorption spectra were obtained by a JASCO V-570 spectrophotometer. All the measurements were preformed under room temperature.

Under focused femtosecond laser irradiation, strong blue emission was seen near the focused spot by naked eyes. The emission spectrum irradiated by the femtosecond laser with a power density of 5.6TW/cm² is shown in Fig. 1. The laser beam was focused by an optical lens with focal length of 100mm. The thickness of the sample used was 1.5mm. The Fig. 1 also shows the luminescent spectrum of YVO₄ irradiated by 267nm monochromatic light from a xenon lamp. The inset in Fig. 1 is a photograph of the crystal sample irradiated by focused femtosecond laser. The brightest spot in the middle of the crystal corresponds to the place irradiated by femtosecond laser. The two bright spots on the edges of the crystal are the light scattering spots.

Fig. 1. Emission spectra of the YVO₄ crystal sample under focused femtosecond laser irradiation and 267nm monochromatic light excitation. The inset was the photograph of the YVO₄ crystal sample irradiated by focused femtosecond laser, which was taken in darkroom.

The spectrum of YVO₄ crystal irradiated by the femtosecond laser exhibits a broad emission band peaking at 438nm and a shoulder peak at 464nm, which is similar to those of YVO₄ crystal excited by 267nm monochromatic light. All these peaks can be assigned to the characteristic emission of YVO₄ single crystal.

For vanadate group in YVO₄ single crystal, there are one ground state of ¹A₁ with configuration

{t_{1}}^{6}

e⁰

{t_{2}}^{0}

, and four excited states of ³T₁, ³T₂, ¹T₁, and ¹T₂ with configuration

{t_{1}}^{5}

e¹

{t_{2}}^{0}

[10

H. Ronde and G. Blasse ,“ The nature of the electronic transitions of the vanadate group ,” J. Inorg. Nuclear Chem. 40 , 215 ( 1978 ). [CrossRef]

.11

W. Barendswaard , R. T. Weber , and J. H. van der Waals , “ An EPR study of the luminescent triplet state of V ${O_{4}}^{3 -}$ in YVO ₄ and YP _0.96 V _0.04 O ₄ single crystals at 1.2 K ,” J. Chem. Phys. 87 , 3731 ( 1987 ). [CrossRef]

]. The transitions from ¹A₁ (

{t_{1}}^{6}

e⁰

{t_{2}}^{0}

) to ¹T₁ (

{t_{1}}^{5}

e¹

{t_{2}}^{0}

) and ¹T₂ (

{t_{1}}^{5}

e¹

{t_{2}}^{0}

) are allowed by an electric dipole mechanism, which correspond to two absorption bands in absorption spectrum of YVO₄ crystal.

Fig. 2. Absorption spectrum and the excitation spectrum (the inset) of the YVO₄ crystal sample.

Figure 2 shows the absorption spectrum of YVO₄ crystal. This spectrum shows a strong absorption band below 350nm, which is a superposition of the intrinsic absorption of YVO₄ crystal and the absorption of vanadate group. To manifest the absorption of vanadate group, we measured the excitation spectrum of vanadate group by monitoring the fluorescence at 443nm. The excitation spectrum clearly presents two strong absorption bands. These two bands usually act as efficient pumping bands [12

Chang Hsu and Richard C. Powell , “ Energy transfer in europium doped yttrium vanadate crystals ,” J. Luminescence. 10 , 273 – 293 ( 1975 ). [CrossRef]

]. Exciting any of these bands produces electron population in excited states of ¹T₁, and ¹T₂. Then, the electrons can nonradiatively relax to the lowest excited states of ³T₁, and ³T₂, from which, the characteristic emission occurs. At room temperature, the fluorescence appears as broad bands from 350nm to 650nm. From the above results, it seems that the focused infrared femtosecond laser may act as a spatially confined ultraviolet source in the interior of bulk of YVO₄ crystal.

Generally, conversion of infrared radiation to the visible emission can be ascribed to a multiphoton absorption process. The relationship between the pumping power density and the fluorescence intensity can be described as [15

R. P. Chin , Y. R. Shen , and V. Petrova-koch , “ Photoluminescence from Porous Silicon by Infrared Multiphoton Excitation ,” Science. 270 , 776 – 778 ( 1995 ). [CrossRef]

I \propto I_{in}^{n}

Where, I is the integrated intensity of the upconversion luminescence, I _in is the pump power density of the infrared laser, and n is the photon number. The number of photons must satisfy that the total energy of n photons exceeds or equals to the excitation energy required by excited states. The n can be experimentally determined from the slope coefficient of linear fitted line of logarithmic plot of the pumping power density and fluorescence intensity. The pumping power density was controlled below 25TW/cm². No degradation of the PL or damage to the sample was observed. The log-log relationship between pumping power density of femtosecond laser and fluorescence intensity of YVO₄ crystal is shown in Fig. 3. It can be seen that the slope coefficient of the fitted line is 2.93. Similar results were obtained by using the samples with thickness of 2mm; 3mm and 4mm.These results indicate that the upconversion may be a three-photon absorption process.

Fig. 3. Fluorescence intensity of the transition from ³T₁, and ³T₂ to ¹A₁ of V

{O_{4}}^{3 -}

as function of the femtosecond laser pump power density.

Upconversion luminescence has been widely investigated for several decades, and the two-photon excited upconversion luminescence is a ubiquitous phenomenon. The predominated upconversion processes can be classified into several mechanisms such as energy transfer, excited-state absorption, cooperative upconversion, and photon avalanche [5

J. S. Chivian , W. E. Case , and D. D. Eden , “ The photon avalanche: A new phenomenon in Pr ³⁺ -based infrared quantum counters ,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 35 , 124 – 125 ( 1979 ). [CrossRef]

F. E. Auzel , “ Upconversion and Anti-Stokes Processes with f and d Ions in Solids ,” Chem. Rev. (Washington, D.C.) 104 , 139 – 174 ( 2004 ).

,16

N. Bloembergen , “ Solid State Infrared Quantum Counters ,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 2 , 84 – 85 ( 1959 ). [CrossRef]

,17

Richard Scheps , “ Upconversion laser processes ,” Prog. Quantum Electron. 20 , 271 – 358 ( 1996 ). [CrossRef]

]. These mechanisms operate only on the condition that the active center has metastable states that are intermediate in energy between the ground state and the emitting state. Pumping photons are absorbed sequentially rather than simultaneously. For mechanisms of energy transfer, excited-state absorption, and cooperative upconversion, a rigorous condition is that the pump photon must be resonant with the transition from the ground state to the intermediate metastable state. This means that the absorbing centers must have an absorption band corresponding to the energy of pump photon. However, we found that the YVO₄ single crystal has no any absorption near 800nm, which can be seen in the absorption spectrum of YVO₄. Therefore, these mechanisms can be precluded for the upconversion processes. In addition, the photon avalanche can also be ruled out, because a characteristic power threshold for an avalanche process has not been observed in our experiment. Another possible mechanism may be such a process: first, the VO₄ _3- was pumped into a real intermediate level by simultaneously absorption of two pump photons; then, the V

{O_{4}}^{3 -}

at intermediate level was promoted to the upper excited states. In this case, the YVO₄ should have an intermediate energy level near 400nm. However, there is a lack of real energy level at 400nm in YVO₄ crystal [10

H. Ronde and G. Blasse ,“ The nature of the electronic transitions of the vanadate group ,” J. Inorg. Nuclear Chem. 40 , 215 ( 1978 ). [CrossRef]

,11

]. Therefore, this mechanism can also be ruled out. Additionly, we confirmed that, on this irradiation condition, there was no optical breakdown and no any absorption change before and after femtosecond laser irradiation. Moreover, we measured the electron spin resonance spectra of the crystal before and after laser irradiation, and no apparent peak was observed. Thus, we suggest that the upconversion is not due to the absorption of the intermediate metable state existed beforehand or induced by the femtosecond laser irradiation.

Due to the high peak power of the femtosecond laser, the effect of self-focusing should be taken into consideration when we discuss the dependence between the luminescence intensity and pump power density. The critical power for causing self-focusing can be estimated to be ~10⁶ W for YVO₄ crystal. The peak power of the laser we used for the experiments is almost 10⁷ W, higher than the critical power for self-focusing. However, from our experiments, we got the similar value of slope coefficient n even when we use various samples with different thickness and optical lens with focal length of 50mm. It indicates that the effect of surface and self-focusing which may have influence on the luminescent behavior is not dominant in the upconversion process.

A three-photon simultaneous absorption can be responsible for the actual upconversion processes. Though upconversion luminescence based on two- or three- photon simultaneous absorption have been investigated in organic materials for many years [18–20

G. S. He , P. P. Markowicz , T. C. Lin , and P. N. Prasad , “ Observation of stimulated emission by direct three-photon excitation ,” Nature. 415 , 767 – 770 ( 2002 ). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], there are few reports concerning the similar phenomenon in inorganic materials [13

,21–24

H. You and M. Nogami , “ Three-photon-excited fluorescence of Al ₂ O ₃ -SiO ₂ glass containing Eu ³⁺ ions by femtosecond laser irradiation ,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 , 2076 – 78 ( 2004 ). [CrossRef]

], especially, in crystals. Previous research shows that the requirements for efficient three-photon excited upconversion luminescence can be associated to two aspects. First, the active centers should have excited state that can be excited by three pump photons. In addition, the pumping photon density must be high, which can be easily reached by using femtosecond laser [22

H. You and M. Nogami , “ Upconversion luminescence of Al ₂ O ₃ –SiO ₂ :Ce ³⁺ glass by femtosecond laser irradiation ,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 , 3432 – 34 ( 2004 ) [CrossRef]

]. In this experiment, the VO³⁻ has two excited states corresponding to the strong absorption bands from 240nm to 350nm. Excitation by focused infrared femtosecond laser, the VO³⁻ ions can be promoted from ground states to excited states, which nonradiatively relax to the lowest excited states. Thereafter, these ions radiatively relax to the ground state, generating the characteristic broad band luminescence of V

{O_{4}}^{3 -}

4. Conclusions

In summary, we have experimentally demonstrated upconversion luminescence in pure YVO₄ single crystal by using focused infrared femtosecond laser irradiation. The relationship between the fluorescence intensity and the pump power density shows that the pump process is a three-photon excitation process. The analysis reveals that the absorption of three photons is simultaneous rather than sequential. This result provides an efficient route to produce upconversion luminescence in intrinsic luminescence materials, and has potential applications in visible lasers, optical data storage, three-dimensional displays, etc.

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No.50125258 and No.60377040), and by Shanghai Nanotechnology Promote Center (Grants No. 0352nm042 and No.04XD14018). We thank Dr. C. J. Zhao, Q. T. Zhao, and X. W. Jiang for enlightening discussions.

References and links

1.	L. F. Johnson and G. J. Guggenheim , “ Infrared-Pumped Visible Laser ,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 19 , 44 – 47 ( 1971 ). [CrossRef]
2.	D. A. Parthenopoulos and P. M. Rentzepis , “ Three-dimensional optical storage memory ,” Science. 245 , 843 – 845 ( 1989 ). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3.	E. Downing , L. Hesselink , J. Ralston , and R. Macfarlane , “ A Three-Color, Solid-State, Three-Dimensional Display ,” Science. 273 , 1185 – 1189 ( 1996 ). [CrossRef]
4.	W. Denk , J. H. Strickler , and W. W. Webb . “ Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscope ,” Science. 248 , 73 – 76 ( 1990 ). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5.	J. S. Chivian , W. E. Case , and D. D. Eden , “ The photon avalanche: A new phenomenon in Pr ³⁺ -based infrared quantum counters ,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 35 , 124 – 125 ( 1979 ). [CrossRef]
6.	F. E. Auzel , “ Upconversion and Anti-Stokes Processes with f and d Ions in Solids ,” Chem. Rev. (Washington, D.C.) 104 , 139 – 174 ( 2004 ).
7.	S. Heer , M. Wermuth , K. Krämer , and H. U. Güdel , “ Upconversion excitation of Cr ³⁺² E emission in Y ₃ Ga ₅ O ₁₂ codoped with Cr ³⁺ and Yb ³⁺ ,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 334 , 293 – 297 ( 2001 ). [CrossRef]
8.	W. Kaiser and C.G.B. Garrett , “ Two-Photon Excitation in CaF ₂ : Eu ²⁺ ,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 7 , 229 – 231 ( 1961 ). [CrossRef]
9.	G. Blasse and B. C. Grabmaier , Luminescent Materials . ( Springer-Verlag, Berlin , 1994 ). [CrossRef]
10.	H. Ronde and G. Blasse ,“ The nature of the electronic transitions of the vanadate group ,” J. Inorg. Nuclear Chem. 40 , 215 ( 1978 ). [CrossRef]
11.	W. Barendswaard , R. T. Weber , and J. H. van der Waals , “ An EPR study of the luminescent triplet state of V ${O_{4}}^{3 -}$ in YVO ₄ and YP _0.96 V _0.04 O ₄ single crystals at 1.2 K ,” J. Chem. Phys. 87 , 3731 ( 1987 ). [CrossRef]
12.	Chang Hsu and Richard C. Powell , “ Energy transfer in europium doped yttrium vanadate crystals ,” J. Luminescence. 10 , 273 – 293 ( 1975 ). [CrossRef]
13.	L.Y. Yang , Y. J. Dong , D. P. Chen , C. Wang , N. Da , X. W. Jiang , C. S. Zhu , and J. R. Qiu , “ Upconversion luminescence from 2E state of Cr ³⁺ in Al ₂ O ₃ crystal by infrared femtosecond laser irradiation ,” Opt. Express. 13 , 7893 – 98 ( 2005 ). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14.	L. H. Zhang , Y. Hang , D. L. Sun , B. X. Qian , F. S. Li , and S. T. Yin , “ The color problems of YVO ₄ crystal ,” J. Synth. Cryst. 32 , 24 – 26 ( 2003 in chinese).
15.	R. P. Chin , Y. R. Shen , and V. Petrova-koch , “ Photoluminescence from Porous Silicon by Infrared Multiphoton Excitation ,” Science. 270 , 776 – 778 ( 1995 ). [CrossRef]
16.	N. Bloembergen , “ Solid State Infrared Quantum Counters ,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 2 , 84 – 85 ( 1959 ). [CrossRef]
17.	Richard Scheps , “ Upconversion laser processes ,” Prog. Quantum Electron. 20 , 271 – 358 ( 1996 ). [CrossRef]
18.	G. S. He , P. P. Markowicz , T. C. Lin , and P. N. Prasad , “ Observation of stimulated emission by direct three-photon excitation ,” Nature. 415 , 767 – 770 ( 2002 ). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19.	J. S. Marchant , G. E. Stutzmann , M. A. Leissring , F. M. LaFerla , and I. Parker , “ Multiphoton-evoked color change of DsRed as an optical highlighter for cellular and subcellular labeling ,” Nat. Biotechnol. 19 , 645 – 649 ( 2001 ). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20.	K. Svoboda , W. Denk , D. Kleinfeld , and D.W. Tank , “ In vivo dendritic calcium dynamics in neocortical pyramidal neurons ,” Nature. 385 , 161 – 165 ( 1997 ). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21.	H. You and M. Nogami , “ Three-photon-excited fluorescence of Al ₂ O ₃ -SiO ₂ glass containing Eu ³⁺ ions by femtosecond laser irradiation ,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 , 2076 – 78 ( 2004 ). [CrossRef]
22.	H. You and M. Nogami , “ Upconversion luminescence of Al ₂ O ₃ –SiO ₂ :Ce ³⁺ glass by femtosecond laser irradiation ,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 , 3432 – 34 ( 2004 ) [CrossRef]
23.	J. Qiu , P. G. Kazansky , J. Si , K. Miura , T. Mitsuyu , K. Hirao , and A. L. Gaeta , “ Memorized polarization-dependent light scattering in rare-earth-ion-doped glass ,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 , 1940 – 42 ( 2000 ) [CrossRef]
24.	P. G. Kazansky , H. Inouye , T. Mitsuyu , K. Miura , J. Qiu , and K. Hirao , “ Anomalous anisotropic light scattering in Ge-doped silica glass ,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 , 2199 – 2202 ( 1999 ). [CrossRef]

OCIS Codes
(140.7090) Lasers and laser optics : Ultrafast lasers
(190.4180) Nonlinear optics : Multiphoton processes
(190.7220) Nonlinear optics : Upconversion

ToC Category:
Research Papers

Citation
Luyun Yang, Chen Wang, Yongjun Dong, Ning Da, Xiao Hu, Danping Chen, and Jianrong Qiu, "Three-photon-excited upconversion luminescence of YVO4 single crystal by infrared femtosecond laser irradiation," Opt. Express 13, 10157-10162 (2005)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-25-10157

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References

L. F. Johnson, G. J. Guggenheim, "Infrared-pumped visible laser," Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 44-47 (1971). [CrossRef]
D. A. Parthenopoulos and P. M. Rentzepis, "Three-dimensional optical storage memory," Science 245, 843-845 (1989). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. Downing, L. Hesselink, J. Ralston, and R. Macfarlane, "A three-color, solid-state, three-dimensional display," Science 273, 1185-1189 (1996). [CrossRef]
W. Denk, J. H. Strickler, and W. W. Webb, "Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscope," Science 248, 73-76 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. S. Chivian, W. E. Case, and D. D. Eden, "The photon avalanche: A new phenomenon in Pr3 + -based infrared quantum counters," Appl. Phys. Lett. 35, 124-125 (1979). [CrossRef]
F. E. Auzel, "Upconversion and anti-Stokes processes with f and d ions in solids," Chem. Rev. (Washington, D.C.) 104, 139-174 (2004).
S. Heer, M. Wermuth, K. Krämer, and H. U. Güdel, "Upconversion excitation of Cr3+ 2E emission in Y3Ga5O12 codoped with Cr3+ and Yb3+," Chem. Phys. Lett. 334, 293-297 (2001). [CrossRef]
W. Kaiser, and C. G. B.Garrett, "Two-photon excitation in CaF2: Eu2+," Phys. Rev. Lett. 7, 229-231 (1961). [CrossRef]
G. Blasse and B. C. Grabmaier, Luminescent Materials (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994). [CrossRef]
H. Ronde and G. Blasse, "The nature of the electronic transitions of the vanadate group," J. Inorg. Nuclear Chem. 40, 215 (1978). [CrossRef]
W. Barendswaard, R. T. Weber, and J. H. van der Waals, "An EPR study of the luminescent triplet state of VO4 3- in YVO4 and YP0.96V0.04O4 single crystals at 1.2 K," J. Chem. Phys. 87, 3731 (1987). [CrossRef]
C. Hsu and R. C. Powell, "Energy transfer in europium doped yttrium vanadate crystals," J. Luminescence 10, 273-293 (1975). [CrossRef]
L.Y. Yang, Y. J. Dong, D. P. Chen, C. Wang, N. Da, X. W. Jiang, C. S. Zhu, and J. R. Qiu, "Upconversion luminescence from 2E state of Cr3+ in Al2O3 crystal by infrared femtosecond laser irradiation," Opt. Express 13, 7893-98 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. H. Zhang, Y. Hang, D. L. Sun, B. X. Qian, F. S. Li, and S. T. Yin, "The color problems of YVO4 crystal," J. Synth. Cryst. 32, 24-26 (2003 in Chinese).
R. P. Chin, Y. R. Shen, and V. Petrova-Koch, "Photoluminescence from porous silicon by infrared multiphoton excitation," Science 270, 776-778 (1995). [CrossRef]
N. Bloembergen, "Solid state infrared quantum counters," Phys. Rev. Lett. 2, 84-85 (1959). [CrossRef]
R. Scheps, "Upconversion laser processes," Prog. Quantum Electron. 20, 271-358 (1996). [CrossRef]
G. S. He, P. P. Markowicz, T. C. Lin, and P. N. Prasad, "Observation of stimulated emission by direct three-photon excitation," Nature 415, 767-770 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. S. Marchant, G. E. Stutzmann, M. A. Leissring, F. M. LaFerla, and I. Parker, "Multiphoton-evoked color change of DsRed as an optical highlighter for cellular and subcellular labeling," Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 645-649 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. Svoboda, W. Denk, D. Kleinfeld, and D.W.Tank, "In vivo dendritic calcium dynamics in neocortical pyramidal neurons," Nature 385, 161-165 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. You and M. Nogami, "Three-photon-excited fluorescence of Al2O3-SiO2 glass containing Eu3+ ions by femtosecond laser irradiation," Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2076-2078 (2004). [CrossRef]
H. You and M. Nogami, "Upconversion luminescence of Al2O3-SiO2:Ce3+ glass by femtosecond laser irradiation," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 3432-34 (2004). [CrossRef]
J. Qiu, P. G. Kazansky, J. Si, K. Miura, T. Mitsuyu, K. Hirao, and A. L. Gaeta, "Memorized polarization-dependent light scattering in rare-earth-ion-doped glass," Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 1940-1942 (2000). [CrossRef]
P. G. Kazansky, H. Inouye, T. Mitsuyu, K. Miura, J. Qiu, and K. Hirao, "Anomalous anisotropic light scattering in Ge-doped silica glass," Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2199-2202 (1999). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

L. F. Johnson, G. J. Guggenheim, "Infrared-pumped visible laser," Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 44-47 (1971). [CrossRef]
J. S. Chivian, W. E. Case, and D. D. Eden, "The photon avalanche: A new phenomenon in Pr3 + -based infrared quantum counters," Appl. Phys. Lett. 35, 124-125 (1979). [CrossRef]
H. You and M. Nogami, "Three-photon-excited fluorescence of Al2O3-SiO2 glass containing Eu3+ ions by femtosecond laser irradiation," Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2076-2078 (2004). [CrossRef]
H. You and M. Nogami, "Upconversion luminescence of Al2O3-SiO2:Ce3+ glass by femtosecond laser irradiation," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 3432-34 (2004). [CrossRef]
J. Qiu, P. G. Kazansky, J. Si, K. Miura, T. Mitsuyu, K. Hirao, and A. L. Gaeta, "Memorized polarization-dependent light scattering in rare-earth-ion-doped glass," Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 1940-1942 (2000). [CrossRef]

Chem. Phys. Lett.

S. Heer, M. Wermuth, K. Krämer, and H. U. Güdel, "Upconversion excitation of Cr3+ 2E emission in Y3Ga5O12 codoped with Cr3+ and Yb3+," Chem. Phys. Lett. 334, 293-297 (2001). [CrossRef]

Chem. Rev.

F. E. Auzel, "Upconversion and anti-Stokes processes with f and d ions in solids," Chem. Rev. (Washington, D.C.) 104, 139-174 (2004).

J. Chem. Phys.

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