Stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode As2S3 and As2Se3 chalcogenide fibers

doi:10.1364/OE.14.012063

Stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode As₂S₃ and As₂Se₃ chalcogenide fibers

Catalin Florea, Mark Bashkansky, Zachary Dutton, Jasbinder Sanghera, Paul Pureza, and Ishwar Aggarwal »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 14, Issue 25, pp. 12063-12070 (2006)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.14.012063

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▸ Article Outline
– Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Fiber characterization
3. Measurement of Brillouin gain coefficient
4. Discussion of figure of merit for slow-light applications
5. Conclusion
– References and links

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Abstract

Stimulated Brillouin scattering was investigated for the first time in As₂S₃ single-mode fibers, and also in As₂Se₃. The propagation loss and numerical aperture of the fibers at 1.56 µm, along with the threshold intensity for the stimulated Brillouin scattering process were measured. From the threshold values we estimate the Brillouin gain coefficient and demonstrate record figure of merit for slow-light based applications in chalcogenide fibers.

1. Introduction

The observation of slow light has been recently demonstrated in optical fibers by using the dispersion associated with laser-induced amplification of a material resonance as is the case in stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) [1

K. Y. Song, M. G. Herráez, and L. Thévenaz, “Observation of pulse delaying and advancement in optical fibers using stimulated Brillouin scattering,” Opt. Express 13, 82–88 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 2

Y. Okawachi, M. S. Bigelow, J. E. Sharping, Z. Zhu, A. Schweinsberg, D. J. Gauthier, R. W. Boyd, and A. L. Gaeta, “Tunable all-Optical delays via Brillouin slow light in an Optical Fiber,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 153902 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) [3

J. E. Sharping, Y. Okawachi, and A. L. Gaeta, “Wide bandwidth slow light using a Raman fiber amplifier,” Opt. Express 13, 6092–6098 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 4

D. Dahan and G. Eisenstein, “Tunable all optical delay via slow and fast light propagation in a Raman assisted fiber optical parametric amplifier: a route to all optical buffering,” Opt. Express 13 , 6234–6249 (2005). [CrossRef]

]. The slow-light technique based on SBS in optical fibers is particularly of interest as it allows a very simple and robust implementation of tunable optical pulse delays, using mostly standard telecom components.

Previously reported results deal with either long standard telecom fibers (tens of meters to kilometers) or with rather large pump powers (hundreds of milliwatts to watts), values which will negatively impact the cost and also the performance of the system, in terms of pulse distortion, stability of the delay, and onset of other nonlinear effects. The length of the delay fiber and the amount of pump power are generally considered key parameters which determine qualitatively and quantitatively the optical pulse delay. These parameters are ultimately determined by the fiber properties (propagation loss, numerical aperture) and by material properties (refractive index, Brillouin gain coefficient). Since the standard silica fibers have a very small Brillouin gain coefficient, there is a need for alternative materials with higher values of the gain coefficient which will enable low-power solutions. There have been reports of very efficient slow-light generation in Bi-oxide high-nonlinearity fiber [5

C. Jáuregui, H. Ono, P. Petropoulos, and D. J. Richardson, “Four-fold reduction in the speed of light at practical power levels using Brillouin scattering in a 2-m bismuth-oxide fiber,” OFC, paper PDP2 (2006).

] and in As₂Se₃ chalcogenide fiber [6

K. Y. Song, K. S. Abedin, K. Hotate, M. G. Herráez, and L. Thévenaz, “Highly efficient Brillouin slow and fast light using As2Se3 chalcogenide fiber,” Opt. Express 14, 5860–5865 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. A figure of merit (FOM) has also been proposed in order to easily quantify the degree of usefulness of a given fiber when considered for slow-light applications [6

We measured, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the Brillouin gain coefficient of single-mode As₂S₃ fiber. We have also measured the Brillouin gain coefficient in As₂Se₃ in order to compare it with the As₂S₃ result and with the previously reported result from literature [7

K. S. Abedin, “Observation of strong stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode As₂Se₃ chalcogenide fiber,” Opt. Express 13, 10266–10271 (2006). [CrossRef]

]. We demonstrate a significant increase in the figure of merit in the case of this particular As₂S₃ fiber when slow-light applications are considered.

This letter continues with section 2 on fiber characterization, section 3 on SBS threshold measurements, followed by a discussion of the figure of merit in section 4, and conclusions in section 5.

2. Fiber characterization

Two fibers, drawn in-house, were used in this work, and their main physical properties are given in Table 1 below. The core refractive index was measured with an ellipsometer using glass sample from the core preform.

Table 1. Chalcogenide Fibers Parameters (wavelength of interest: 1.56 µm).

Fiber	Core dia.[µm]	Clad dia. [µm]	Core Refractive Index	NA	V-number	1.e^-2 MFD^* [µm] (calculated)	Loss [dB.m^-1]
As₂S₃	4.2	142.0	2.45	0.33	2.8	4.2	0.57
As₂Se₃	6.5	175.0	2.81	0.14	1.8	9.0	0.90^**

^* MFD = mode-field diameter for the fundamental mode

^** estimated from previous data

The numerical aperture (NA), essentially the contrast in index between the core and the clad, is an important parameter. It determines the mode-field diameter and hence the effective area of the fundamental mode, with direct implications on the threshold power estimation. It also determines the number of modes supported by the fiber at a given wavelength, λ. The V-number for a step-index fiber is a function of NA as given in the equation below, where d is the core diameter:

V = \frac{π d}{λ} NA

(1)

Careful measurements of the far-field angular dependence of the fundamental mode exiting the fiber were used for NA determination. Light from a temperature stabilized, fiberpigtailed laser diode was coupled with free-space optics into 1-m long sections of fiber. The radiation escaping into the cladding was stripped out by coating a 10-cm long portion of fiber with liquid gallium at each end. The data for both fibers is shown in Fig. 1 below. The V-number of ~ 2.8 for the As₂S₃ fiber suggests a second mode could be excited at 1.56 µm. In practice, the second mode was not observed. During the experiments, nevertheless we monitored the mode field pattern by imaging the output on a vidicon camera to make sure we launched only in the fundamental mode.

Fig. 1. Far-field pattern data (squares) along with the Gaussian fit (line) used for the NA determination at 1.56 µm. The 5% cut-off points are used for NA determination. (a) - As₂S₃, (b) - As₂Se₃.

Using the V-number, the MFD for the fundamental mode will be given by Eq. (2) below [7

K. S. Abedin, “Observation of strong stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode As₂Se₃ chalcogenide fiber,” Opt. Express 13, 10266–10271 (2006). [CrossRef]

d_{\frac{1}{e^{2}}} = d \times (0.65 + \frac{1.619}{V^{1.5}} + \frac{2.879}{V^{6}})

(2)

The propagation loss is also an important parameter as it defines the effective interaction length for the Brillouin scattering process. The loss was measured using the cutback method and the data for the As₂S₃ fiber is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Cutback data used for the loss measurement at 1.56 µm on the for As₂S₃ fiber.

3. Measurement of Brillouin gain coefficient

In order to determine the Brillouin gain coefficient, we measured the threshold power of the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) process using the experimental setup detailed below in Fig. 3. In doing so we are following the approach established in previous work [7

K. S. Abedin, “Observation of strong stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode As₂Se₃ chalcogenide fiber,” Opt. Express 13, 10266–10271 (2006). [CrossRef]

] in order to be able to compare our results with previous results, although a more exact analysis was proposed elsewhere [8

K. Ogusu, “Analysis of steady-state cascaded stimulated Brillouin scattering in a Fiber Fabry-Pérot Resonator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 14, 947–949 (2002). [CrossRef]

]. The threshold power is easily determined by monitoring the spectrum of the reflected light using a high-resolution optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) as sampled by the circulator which is the interface between the pump delivery system (DFB laser source plus Er amplifier, EDFA) and the chalcogenide fiber. We choose this method due to its simplicity although more careful schemes are usually employed in the case of silica fibers [9

see, for example, A. B. Ruffin, M-J Li, X. Chen, A. Kobyakov, and F. Annunziata, “Brillouin gain analysis for fibers with different refractive indices,” Opt. Lett. 30, 3123–3125 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

The fiber was coated with liquid gallium on 10-cm lengths on each end to eliminate the radiation leaking into the cladding. The fiber ends were not anti-reflection coated and hence cavity effects were significant due to the high refractive index of the fiber. The losses in the fiber (given above), and the coupling optics (4% for the focusing lens, 14% for the collimating objective), along with the Fresnel loss at the fiber ends (17.7% for As₂S₃ and 22.6% for As₂Se₃) are all taken into account in throughput measurements used to estimate the coupling efficiency, and hence the amount of pump launched into the core. We estimate 45% coupling efficiency in the As₂S₃ case, and 37% in the As₂Se₃ case. In future, coupling efficiency can be optimized and hence the SBS threshold power can be reduced, which is a desired trend from a system design perspective.

Fig. 3. Experimental setup used for SBS threshold measurements.

The spectral changes of the backward wave propagating through the chalcogenide fiber, as sampled by the circulator, are shown in Fig. 4 for the As₂S₃ fiber, and in Fig. 5 for the As₂Se₃ fiber. The cavity effects reduced the accuracy with which we were able to determine the threshold as indicated in the captions. Nevertheless, the threshold is easily identified by the significant jump in the peak of the Brillouin-shifted signal monitored on the OSA. Additionally, we observed the clamping of the pump output power as, once the threshold is reached, most of the pump power is transferred to the Stokes wave [10

A. B. Ruffin, “Stimulated Brillouin Scattering: An overview of measurements, system impairments, and applications,” NIST Symposium on Optical Fiber Measurements, Technical Digest , 23–28 (2004).

]. From these experimentally determined threshold values, one can estimate the Brillouin gain coefficient using the equation below [7

K. S. Abedin, “Observation of strong stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode As₂Se₃ chalcogenide fiber,” Opt. Express 13, 10266–10271 (2006). [CrossRef]

, 11

E. P. Ippen and R. H. Stolen, “Stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 539–541 (1972). [CrossRef]

P_{th} ≅ 21 \frac{A_{eff}}{L_{eff} g_{B} k}

(3)

In the Eq. (3), k is a constant which reflects whether the polarization is maintained constant throughout the interaction (k = 1) or not (k = 0.5, our case). Also, the Aeff and Leff are the effective area of the fundamental mode, and the effective interaction length, respectively.

Fig. 4. Typical spectra of the reflected light sampled by the circulator for different launched pump powers into the As2S3 fiber core. Fiber length was 10.0 m. Estimated SBS threshold: (27±3) mW. All plots have the same horizontal and vertical scales but tick labels are shown only on bottom and left for clarity.

Fig. 5. Typical spectra of the reflected light sampled by the circulator for different launched pump powers into the As₂Se₃ fiber core. Fiber length was 5.0 m. Estimated SBS threshold: (127±7) mW. All plots have the same horizontal and vertical scales but tick labels are shown only on bottom and left for clarity.

These are given by Eq. (4) and Eq. (5) below, where L is the fiber length, α is the propagation loss, and the 1.e^-2 mode-field diameter is determined by Eq. (2) above.

A_{eff} = \frac{π d_{\frac{1}{e^{2}}}^{2}}{4}

(4)

L_{eff} = \frac{1}{α} (1 - e^{- α L})

(5)

Using Eqs (3)–(5), the parameters from Table 1, and the fiber lengths and pump threshold values indicated in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, we determined the Brillouin coefficient to be (3.9±0.4) × 10^-9 m.W^-1 for the As₂S₃ and (6.75±0.35)×10^-9 m.W^-1 for As₂Se₃. The value for the As₂Se₃ is close to the only other previously published result [7

K. S. Abedin, “Observation of strong stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode As₂Se₃ chalcogenide fiber,” Opt. Express 13, 10266–10271 (2006). [CrossRef]

]. The value for the As₂S₃ fiber, although lower than the one for As₂Se₃, is still two orders of magnitude higher than that for fused silica (~4.4×10^-11 m.W^-1) [6

, 12

K. Ogusu, H. Li, and M. Kitao, “Brillouin-gain coefficients of chalcogenide glasses,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 21, 1302–1304 (2004). [CrossRef]

4. Discussion of figure of merit for slow-light applications

The very large Brillouin gain coefficient presents the chalcogenide fibers as alternatives to silica fiber for slow-light applications. A figure of merit (FOM) has been proposed [6

] in order to quantify the usefulness of a given fiber for slow-light based applications. The Brillouin gain is considered a positive factor while the length, the refractive index, and the power are considered as negative factors impacting the response time and the onset of additional nonlinear effects in the system. The FOM as defined in Ref. [6

] requires the knowledge of the actual Brillouin gain which has to be measured, and takes into account the effective length instead of the total length of fiber.

We propose to compare various fibers by using the theoretical small-signal gain, G_th, which is the small-signal gain for a standard length of fiber of 1 m, at a standard pump power of 1 mW. The expression for the small-signal gain expected in a fiber is given by:

Gain [dB] = 10 \times \log (\exp (g_{B} k \frac{P_{p}}{A_{eff}} L_{eff}))

(6)

Therefore Gth will be given by:

G_{th} [dB] = 4.34 \frac{g_{B} k \times 1 mW \times L_{eff} ∣_{L = 1 m}}{A_{eff}}

(7)

In order to take into account the previous comparasion of chalcogenide fibers against silica fiber [6

], we re-write the FOM proposed in Ref. [6

] such as to reduce it to the primary quantities qualifying the fiber (effective area, length and propagation loss, refractive index, and Brillouin gain coefficient expressed in dB):

FOM \equiv \frac{Gain [dB]}{P_{p} nL} = 4.34 \frac{g_{B} k L_{eff}}{{nA}_{eff} L}

(8)

It is important to keep in mind that this FOM contains the large-index penalty and determines what length and power are needed in a system to achieve a certain gain, and hence a certain time delay. It does not allow, however, to accurately assess the effect of the loss coefficient when comparing different fibers. Hence for strictly comparing fibers one should use the gain in the fiber for a standard length, under a standard power as proposed in Eq (7). We used both parameters, the FOM and G_th, to compare the most representative fibers considered so far: silica [1

], high-nonlinearity bismuth fiber [5

, 13

J. H. Lee, T. Tanemura, K. Kikuchi, T. Nagashima, T. Hasegawa, S. Ohara, and N. Sugimoto, “Experimental comparison of a Kerr nonlinearity figure of merit including the stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold for state-of-the-art nonlinear optical fibers,” Opt. Lett. 30, 1698–1700 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], As₂Se₃ fiber [6

, 7

K. S. Abedin, “Observation of strong stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode As₂Se₃ chalcogenide fiber,” Opt. Express 13, 10266–10271 (2006). [CrossRef]

], along with the results reported here. The comparison is provided in Table 2 below, with all the data reported for experiments without polarization control (k=0.5). One can easily notice the significant increase in the theoretical gain (or FOM) for this particular As₂S₃ fiber due to its smaller core, lower loss and slightly reduced refractive index.

Table 2. Comparison of figure of merit for slow-light based applications at 1.56 µm.

	Silica[1 K. Y. Song, M. G. Herráez, and L. Thévenaz, “Observation of pulse delaying and advancement in optical fibers using stimulated Brillouin scattering,” Opt. Express 13, 82–88 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed] ,9 see, for example, A. B. Ruffin, M-J Li, X. Chen, A. Kobyakov, and F. Annunziata, “Brillouin gain analysis for fibers with different refractive indices,” Opt. Lett. 30, 3123–3125 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed] ]	Bi-HNL [5 C. Jáuregui, H. Ono, P. Petropoulos, and D. J. Richardson, “Four-fold reduction in the speed of light at practical power levels using Brillouin scattering in a 2-m bismuth-oxide fiber,” OFC, paper PDP2 (2006). ]	As₂Se₃ [6 K. Y. Song, K. S. Abedin, K. Hotate, M. G. Herráez, and L. Thévenaz, “Highly efficient Brillouin slow and fast light using As2Se3 chalcogenide fiber,” Opt. Express 14, 5860–5865 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed] , 7 K. S. Abedin, “Observation of strong stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode As₂Se₃ chalcogenide fiber,” Opt. Express 13, 10266–10271 (2006). [CrossRef] ]	As₂Se₃	As₂S₃
n	1.47	2.22	2.81	2.81	2.45
Aeff [m²]	6.78E-11	3.00E-12	3.94E-11	6.31E-11	1.39E-11
loss [dB.m^-1]	0.001	0.91	0.84	0.90	0.57
L [m]	2.0	2.0	5.0	5.0	10.0
Leff [m]	2.0	1.63	3.23	3.1	5.6
g_B [m.W^-1]	4.40E-11	6.43E-11	6.10E-09	6.75E-09	3.90E-09
G_th [dB]	0.076	0.003	1.084	0.719	3.398
FOM [dB.W^-1.m^-1]	1	17	77	51	139

It needs to be mentioned that actually a As₂Se₃ fiber with similarly smaller core size and same loss figure as the small-core As₂S₃ fiber would perform even better, given the larger nonlinearity of the selenide-based chalcogenide! Our first trial in obtaining such a fiber resulted in a fiber with a higher loss though, which would lower its overall FOM. Efforts to obtain an optimized small-core As₂Se₃ are currently under way.

5. Conclusion

The stimulated Brillouin scattering process was studied for the first time in As₂S₃ fiber, and the Brillouin gain coefficient was measured to be (3.9±0.4)×10^-9 m.W^-1. Similar measurements were done also in As₂Se₃, and the determined Brillouin gain coefficient of (6.75±0.35)×10^-9 m.W^-1 is comparable with the only other result recently published in literature [7

K. S. Abedin, “Observation of strong stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode As₂Se₃ chalcogenide fiber,” Opt. Express 13, 10266–10271 (2006). [CrossRef]

]. An analysis of the figure of merit for slow-light based applications indicates that, to date, the smaller core As₂S₃ fiber performs best due to the reduced core size coupled with the fact that it has a low loss. The configuration using the small-core As₂S₃ fiber yields a figure of merit which is about 140 times larger, or a theoretical gain about 45 times larger, than the similar quantities for the best silica-based configurations reported to date.

References and links

1.	K. Y. Song, M. G. Herráez, and L. Thévenaz, “Observation of pulse delaying and advancement in optical fibers using stimulated Brillouin scattering,” Opt. Express 13, 82–88 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2.	Y. Okawachi, M. S. Bigelow, J. E. Sharping, Z. Zhu, A. Schweinsberg, D. J. Gauthier, R. W. Boyd, and A. L. Gaeta, “Tunable all-Optical delays via Brillouin slow light in an Optical Fiber,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 153902 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3.	J. E. Sharping, Y. Okawachi, and A. L. Gaeta, “Wide bandwidth slow light using a Raman fiber amplifier,” Opt. Express 13, 6092–6098 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4.	D. Dahan and G. Eisenstein, “Tunable all optical delay via slow and fast light propagation in a Raman assisted fiber optical parametric amplifier: a route to all optical buffering,” Opt. Express 13 , 6234–6249 (2005). [CrossRef]
5.	C. Jáuregui, H. Ono, P. Petropoulos, and D. J. Richardson, “Four-fold reduction in the speed of light at practical power levels using Brillouin scattering in a 2-m bismuth-oxide fiber,” OFC, paper PDP2 (2006).
6.	K. Y. Song, K. S. Abedin, K. Hotate, M. G. Herráez, and L. Thévenaz, “Highly efficient Brillouin slow and fast light using As2Se3 chalcogenide fiber,” Opt. Express 14, 5860–5865 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7.	K. S. Abedin, “Observation of strong stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode As₂Se₃ chalcogenide fiber,” Opt. Express 13, 10266–10271 (2006). [CrossRef]
8.	K. Ogusu, “Analysis of steady-state cascaded stimulated Brillouin scattering in a Fiber Fabry-Pérot Resonator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 14, 947–949 (2002). [CrossRef]
9.	see, for example, A. B. Ruffin, M-J Li, X. Chen, A. Kobyakov, and F. Annunziata, “Brillouin gain analysis for fibers with different refractive indices,” Opt. Lett. 30, 3123–3125 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10.	A. B. Ruffin, “Stimulated Brillouin Scattering: An overview of measurements, system impairments, and applications,” NIST Symposium on Optical Fiber Measurements, Technical Digest , 23–28 (2004).
11.	E. P. Ippen and R. H. Stolen, “Stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 539–541 (1972). [CrossRef]
12.	K. Ogusu, H. Li, and M. Kitao, “Brillouin-gain coefficients of chalcogenide glasses,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 21, 1302–1304 (2004). [CrossRef]
13.	J. H. Lee, T. Tanemura, K. Kikuchi, T. Nagashima, T. Hasegawa, S. Ohara, and N. Sugimoto, “Experimental comparison of a Kerr nonlinearity figure of merit including the stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold for state-of-the-art nonlinear optical fibers,” Opt. Lett. 30, 1698–1700 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

OCIS Codes
(060.2270) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber characterization
(060.2430) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fibers, single-mode
(290.5900) Scattering : Scattering, stimulated Brillouin

ToC Category:
Fiber Optics and Optical Communications

History
Original Manuscript: September 19, 2006
Revised Manuscript: October 30, 2006
Manuscript Accepted: November 6, 2006
Published: December 11, 2006

Citation
Catalin Florea, Mark Bashkansky, Zachary Dutton, Jasbinder Sanghera, Paul Pureza, and Ishwar Aggarwal, "Stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode As₂S₃ and As₂Se₃ chalcogenide fibers," Opt. Express 14, 12063-12070 (2006)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-25-12063

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References

K. Y. Song, M. G. Herráez, and L. Thévenaz, "Observation of pulse delaying and advancement in optical fibers using stimulated Brillouin scattering," Opt. Express 13, 82-88 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. Okawachi, M. S. Bigelow, J. E. Sharping, Z. Zhu, A. Schweinsberg, D. J. Gauthier, R. W. Boyd, and A. L. Gaeta, "Tunable all-Optical delays via Brillouin slow light in an Optical Fiber," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 153902 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. E. Sharping, Y. Okawachi, and A. L. Gaeta, "Wide bandwidth slow light using a Raman fiber amplifier," Opt. Express 13, 6092-6098 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. Dahan and G. Eisenstein, "Tunable all optical delay via slow and fast light propagation in a Raman assisted fiber optical parametric amplifier: a route to all optical buffering," Opt. Express 13, 6234-6249 (2005). [CrossRef]
<jrn>. C. Jáuregui, H. Ono, P. Petropoulos, and D. J. Richardson, "Four-fold reduction in the speed of light at practical power levels using Brillouin scattering in a 2-m bismuth-oxide fiber," OFC, paper PDP2 (2006).</jrn>
K. Y. Song, K. S. Abedin, K. Hotate, M. G. Herráez, and L. Thévenaz, "Highly efficient Brillouin slow and fast light using As2Se3 chalcogenide fiber," Opt. Express 14, 5860-5865 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. S. Abedin, "Observation of strong stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode As2Se3 chalcogenide fiber," Opt. Express 13, 10266-10271 (2006). [CrossRef]
K. Ogusu, "Analysis of steady-state cascaded stimulated Brillouin scattering in a Fiber Fabry-Pérot Resonator," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 14, 947-949 (2002). [CrossRef]
see, for example, A. B. Ruffin, M-J Li, X. Chen, A. Kobyakov, and F. Annunziata, "Brillouin gain analysis for fibers with different refractive indices," Opt. Lett. 30, 3123-3125 (2005) and references [3], [8] within. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. B. Ruffin, "Stimulated Brillouin Scattering: An overview of measurements, system impairments, and applications," NIST Symposium on Optical Fiber Measurements, Technical Digest, 23-28 (2004).
E. P. Ippen and R. H. Stolen, "Stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 539-541 (1972). [CrossRef]
K. Ogusu, H. Li, and M. Kitao, "Brillouin-gain coefficients of chalcogenide glasses," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 21, 1302-1304 (2004). [CrossRef]
J. H. Lee, T. Tanemura, K. Kikuchi, T. Nagashima, T. Hasegawa, S. Ohara, and N. Sugimoto, "Experimental comparison of a Kerr nonlinearity figure of merit including the stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold for state-of-the-art nonlinear optical fibers," Opt. Lett. 30, 1698-1700 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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