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Optics Express

  • Editor: C. Martijn de Sterke
  • Vol. 15, Iss. 10 — May. 14, 2007
  • pp: 6374–6379

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Visible to infrared photoluminescence from gold nanoparticles embedded in germano-silicate glass fiber

Aoxiang Lin, Dong Hoon Son, Il Ho Ahn, G. Hugh Song, and Won-Taek Han  »View Author Affiliations


Optics Express, Vol. 15, Issue 10, pp. 6374-6379 (2007)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.006374


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Abstract

Germano-silicate glass fiber containing gold nanoparticles was developed by modified chemical vapor deposition and solution doping processes. Pumping with 488nm Argon ion laser, we firstly report on the visible to infrared photoluminescence of the gold nanoparticles embedded in the core of the germano-silicate fibers. The surface plasmon resonance absorption peak at 498.4nm and the visible to infrared photoluminescence over the range of 600nm~1560nm were found and explained according to the interband and intraband electronic transitions of Au atoms. The averaged quantum efficiencies of the photoluminescence at 833nm and 1536nm were estimated to be 5.75×10-8 and 2.01×10-9, respectively.

© 2007 Optical Society of America

1. Introduction

Noble-metal nanoparticles encapsulated in a dielectric matrix have attracted sustained interest over several centuries owing to their unusual optical and electrical properties. Metal-dielectric nanocompositions show nonlinear and fast optical response near the surface plamon resonance (SPR) frequency due to their enhanced third-order optical susceptibilities; thus they have been applied in all-optical switching devices [1–3

F. Hache, D. Ricard, and C. Flytzanis, “Optical nonlinearities of small metal particles: surface-mediated resonance and quantum size effects,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3, 1647–1655 (1988). [CrossRef]

], ultra-short pulse generation [4

N. A. Papadogiannis, S. D. Moustaizis, P. A. Loukakos, and C. Kalpouzos, “Temporal characterization of ultra short laser pulses based on multiple harmonic generation on a gold surface,” Appl. Phys. B 65, 339–345 (1997). [CrossRef]

] and optical parametric amplification [5

T. Torounidis, M. Karlsson, and P. A. Andrekson, “Fiber optical parametric amplifier pulse source: theory and experiment,” J. Lightwave Technol. 23, 4067–4073 (2005). [CrossRef]

,6

S. Radic and C. J. Mckinstrie, “Optical amplification and signal processing in highly nonlinear optical fiber,” IEICE Trans. Electron. E88-C, 859–869 (2005). [CrossRef]

]. By the multiphoton-absorption-induced luminescence (MAIL), efficient luminescence from 100nm gold nanoparticles was presented to date [7

P. J. Schuck, D. P. Fromm, A. Sundaramurthy, G. S. Kino, and W. E. Moerner, “Improving the mismatch between the light and nanoscale objects with gold bowtie nanoantennas,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 017402 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] and the deeper understanding of the particle-size-dependent MAIL was performed [8

R. A. Farrer, F. L. Butterfield, V. W. Chen, and J. T. Fourkas, “Highly efficient multiphoton-absorption-induced luminescence from gold nanoparticles,” Nano Lett. 5, 1139–1142 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], which can be used for biological labeling and imaging. The upcoming research interests in noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) in the field of photonics are putting forth a new branch of optics: nanophotonics, which focuses on the linear, nonlinear, photoluminescence and other novel optical properties found in the NPs and the materials containing these NPs.

Several approaches, such as the sol-gel process, metal dielectric co-sputtering deposition, metal-ion implantation into a dielectric matrix and pulsed laser deposition, have been used to prepare metal-dielectric nanocompositions [9–12

W. T. Wang, et al., “Resonant absorption quenching and enhancement of optical nonlinearity in Au:BaTiO3 composite films by adding Fe nanoclusters,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1983–1985 (2003). [CrossRef]

]. Based on the previous work to fabricate the germano-silicate glass fiber incorporated with gold NPs [13

S. Ju, V. L. Nguyen, P. R. Watekar, B. H. Kim, C. Jeong, S. Boo, C. J. Kim, and W.-T. Han, “Fabrication and optical characteristics of novel optical fiber doped with the Au nanoparticles,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 6, 3555–3558 (2006). [CrossRef]

] by using the modified chemical deposition (MCVD) and easily-performed solution doping processes, we provide another way to dope the noble metal NPs into the fiber-type waveguides, opening a new method to conduct research in the field of nanophotonics.

Having reported the ultrafast third-order nonlinearity of the gold NPs incorporated fiber [3

A. Lin, B. H. Kim, S. Ju, and W.-T. Han, “Fabrication and third-order optical nonlinearity of germano-silicate glass optical fiber incorporated with Au nanoparticles,” Proc. SPIE 6481, 64810M (2007). [CrossRef]

], we firstly started to investigate the photoluminescence (PL) from these gold NPs embedded in the germano-silicate glass matrix. Visible PL from smooth gold surface was reported by Mooradian in 1969 and was found to be very inefficient (10-10) [14

A. Mooradian, “Photoluminescence of metals,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 185–187 (1969). [CrossRef]

]. In the present study, while remaining relative weak, the broadband visible to narrowband infrared PL from gold NPs embedded in the germano-silicate fiber was found and proven to be measurable at room temperature with the normal optical measurement systems. The averaged quantum efficiencies (QEs) of the PL at 833nm and 1536nm were estimated to be 5.75×10-8 and 2.01×10-9, respectively. Based on the present optical characteristics of the germano-silicate glass fiber containing gold NPs, novel fiber devices for nonlinear optical applications will be developed.

2. Experiments

The fiber incorporated with gold NPs was fabricated in house using the MCVD and solution doping processes, which was detailedly described in Ref. 13 reported by our group. The doping solution was prepared by dissolving reagent grade Au(OH)3 powder (Aldrich Chem. Co. Inc., 99.9%) in HNO3 solution (Junsei Co., 70%) to obtain Au3+ concentration of 2.5mol%. After the deposition of the germano-silicate core layers in the silica glass tube by using the MCVD process, the porous deposition layers were soaked with the doping solution for two hours. Then the tube was sintered and sealed, and finally the preform was drawn into fibers with 125μm in diameter using the draw tower at 1900°C. The chemical reactions inside the silica glass tubes during the MCVD process are as follows [3

A. Lin, B. H. Kim, S. Ju, and W.-T. Han, “Fabrication and third-order optical nonlinearity of germano-silicate glass optical fiber incorporated with Au nanoparticles,” Proc. SPIE 6481, 64810M (2007). [CrossRef]

]:

Au (OH)3+3HN O3 → 25°CAu (N O3)3+3 H2O
(1)
2Au (N O3)3 → 100°C Au2 O3+3 N2 O 5↑
(2)
2Au2 O3 → T ≥150°C 4Au+ 3O2↑
(3)

Due to the boiling temperature as high as 2856°C [15

G. Baysinger, T. F. Koetzle, L. I. Berger, K. Kuchitsu, N. C. Craig, C. C. Lin, R. N. Goldberg, and A. L. Smith, “Section 4: Physical constants of inorganic compounds,” in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, D. R. Lide, ed., (CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, 2000), paper 4-61.

], Au atoms and their clusters can survive from the MCVD process with the temperature up to 2350 °C. Since the structure of the fiber (6-8μm diameter core surrounded by 125μm diameter outside cladding) and the extremely low dopant concentration of ppm level make the gold NPs difficult to detect by direct measurement methods, such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), the cut-back method was used to measure the absorption spectrum of the optical fiber to confirm the formation and existence of the gold NPs in the core of fiber.

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the measurement setup for photoluminescence of the gold nanoparticles incorporated fiber.

To obtain PL, the fiber was pumped with a 488nm Argon-ion laser at room temperature. Figure 1 illustrates the experiment setup in which the 488nm laser beam from Argon-ion laser was reflected by two mirrors and then coupled into one arm of a 3dB coupler by a collimator. At the same time, one power controller was used to measure the feed-back power from the other arm of the given coupler to determine the actual input power into the fiber incorporated with gold NPs under test. In order to get accurate luminescence signal, high sensitive optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) was used.

3. Results and discussion

3.1 Linear absorptive optical properties

Figure 2 shows the absorption spectrum of the germano-silicate glass fiber incorporated with gold NPs. The absorption peak appeared in the range of 495~560nm, which was due to the SPR of the gold NPs embedded in the fiber core and is the indirect evidence of the existence of gold NPs. The SPR peak of the fiber was found to locate centered at 498.4nm (2.48eV), which is shorter than the SPR peak wavelengths found in the other gold NPs incorporated materials [16

N. Picon-Roetzinger, D. Port, B. Palpant, E. Charron, and S. Debrus, “Large optical Kerr effect in matrix-embedded metal nanoparticles,” Mat. Sci. and Eng. C 19, 51–54 (2002). [CrossRef]

,17

H. Shi, L. Zhang, and W. Cai, “Preparation and optical absorption of gold nanoparticles within pores of mesoporous silica,” Mat. Res. Bull. 35, 1689–1691 (2000). [CrossRef]

]. This blue shift of the present fiber may be due to denser structure of the core and the subsequent increase of the ligand field [18

P. I. Paulose, G. Jose, V. Thomas, G. Jose, N. V. Unnikrishnan, and M. K. R. Warrier, “Spectroscopic studies of Cu2+ ions in sol-gel derived silica matrix,” Bull. Mater. Sci. 25, 69–74 (2002). [CrossRef]

].

Fig. 2. Experimental absorption spectrum of the germano-silicate fiber incorporated with gold nanoparticles.

3.2 Broadband visible to narrowband infrared photoluminescence

Fig. 3. Broadband visible to narrowband infrared photoluminescence (a) and the quantum efficiencies at 833nm and 1536nm (b) of the 30m-long germano-silicate glass fiber incorporated with gold nanoparticles pumping with 488nm

The PL of the fiber was obtained by pumping with the 488nm Argon-ion laser at the power of 0 ~ 90 mW and shown in Fig. 3(a). The broadband visible PLs in the vicinity of 833nm (1.48eV) to the narrowband infrared PL centering 1536nm (0.81eV) were found. Note that the infrared PL at 1536nm is the first time to report in the field of fiber optics.

The average QE was estimated from the relative number of photons N passing through the core of the fiber by the following Eq. (4) [19

F. L. Pedrotti, S. J., and L. S. Pedrotti, “Nature of Light,” in Introduction to Optics (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1993, second edition), Chap. 1, paper 3-5.

]

QE= Nout Nex ≅ Iout∙ λout Iex∙ λex
(4)

in which

N ( photons m2∙s) = I∙λ∙n h∙c
(5)

where h is Plank’s constant, c is the light speed in vacuum, λ is the wavelength, n is the refractive index at a given wavelength (assuming that n is constant for all the wavelength from 400~1650nm in this estimation), I is the intensity of the light wave in arbitrary unit, and the suffixes of ‘out’ and ‘ex’ represents the case for the output emission and excitation input signal, respectively. The averaged QE of the PL at 833nm (1.48eV) and 1536nm (0.81eV) were estimated to be 5.75×10-8 and 2.01×10-9, respectively. As shown in Fig. 3(b), with the increase of the input pumping power, the QEs were found to decrease due to the extremely low concentration of gold NPs embedded in the fiber, which means that the number of the gold NPs is not enough to absorb all the input pumping energy as expected. It is important to note that the visible PL intensity at 833nm is two orders of magnitude larger than that of the bulk gold metal [14

A. Mooradian, “Photoluminescence of metals,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 185–187 (1969). [CrossRef]

].

To explain the PL from the gold NPs in the core of the fiber, the electronic structure of Au atoms was considered. In the case of noble metals, in particular gold, the optical properties are due to 5d (valence) and 6sp (conduction) electrons [20

F. Hache, D. Ricard, C. Flytzanis, and U. Kreibig, “The optical Kerr effect in small metal particles and metal colloids: the case of gold,” Appl. Phys. A 47, 347–357 (1988). [CrossRef]

]. The outermost d and s electrons of the constituent atoms must be treated together leading to 6 bands: 5 of them are fairly flat and lie a few eV below the Fermi level, they are usually denoted as d bands, the 6th one being almost free-electron-like, i.e. roughly parabolic with an effective mass very close to that of a free electron as shown in Fig. 4. This last band is known as the conduction band or sp band where there is an opening electronic band gap of 1.3eV (950nm) between the highest occupied (molecular) orbital and the lowest unoccupied orbital (HOMO-LUMO gap) [21

T. G. Schaaff and R. L. Whetten, “Giant gold-glutathione cluster compounds: Intense optical activity in metal-based transitions,” J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 2630–2641 (2000). [CrossRef]

]. The results in Fig. 3(a) suggest that the luminescence located at 833nm (1.48eV) cannot originate from a totally excited state across the HOMO-LUMO gap at 1.3eV. Instead, the radiative recombination between a higher excited state and the ground state has to be concluded. On the other hand, the luminescence maximum of the infrared luminescence shown in Fig. 3(a) occurs at lower energies of 0.81eV (1536nm) than the onset of absorption (HOMO-LUMO gap). Furthermore, the fact that the PL intensity and QEs of the two bands are independent of the excitation power as shown in the insets of Fig. 3(b) indicates that the excitation involves a one-photon process in both cases.

Fig. 4. Solid-state model for the origin of the two PL bands: The high energy band is proposed to be due to radiative interband recombination between the sp and d-bands while the low energy band is thought to originate from radiative intraband transitions within the sp-band cross the HOMO-LUMO gap. Note that intraband recombination has to involve prior nonradiative recombination of the hole in the d-band created after excitation with an (unexcited) electron in the sp-band.

As for the gold NPs embedded in the germano-silicate glass matrix, an excitation at 488nm (2.53eV) from the Argon-ion laser may lead to the excitation of d-band electrons into the sp-conduction band (interband transition) and a radiative recombination is followed by an initial electronic relaxation bringing about the visible luminescence, judging from the fact that the luminescence between 629nm (1.97eV) and 1200nm (1.03eV) was independent of the excitation wavelength. The high energy luminescence band, therefore, corresponds to the recombination of the excited electron from higher excited states in the sp-band with the hole in the lower lying d-band (interband transition) as illustrated in the schematic model in Fig. 4. By the same token, the lower energy luminescence band in the vicinity of 1536nm (0.81eV) can then be assigned to be the relaxed radiative recombination across the HOMO-LUMO gap at 1.3eV within the sp-conduction band (intraband transition). Host-materials characterized ligand fields are responsible for the tiny differences between our results and the previous reports [22–24

S. Link, A. Beeby, S. FitzGerald, M. A. El-Sayed, T. G. Schaaff, and R. L. Whetten, “Visible to infrared luminescence from a 28-atom gold cluster,” J. Phys. Chem. 106, 3410–3415 (2002). [CrossRef]

].

4. Summary

In summary, the germano-silicate glass fiber incorporated with gold NPs was successfully fabricated by using MCVD technique and solution doping process. At room temperature, weak but distinct broadband visible to narrowband infrared PL was found upon excitation by the 488nm Argon-ion laser. The QEs of the PL at 833nm and 1536nm were estimated to be 5.75×10-8 and 2.01×10-9, respectively. Interband transition between the sp and d-band and intraband transition across the HOMO-LUMO electronic gap inside the gold NPs are responsible for the observed PL from the gold NPs incorporated germano-silicate fiber.

Acknowledgments

This research was partially supported by Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) through grant No.R01-2004-000-10846-0, by the National Core Research Center (NCRC) for Hybrid Materials Solution of Pusan National University, and by BK-21 Information Technology Project, Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development, Republic of Korea.

References and links

1.

F. Hache, D. Ricard, and C. Flytzanis, “Optical nonlinearities of small metal particles: surface-mediated resonance and quantum size effects,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3, 1647–1655 (1988). [CrossRef]

2.

R. F. Haglund, et al., “Picosecond nonlinear optical response of a Cu:silica nanocluster composite,” Opt. Lett. 18, 373–375 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

3.

A. Lin, B. H. Kim, S. Ju, and W.-T. Han, “Fabrication and third-order optical nonlinearity of germano-silicate glass optical fiber incorporated with Au nanoparticles,” Proc. SPIE 6481, 64810M (2007). [CrossRef]

4.

N. A. Papadogiannis, S. D. Moustaizis, P. A. Loukakos, and C. Kalpouzos, “Temporal characterization of ultra short laser pulses based on multiple harmonic generation on a gold surface,” Appl. Phys. B 65, 339–345 (1997). [CrossRef]

5.

T. Torounidis, M. Karlsson, and P. A. Andrekson, “Fiber optical parametric amplifier pulse source: theory and experiment,” J. Lightwave Technol. 23, 4067–4073 (2005). [CrossRef]

6.

S. Radic and C. J. Mckinstrie, “Optical amplification and signal processing in highly nonlinear optical fiber,” IEICE Trans. Electron. E88-C, 859–869 (2005). [CrossRef]

7.

P. J. Schuck, D. P. Fromm, A. Sundaramurthy, G. S. Kino, and W. E. Moerner, “Improving the mismatch between the light and nanoscale objects with gold bowtie nanoantennas,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 017402 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

8.

R. A. Farrer, F. L. Butterfield, V. W. Chen, and J. T. Fourkas, “Highly efficient multiphoton-absorption-induced luminescence from gold nanoparticles,” Nano Lett. 5, 1139–1142 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

9.

W. T. Wang, et al., “Resonant absorption quenching and enhancement of optical nonlinearity in Au:BaTiO3 composite films by adding Fe nanoclusters,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1983–1985 (2003). [CrossRef]

10.

D. Dalacu and L. Martinu, “Temperature dependence of the surface plasmon resonance of Au/SiO2 nanocomposite films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 4283–4285 (2000). [CrossRef]

11.

V. Pardo-Yissar, R. Gabai, A. N. Shipway, T. Bourenko, and I. Willner, “Gold nanoparticle/hydrogel composites with solvent-switchable electronic properties,” Adv. Mater. 13, 1320–1323 (2001). [CrossRef]

12.

S. Dhara, et al., “Quasiquenching size effects in gold nanoclusters embedded in silica matrix,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 370, 254–260 (2003). [CrossRef]

13.

S. Ju, V. L. Nguyen, P. R. Watekar, B. H. Kim, C. Jeong, S. Boo, C. J. Kim, and W.-T. Han, “Fabrication and optical characteristics of novel optical fiber doped with the Au nanoparticles,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 6, 3555–3558 (2006). [CrossRef]

14.

A. Mooradian, “Photoluminescence of metals,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 185–187 (1969). [CrossRef]

15.

G. Baysinger, T. F. Koetzle, L. I. Berger, K. Kuchitsu, N. C. Craig, C. C. Lin, R. N. Goldberg, and A. L. Smith, “Section 4: Physical constants of inorganic compounds,” in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, D. R. Lide, ed., (CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, 2000), paper 4-61.

16.

N. Picon-Roetzinger, D. Port, B. Palpant, E. Charron, and S. Debrus, “Large optical Kerr effect in matrix-embedded metal nanoparticles,” Mat. Sci. and Eng. C 19, 51–54 (2002). [CrossRef]

17.

H. Shi, L. Zhang, and W. Cai, “Preparation and optical absorption of gold nanoparticles within pores of mesoporous silica,” Mat. Res. Bull. 35, 1689–1691 (2000). [CrossRef]

18.

P. I. Paulose, G. Jose, V. Thomas, G. Jose, N. V. Unnikrishnan, and M. K. R. Warrier, “Spectroscopic studies of Cu2+ ions in sol-gel derived silica matrix,” Bull. Mater. Sci. 25, 69–74 (2002). [CrossRef]

19.

F. L. Pedrotti, S. J., and L. S. Pedrotti, “Nature of Light,” in Introduction to Optics (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1993, second edition), Chap. 1, paper 3-5.

20.

F. Hache, D. Ricard, C. Flytzanis, and U. Kreibig, “The optical Kerr effect in small metal particles and metal colloids: the case of gold,” Appl. Phys. A 47, 347–357 (1988). [CrossRef]

21.

T. G. Schaaff and R. L. Whetten, “Giant gold-glutathione cluster compounds: Intense optical activity in metal-based transitions,” J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 2630–2641 (2000). [CrossRef]

22.

S. Link, A. Beeby, S. FitzGerald, M. A. El-Sayed, T. G. Schaaff, and R. L. Whetten, “Visible to infrared luminescence from a 28-atom gold cluster,” J. Phys. Chem. 106, 3410–3415 (2002). [CrossRef]

23.

E. Dulkeith, T. Niedereichholz, T. A. Klar, and J. Feldmann, “Plasmon emission in photoexcited gold nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 205424 (2004). [CrossRef]

24.

M. R. Beversluis, A. Bouhelier, and L. Novotny, “Continuum generation from single gold nanostructure through near-field mediated intraband transitions,” Phys. Rev. B 68, 115433 (2003). [CrossRef]

OCIS Codes
(060.2280) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber design and fabrication
(240.6680) Optics at surfaces : Surface plasmons
(250.5230) Optoelectronics : Photoluminescence

ToC Category:
Fiber Optics and Optical Communications

History
Original Manuscript: March 26, 2007
Revised Manuscript: May 5, 2007
Manuscript Accepted: May 5, 2007
Published: May 8, 2007

Citation
Aoxiang Lin, Dong Hoon Son, Il Ho Ahn, G. Hugh Song, and Won-Taek Han, "Visible to infrared photoluminescence from gold nanoparticles embedded in germano-silicate glass fiber," Opt. Express 15, 6374-6379 (2007)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-10-6374


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References

  1. F. Hache, D. Ricard, and C. Flytzanis, "Optical nonlinearities of small metal particles: surface-mediated resonance and quantum size effects," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3, 1647-1655 (1988). [CrossRef]
  2. R. F. Haglund,  et al., "Picosecond nonlinear optical response of a Cu:silica nanocluster composite," Opt. Lett. 18, 373-375 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. A. Lin, B. H. Kim, S. Ju and W. -T. Han, "Fabrication and third-order optical nonlinearity of germano-silicate glass optical fiber incorporated with Au nanoparticles," Proc. SPIE 6481, 64810M (2007). [CrossRef]
  4. N. A. Papadogiannis, S. D. Moustaizis, P. A. Loukakos, and C. Kalpouzos, "Temporal characterization of ultra short laser pulses based on multiple harmonic generation on a gold surface," Appl. Phys. B 65, 339-345 (1997). [CrossRef]
  5. T. Torounidis, M. Karlsson, and P. A. Andrekson, "Fiber optical parametric amplifier pulse source: theory and experiment," J. Lightwave Technol. 23, 4067-4073 (2005). [CrossRef]
  6. S. Radic and C. J. Mckinstrie, "Optical amplification and signal processing in highly nonlinear optical fiber," IEICE Trans. Electron. E88-C, 859-869 (2005). [CrossRef]
  7. P. J. Schuck, D. P. Fromm, A. Sundaramurthy, G. S. Kino, and W. E. Moerner, "Improving the mismatch between the light and nanoscale objects with gold bowtie nanoantennas," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 017402 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. R. A. Farrer, F. L. Butterfield, V. W. Chen, and J. T. Fourkas, "Highly efficient multiphoton-absorption-induced luminescence from gold nanoparticles," Nano Lett. 5, 1139-1142 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. W. T. Wang,  et al., "Resonant absorption quenching and enhancement of optical nonlinearity in Au:BaTiO3 composite films by adding Fe nanoclusters," Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1983-1985 (2003). [CrossRef]
  10. D. Dalacu and L. Martinu, "Temperature dependence of the surface plasmon resonance of Au/SiO2 nanocomposite films," Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 4283-4285 (2000). [CrossRef]
  11. V. Pardo-Yissar, R. Gabai, A. N. Shipway, T. Bourenko, and I. Willner, "Gold nanoparticle/hydrogel composites with solvent-switchable electronic properties," Adv. Mater. 13, 1320-1323 (2001). [CrossRef]
  12. S. Dhara,  et al., "Quasiquenching size effects in gold nanoclusters embedded in silica matrix," Chem. Phys. Lett. 370, 254-260 (2003). [CrossRef]
  13. S. Ju, V. L. Nguyen, P. R. Watekar, B. H. Kim, C. Jeong, S. Boo, C. J. Kim, and W. -T. Han, "Fabrication and optical characteristics of novel optical fiber doped with the Au nanoparticles," J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 6, 3555-3558 (2006). [CrossRef]
  14. A. Mooradian, "Photoluminescence of metals," Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 185-187 (1969). [CrossRef]
  15. G. Baysinger, T. F. Koetzle, L. I. Berger, K. Kuchitsu, N. C. Craig, C. C. Lin, R. N. Goldberg, and A. L. Smith, "Section 4: Physical constants of inorganic compounds," in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, D. R. Lide, ed., (CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, 2000), paper 4-61.
  16. N. Picon-Roetzinger, D. Port, B. Palpant, E. Charron, and S. Debrus, "Large optical Kerr effect in matrix-embedded metal nanoparticles," Mater. Sci. and Eng., C 19, 51-54 (2002). [CrossRef]
  17. H. Shi, L. Zhang, and W. Cai, "Preparation and optical absorption of gold nanoparticles within pores of mesoporous silica," Mater. Res. Bull. 35, 1689-1691 (2000). [CrossRef]
  18. P. I. Paulose, G. Jose, V. Thomas, G. Jose, N. V. Unnikrishnan, and M. K. R. Warrier, "Spectroscopic studies of Cu2+ ions in sol-gel derived silica matrix," Bull. Mater. Sci. 25, 69-74 (2002). [CrossRef]
  19. F. L. Pedrotti, S. J. and L. S. Pedrotti, "Nature of Light," in Introduction to Optics (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1993, second edition), Chap. 1, paper 3-5.
  20. F. Hache, D. Ricard, C. Flytzanis, and U. Kreibig, "The optical Kerr effect in small metal particles and metal colloids: the case of gold," Appl. Phys. A 47, 347-357 (1988). [CrossRef]
  21. T. G. Schaaff and R. L. Whetten, "Giant gold-glutathione cluster compounds: Intense optical activity in metal-based transitions," J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 2630-2641 (2000). [CrossRef]
  22. S. Link, A. Beeby, S. FitzGerald, M. A. El-Sayed, T. G. Schaaff, and R. L. Whetten, "Visible to infrared luminescence from a 28-atom gold cluster," J. Phys. Chem. 106, 3410-3415 (2002). [CrossRef]
  23. E. Dulkeith, T. Niedereichholz, T. A. Klar, and J. Feldmann, "Plasmon emission in photoexcited gold nanoparticles," Phys. Rev. B 70, 205424 (2004). [CrossRef]
  24. M. R. Beversluis, A. Bouhelier, and L. Novotny, "Continuum generation from single gold nanostructure through near-field mediated intraband transitions," Phys. Rev. B 68, 115433 (2003). [CrossRef]

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