OSA's Digital Library

Optics Express

Optics Express

  • Editor: C. Martijn de Sterke
  • Vol. 15, Iss. 14 — Jul. 9, 2007
  • pp: 8871–8883

Optics InfoBase > Optics Express > Volume 15 > Issue 14 > Page 8871

« Show journal navigation

The origin of magnetic polarizability in metamaterials at optical frequencies - an electrodynamic approach

Carsten Rockstuhl, Thomas Zentgraf, Ekaterina Pshenay-Severin, Jörg Petschulat, Arkadi Chipouline, Jürgen Kuhl, Thomas Pertsch, Harald Giessen, and Falk Lederer  »View Author Affiliations


Optics Express, Vol. 15, Issue 14, pp. 8871-8883 (2007)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.008871


View Full Text Article

Acrobat PDF (2733 KB)


Advanced Search

Browse Journals / Lookup Meetings

Browse by Journal and Year


   


Lookup Conference Papers

Close Browse Journals / Lookup Meetings

Article Tools

Share
Citations

Abstract

We explain the origin of the electric and particular the magnetic polarizabiltiy of metamaterials employing a fully electromagnetic plasmonic picture. As example we study an U-shaped split-ring resonator based metamaterial at optical frequencies. The relevance of the split-ring resonator orientation relative to the illuminating field for obtaining a strong magnetic response is outlined. We reveal higher-order magnetic resonances and explain their origin on the basis of higher-order plasmonic eigenmodes caused by an appropriate current flow in the split-ring resonator. Finally, the conditions required for obtaining a negative index at optical frequencies in a metamaterial consisting of split-ring resonators and wires are investigated.

© 2007 Optical Society of America

1. Introduction

Metamaterials (MMs) are media which permit control of the material response upon incident electromagnetic fields through artificial structuring [1

D. R. Smith, J. B. Pendry, and M. C. K. Wiltshire, “Metamaterials and negative refractive index,” Science 305, 788–792 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. If they consist of periodically arranged unit cells, their optical properties can be derived from the dispersion relation of the spatially periodic Bloch modes. For periods substantially less than the wavelength, only the lowest-order eigenmode plays a role and effective material parameters can be introduced. These effective material parameters mimic a homogeneous medium with the equivalent optical response of the nanostructured MM. Care must be taken by interpreting the effective material parameters if higher-order Bloch eigenmodes are excited. Specifically, if these modes exhibit larger amplitudes than the lowest-order eigenmode, the structure might be yet sub-wavelength but effective material parameters cease to be valid [2

D. Seetharamdoo, R. Sauleau, K. Mahdjoubi, and A.-C. Tarot, “Effective parameters of resonant negative refractive index metamaterials: Interpretation and validity,” J. Appl. Phys. 98, 063505 (2005). [CrossRef]

]. For a dielectric material, the effective material parameters equal in most cases the averaged bulk properties of its constituents. However, they may strongly deviate from this average if resonances are excited in the unit cells. Mie type resonances in densely packed spheres, made of a polaritonic (enhanced ϵ) material are a typical example for a MM with strongly dispersive effective permittivity ϵ eff and permeability μ eff [3

L. Lewin, “The electrical constants of a material loaded with spherical particles,” Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng., Part 3 , 94, 65–68 (1947).

]. For this purpose one usually relies on polaritonic materials or semiconductors with strong ex-citonic resonances [4

V. Yannopapas and A. Moroz, “Negative refractive index metamaterials from inherently non-magnetic materials for deep infrared to terahertz frequency ranges,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 17, 3717–3734 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 5

V. Yannopapas, “Negative refraction in random photonic alloys of polaritonic and plasmonic microspheres,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 035112 (2007). [CrossRef]

, 6

V. Yannopapas and N. V. Vitanov, “Photoexcitation-induced magnetism in arrays of semiconductor nanoparticles with a strong excitonic oscillator strength,” Phys. Rev. B 74, 193304 (2006). [CrossRef]

]. Alternatively, unit elements made of metallic nanostructures with plasmonic resonances were proposed for designing MMs [7

W. Rotman, “Plasma simulation by artificial dielectrics and parallel-plate media,” IRE Trans. Antennas Propag. 10, 82–95 (1962). [CrossRef]

, 8

S. A. Schelkunoff and H. T. Friis, ”Antennas: theory and practice”, New York. John Wiley & Son (1952).

].

A representative example is the split-ring resonator (SRR), originally proposed for the microwave domain. First variants consisted of two (or more) interleaved thin metallic rings with small gaps on opposite sides [9

J. P. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, “Magnetism from conductors, and enhanced nonlinear phenomena,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 47, 2075–2084 (1999). [CrossRef]

]. An electromagnetic field with a magnetic component perpendicular to these rings induces currents in the conductors. Typically, spacing between the two rings is small compared to their sizes and thus the rings act as a capacitance, hence only a small current flows between the two interleaved sheets. The entire element may be regarded as an LC-oscillator that shows a dipolar response to an external field. Consequently, a medium made of closely packed SRRs alters the effective permeability, causing a Lorentz-type resonance. Position, width, and strength of the resonance are dictated by both the geometrical and intrinsic material parameters. Such a MM offers new perspectives for designing materials with unprecedented properties. In particular, a negative real part for the effective permeability is feasible. In conjunction with an element providing a negative effective permittivity, a negative refractive index was proposed and successfully demonstrated [10

D. R. Smith, W. J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz, “Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4184–4187 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

].

Soon after the initial experiments in the microwave domain, first attempts were undertaken to adopt the approach in the optical domain [11

S. Zhang, W. Fan, B. K. Minhas, A. Frauenglass, K. J. Malloy, and S. R. J. Brueck, “Midinfrared resonant magnetic nanostructures exhibiting a negative permeability,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 037402 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. The quest for miniaturization resulted in various modifications of the original design. Thus, the second ring was dropped for its negligible effect [12

N. Liu, H. Guo, L. Fu, H. Schweizer, S. Kaiser, and H. Giessen, “Electromagnetic resonances in single and double split-ring resonator metamaterials in the near infrared,” phys. stat. sol. (b) 224, 1251–1255 (2007). [CrossRef]

, 13

M. Kafesaki, T. Koschny, R. S. Penciu, T. F. Gundogdu, E. N. Economou, and M. Soukoulis, “Left-handed metama-terials: detailed numerical studies of the transmission properties,” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt 7, S12–S22 (2005). [CrossRef]

]. Furthermore, the gap was significantly enlarged to open eventually one side of the SRR completely [14

C. Rockstuhl, T. Zentgraf, H. Guo, N. Liu, C. Etrich, I. Loa, K. Syassen, J. Kuhl, F. Lederer, and H. Giessen, “Resonances of split-ring resonator metamaterials in the near infrared,” Appl. Phys. B 84, 219–227 (2006). [CrossRef]

]. The influence of such geometrical modifications on the spectral position of the resonances, which causes a change in the effective permeability was investigated [15

K. Aydin, I. Bulu, K. Guven, M. Kafesaki, C. M. Soukoulis, and E. Ozbay, “Investigation of magnetic resonances for different split-ring resonator parameters and designs,” New J. of Physics 7, 168 (2005). [CrossRef]

]. Hence, the design changed from a ring with a small gap to a U-shaped SRR. Furthermore, the influence of the orientation of the illuminating field on the resonances was investigated experimentally [16

V. V. Varadan and A. R. Tellakula,, “Effective properties of split-ring resonator metamaterials using measured scattering parameters: Effect of gap orientation,” J. Appl. Phys. 100, 034910 (2006). [CrossRef]

].

In addition, the properties of the SRR materials changed from those with a large imaginary permittivity and no noticeable influence of its real part at microwave frequencies [17

P. Markoš and C. M. Soukoulis,, “Numerical studies of left-handed materials and arrays of split ring resonators,” Phys. Rev. E 65, 036622 (2002). [CrossRef]

] to those with a small negative real part of the permittivity where the remaining imaginary part usually contributes to losses in the visible. However despite of these modifications, the explanation of the origin of the SRR resonances at optical frequencies remained largely unaltered in many publications. The theoretical basis of this explanation is Maxwell’s theory in the limit of slowly varying fields, i.e., a quasi-static LC-circuit theory. For the stated reasons, a reinterpretation of the optical response of nanostructured metamaterials in terms of the full Maxwell theory is in order and will be given in this paper. As a first step in this direction an improved non-quasi-static Lorentz-model for the response of SRRs in the optical domain was presented, recently [18

T.P. Meyrath, T. Zentgraf, and H. Giessen, “Lorentz Model for Metamaterials: Optical Frequency Resonance Circuits,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 205102 (2007). [CrossRef]

]. Within such a non-quasi-static model, the influence of adjacent SRRs, e.g., by radiative coupling, can be considered, especially when the spacing becomes comparable to the wavelength of the light.

In this paper, we analyze numerically the origin of the electric and magnetic polarizability of MMs at optical frequencies at the example of the SRR by using rigorous diffraction theory. We show that effective material resonances are solely related to plasmonic eigenmodes in the relevant structure. Although in a dynamic simulation electric and magnetic fields are inseparable, we prove that the polarization of the electric field is of primary importance for the excitation of eigenmodes in the entire SRR. The plasmonic eigenmodes, which are driven by the external field, are the primary source of the observed magnetic and/or electric polarizability. By using this excitation mechanism, we reveal the existence of higher-order SRR resonances which in particular cause a magnetic polarizability. We have chosen the common split-ring geometry for our discussion. Remarkably, our approach is also valid for different metamaterial structures such as cut-wire pairs or fishnet structures.

We shall show that the eigenmodes, which can be excited at normal incidence with the electric field pointing parallel to the gap, will cause resonances in the permeability for appropriate excitation configurations. On the other hand, modes which can be excited at normal incidence with the electric field perpendicular to the gap, will only cause a resonance in the permittivity function. Furthermore, we investigate the possibility to obtain a negative refractive index at optical frequencies by incorporating metallic wires into the MM unit cell. Because the filling fraction of the unit cell with wires is usually quite small, the effective plasma frequency of this artificial medium decreases and becomes smaller than the magnetic resonance frequency of the SRR, rendering a negative index impossible. This leads to the conclusion that metallic plates rather than wires have to be used, because they exhibit an effective plasma frequency only slightly smaller than that of the bulk material [19

U.K. Chettiar, A.V. Kildishev, T.A. Klar, and V.M. Shalaev, “Negative index metamaterial combining magnetic resonators with metal films,” Opt. Express 14, 7872–7877 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

].

2. Resonances at normal incidence

For investigation of the resonance properties of SRRs at optical frequencies, the illumination direction is usually chosen perpendicular to the SRR plane [20

S. Linden, C. Enkrich, M. Wegener, J. Zhou, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Magnetic Response of Metama-terials at 100 Terahertz,” Science 306, 1351–1353 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Recently, it has been shown [14

C. Rockstuhl, T. Zentgraf, H. Guo, N. Liu, C. Etrich, I. Loa, K. Syassen, J. Kuhl, F. Lederer, and H. Giessen, “Resonances of split-ring resonator metamaterials in the near infrared,” Appl. Phys. B 84, 219–227 (2006). [CrossRef]

] that this configuration allows to determine the spectral positions of the SRR eigenmodes, but it does not provide a useful resonance of the effective permeability. A typical spectral response for both polarizations is shown in Fig. 1.

In our numerical investigations, we assume that the SRRs are made of gold (data from Ref. 18) and entirely surrounded by air. A potential substrate alters only slightly the spectral position of the resonances, and no qualitative differences can be observed for experimentally available substrates. Thus we neglected it in our calculations. If not otherwise stated, we assume periodically arranged SRRs with a period of Λ = 400 nm. The lengths of the SRRs parallel and perpendicular to the gap are equally set to be lII = l ⊥ = 300 nm. The in-plane width of the wires forming the SRR is w = 40 nm and their height is h = 15 nm. The simulation of the spectral response was performed by using the Fourier Modal Method (FMM) [22

L. Li, ”New formulation of the Fourier modal method for crossed surface-relief gratings,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, 2758–2767 (1997). [CrossRef]

]. 31 diffraction orders were retained in the calculation for both the x- and the y-direction. This ensures sufficient numerical convergence for all relevant quantities deduced from the calculations.

The FMM is a well established method to analyze diffraction at periodic structures. It is based on an appropriately chosen modal expansion of the electro-magnetic field in the incident, the transmitted, and the grating region. Inside the grating region the field is expanded into a superposition of Bloch waves that are solutions to the wave equation. Outside the grating the field is expanded into plane waves, which correspond to the various diffraction orders. By matching subsequently the amplitude of each mode such that the boundary conditions for the electro-magnetic field components are fulfilled between the three respective regions, the interaction problem is solved and diffraction efficiencies can be calculated. The method is particularly well suited for the present task, as it allows to take the correct value of the dielectric constant for each frequency into account [22

L. Li, ”New formulation of the Fourier modal method for crossed surface-relief gratings,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, 2758–2767 (1997). [CrossRef]

].

In the chosen spectral domain, resonances appear at three frequencies (we used the respective wave numbers v̄= ω 2πc) ν¯ 1 = 3100 cm-1, ν¯ 2 = 6200 cm-1, and ν¯ 3 = 8100 cm-1. The first and third resonance are excited by an electric field polarized parallel to the gap [Fig. 1(a)]. The second resonance is excited by a polarization perpendicular to the gap [Fig. 1(c)]. All resonances may be related to plasmonic eigenmodes of the SRR. [23

C. Rockstuhl, F. Lederer, C. Etrich, T. Zentgraf, J. Kuhl, and H. Giessen, “On the reinterpretation of resonances in split-ring-resonators at normal incidence,” Opt. Express 14, 8827–8836 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] As usual the modes can be labeled according to the number of amplitude nodes of the electric field component perpendicular to the SRR. The higher the frequency required for their excitation the larger is the number of nodes. Symmetry considerations imply that odd/even modes are excited with the electric field polarization parallel/perpendicular to the gap.

Fig. 1. Spectral response (R-reflectance, T -transmittance) of an array of SRRs as described in the text for an electric field polarization parallel (a) and perpendicular to the gap (c). The corresponding excitation geometry is schematically shown in (b) and (d), respectively. The geometrical details of a single SRR are shown in (e).

3. Resonances for parallel incidence

In order to obtain a strong magnetic response from the medium made of SRRs, the illumination direction has to be in plane with the SRRs. Additionally, the orientation of the electric field relative to the SRR has to be appropriately chosen.

No pronounced resonances are observed for an incident electric field polarized perpendicular to the SRR plane. Here, only weak plasmonic resonances are excited at high frequencies which contribute to small dispersion of the effective permittivity in the visible. Their spectral position is determined by the ratio of the SRR wire height h to its width w. Similar resonances appear for single wires with the same size and aspect ratio. These resonances are of no importance in the present context and will be neglected in the further discussion.

For an electric field polarization parallel to the SRR plane, two possibilities exist. First, the electric field may be polarized parallel to the gap. This allows for a realization where the gap is either at the front or the back of SRR relative to the propagation direction of the incident light (see Fig. 2). Second, the electric field can be polarized perpendicularly to the gap. Hence, the gap is parallel to the propagation direction of the incident light (see Fig. 3).

Reflectance and transmittance for the first option with the gap being either at the front or the back of the SRR are shown in Fig. 2(a). The subscript 1/2 labels the case with the gap at the front/back of the SRR, as shown on top of Fig. 2. No differences have be observed in the reflectance/transmittance spectra for both orientations. Two resonances appear at frequencies almost identical to the resonance frequencies of the plasmonic eigenmodes, which were excited at normal incidence with the electric field polarized parallel to the gap [see Fig. 1(a)]. The inspection of the near-field amplitude of the electric field revealed equal mode patterns when compared to the eigenmodes at normal incidence. Especially the amplitude of the field component perpendicular to the SRR plane, formerly used for labeling the eigenmodes [23

C. Rockstuhl, F. Lederer, C. Etrich, T. Zentgraf, J. Kuhl, and H. Giessen, “On the reinterpretation of resonances in split-ring-resonators at normal incidence,” Opt. Express 14, 8827–8836 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], shows one and three nodes at the two relevant frequencies, respectively. Because of their symmetry, even numbered nodes cannot be excited in this geometry. The electric field amplitude parallel to the gap is antisymmetric with respect to the D 1 symmetry axis for these modes, whereas the illuminating plane wave provides only a symmetric field.

Besides the question which mode will be excited in a particular configuration, it is of major relevance to reveal which effective material parameter will be altered by the excitation of a particular mode. The present configuration (see Fig. 2) is asymmetric with respect to the inversion of the propagation direction. Hence the parameter retrieval algorithm will lead to effective material parameters which depend on the orientation of the MM [24

D. R. Smith, D. C. Vier, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Electromagnetic parameter retrieval from inhomo-geneous metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. E 71, 036617 (2005). [CrossRef]

]. This results from the fact that the effective refractive indices are identical [see Fig. 2(b)] but the impedances differ. However, it was shown that at least a unique effective refractive index can be derived for such asymmetric structures, whereas the effective impedance differs for the two orientations. The reason for this behavior is the different phase behavior of the reflected field [24

D. R. Smith, D. C. Vier, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Electromagnetic parameter retrieval from inhomo-geneous metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. E 71, 036617 (2005). [CrossRef]

]. Although an unambiguous definition of unique effective material parameters is impossible, their computation provides valuable insight to conclude that the observed resonances primarily affect the effective permittivity.

The different effective material parameters (n eff, ϵ eff and μ eff) are shown in Fig. 2(b–d), and the asymmetry of the structure was fully taken into account. For retrieving the effective material parameters we have applied the procedure as described in [24

D. R. Smith, D. C. Vier, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Electromagnetic parameter retrieval from inhomo-geneous metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. E 71, 036617 (2005). [CrossRef]

]. Focusing first on the effective permittivity ϵ eff, a well pronounced Lorentz-type resonance can be observed for both SRR orientations at ν¯ 1 = 3100 cm-1. The field of the eigenmodes in the two side arms of the SRR has no particular influence on the effective properties. The response is dominated by an electric dipole radiating from the bottom of the U-shaped SRR parallel to the gap. The eigenmode excitation is identical for both cases shown on top of Fig. 2. Hence, due to the electron oscillation in the bottom wire of the SRR the electric dipole alters mainly the electric polarizability of the medium irrespective of the SRR orientation. Essentially the same consideration holds for the higher-order resonance at ν¯ 3 = 8000 cm-1. Although it is not being as well defined, the increase of the imaginary part of ϵ eff and the general shape of the real part are well in accordance with a Lorentz resonance.

The effective permeability shows resonances at both frequencies. For SRRs with the gap at the front, the real part exceeds unity whereas for the opposite orientation of the gap the real part becomes less than unity. However, both resonances exhibit a similar shape. These properties of the dispersion relation hold for both resonances. The imaginary parts of the retrieved effective permeability change their signs at resonance frequencies. In addition, to a first approximation they differ by sign over the entire spectral domain. In general, the resonances of permeability are fairly weak. Overall, the extension of such a medium with continuous metallic wires placed parallel to the electric field inside the unit cell will therefore not lead to a negative refractive index which holds true for either orientation. In the simulations, we found positive values close to zero over an extended range, as expected for an effective metallic medium. This response is caused by the additional metallic wires. In the spectral region of the SRR resonances, the real part of the refractive index is symmetrically increased due to the superimposed resonance of the effective permittivity as provided by the SRR.

We have to make an additional remark regarding the meaning of the effective material parameter if the amplitude of the strongest higher-order Bloch eigenmode is slightly larger than the amplitude of the lowest-order Bloch eigenmode in a narrow spectral domain close to both resonances. This is true for the present case, where ratios as large as 1.3 are observed directly in the resonance. Such a situation was recently shown to invalidate the assignment of an effective material parameter because the medium must not be considered homogenous. By contrast the properties are affected by the periodicity [2

D. Seetharamdoo, R. Sauleau, K. Mahdjoubi, and A.-C. Tarot, “Effective parameters of resonant negative refractive index metamaterials: Interpretation and validity,” J. Appl. Phys. 98, 063505 (2005). [CrossRef]

]. Therefore, although the character of the resonances remains deducible, the absolute values of the effective material parameter should be merely regarded as an indication.

Fig. 2. (a) Transmittance and reflectance for the two cases shown in (b). Retrieved effective refractive index (b), effective permittivity (c), and effective permeability (d) for the two possible orientations of the SRR at parallel incidence and an electric field polarized parallel to the gap. The geometry of the two configurations is shown on top of the figure.

Based on these results we can argue that for a pronounced magnetic polarizability the induced currents have to flow perpendicularly to the propagation direction of the incident light in at least two different wire pieces and with a phase difference of π. In other words, magnetic polarizability requires currents related to plasmonic eigenmodes which must flow in opposite directions in both side arms. In such a configuration, the scattered field resembles that of an electric quadrupole. As this field resembles that of a magnetic dipole, the effective permeability of the medium exhibits a Lorentz-type resonance. Although the quadrupole is driven by the electric field it is the cause of the magnetic polarizability. Similar arguments have been used to explain transmission peaks, caused by a negative refractive index in the spectra of two parallel metallic wire pieces separated by large distances [26

F. Garwe, C. Rockstuhl, C. Etrich, U. Hübner, U. Bauerschäfer, F. Setzpfandt, M. Augustin, T. Pertsch, A. Tünnermann, and F. Lederer, “Evaluation of gold nanowire pairs as a potential negative index material,” Appl. Phys. B 84, 139–148 (2006). [CrossRef]

].

For obtaining a resonance in the permeability, the arms of such U-shaped SRRs have to be oriented perpendicularly to the propagation direction and the electric field has to be polarized perpendicularly to the gap. Figure 3 shows the transmittance and reflectance (a), the illumination geometry of the structure (b), and the retrieved effective permittivity (c) and permeability (d). The effective parameters remain unchanged when inverting the propagation direction and thus can be unambiguously assigned to the metamaterial. For this and all the following structures that show inversion symmetry, we have applied for the parameter retrieval the procedure as described in [25

D. R. Smith, S. Schultz, P. Markosš, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Determination of effective permittivity and permeability of metamaterials from reflection and transmission coefficients,” Phys. Rev. B 65, 195104 (2002). [CrossRef]

]. It bases on an inversion of the thin film reflectance and transmittance coefficient. Resonances in the spectra appear at nearly the same frequencies as for the normal incidence (Fig. 1). To clarify the character of the plasmonic eigenmodes, the amplitude of the electric field component perpendicular to the SRR plane is shown in Fig. 4 detected 22.5 nm above the surface of the SRR. Calculations have been performed with a Finite-Difference-Time-Domain method [27

A. Farjadpour, David Roundy, Alejandro Rodriguez, M. Ibanescu, Peter Bermel, J. D. Joannopoulos, Steven G. Johnson, and G. W. Burr, “Improving accuracy by subpixel smoothing in the finite-difference time domain,” Opt. Lett. 31, 2972–2974 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. The dispersion of gold was modeled by a Drude oscillator where the parameters of the model were adjusted to match the permittivity of the material as reported in literature [21

P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, “Optical constants of the noble metals,” Phys. Rev. B 6, 4370–4379 (1972). [CrossRef]

].

Fig. 3. (a) Transmittance and reflectance for the geometry shown in (b). Retrieved effective permittivity (c) and effective permeability (d) for the orientation of the SRR at parallel incidence and an electric field polarized perpendicularly to the gap.
Fig. 4. Amplitude of the electric field component perpendicularly to the SRR surface at the three different resonance frequencies indicated in the figures. The illuminating plane wave is x -polarized and propagates in the positive z-direction. The arrows indicate the direction of current flow in the structure. Please note that this represents a snapshot. The direction will reverse with the frequency of the illumination. The direction of the currents flowing in the SRR was deduced from the FDTD simulations.

The plasmonic eigenmode will exhibit more nodes at higher resonance frequencies, similar to the findings at normal incidence [23

C. Rockstuhl, F. Lederer, C. Etrich, T. Zentgraf, J. Kuhl, and H. Giessen, “On the reinterpretation of resonances in split-ring-resonators at normal incidence,” Opt. Express 14, 8827–8836 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. This similarity holds for all field components. The eigen-modes with an odd number of nodes cause a Lorentz-type resonance in the effective permeability. This is particularly true for the third-order resonance, usually denoted as an ‘electrical resonance’ or the ‘particle-plasmon resonance’ of the SRR [20

S. Linden, C. Enkrich, M. Wegener, J. Zhou, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Magnetic Response of Metama-terials at 100 Terahertz,” Science 306, 1351–1353 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. As stated above the conditio sine qua non for a magnetic resonance to appear is a mode profile that induces currents having opposite directions in both arms. In Fig. 4 the direction of the currents is indicated by arrows. The direction of all currents were deduced from FDTD simulations. The first-order resonance at ν¯ 1 = 3900 cm-1 (Fig. 4-left) and the third-order resonance at ν¯ 3 = 8100 cm-1(Fig. 4-right) meet this condition. It is evident that the base length affects the frequencies of the plasmonic eigenmodes and thus the spectral position of the effective material resonance [14

C. Rockstuhl, T. Zentgraf, H. Guo, N. Liu, C. Etrich, I. Loa, K. Syassen, J. Kuhl, F. Lederer, and H. Giessen, “Resonances of split-ring resonator metamaterials in the near infrared,” Appl. Phys. B 84, 219–227 (2006). [CrossRef]

]. In the present geometry, the resonance is too weak to cause a negative permeability (Fig. 3), but this can be easily achieved by increasing the height h of the SRR as will be shown later. The effective permittivity is only slightly affected in the spectral domain of the permeability resonances.

For the second resonance at ν¯ 2 = 6400 cm-1 the currents in the two side arms of the SRR point in the same direction as indicated in Fig. 4-center. This eigenmode corresponds to the lowest-order resonance, which can be excited at normal incidence with the electric field polarization perpendicular to the gap. The scattered field is mainly generated by an electrical dipole rather than a quadrupole. Hence, only the effective permittivity is altered at that frequency. Anti-resonances are observed in the effective permeability, characterized by a negative imaginary part and an inverted line shape for the real part. Their presence can be attributed to the excitation of higher Bloch eigenmodes with non-negligible amplitude [28

T. Koschny, P. Markosš, D. R. Smith, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Resonant and antiresonant frequency dependence of the effective parameters of metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. E 68, 065602 (2003). [CrossRef]

]. In particular, for higher-order resonances their amplitude is larger than that of the lowest-order Bloch eigen-mode, which makes the assignment of an effective material parameter to a certain extent invalid (the medium does not show the required homogeneity) [2

D. Seetharamdoo, R. Sauleau, K. Mahdjoubi, and A.-C. Tarot, “Effective parameters of resonant negative refractive index metamaterials: Interpretation and validity,” J. Appl. Phys. 98, 063505 (2005). [CrossRef]

]. From such an effective material parameter, we can deduce the character of the resonance and understand how it affects the light propagation, but the absolute values of the strength of the effective material parameters should be evaluated with care.

4. How to obtain a negative index?

After having identified electrical quadrupoles, evoked by plasmonic resonances in the U-shaped SRRs, as the source of resonances in the magnetic response, the natural question arises how a negative refractive index can be achieved at optical frequencies. It was frequently stated that the inclusion of a metallic wire laid out parallel to the electric field polarization allows for a negative refractive index. To date, to the best of the author’s knowledge, this was not experimentally verified at optical frequencies in the SRR geometry up to now. Evidently, an ensemble of metallic wires exhibits a smaller plasma frequency compared to the corresponding bulk material [29

J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W.J. Stewart, “Low frequency plasmons in thin wire structures,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 10, 4785–4809 (1997). [CrossRef]

]. Because the resonance frequencies of the plasmonic SRR eigenmodes are close to the bulk plasma frequency, the downshift caused by the material ‘dilution’ can potentially result in a positive permittivity, rendering a negative refractive index impossible regardless of the negative permeability.

Figure 5 shows the transmittance/reflectance spectra and all relevant effective material parameters for a unit cell that contains either a SRR, a metallic wire element, or both elements, as indicated at top. In calculating the effective parameters of the wire medium, its spatial extension in longitudinal direction was set to the length l ∥ = 300 nm of the SRR. The SRR height h was assumed to be 40 nm to ensure a strong magnetic resonance with slightly negative values within a narrow spectral domain. We concentrate here on the first-order eigenmode of the SRR. The metallic wires are infinitely extended into the direction parallel to the polarization of the incident electric field. They have a width of 100 nm in the opposite transversal direction and a height of 80 nm in the longitudinal direction. They are placed such that they have both equal distances to adjacent SRRs and to both arms of a SSR. The period of the structure remained 400 nm. This new unit cell hosts two elements hosts, the SRR and the metallic wire. To counteract the decrease of the plasma frequency by ‘dilution’ the wires are quite massive and resemble a metallic plate.

Fig. 5. Diffraction efficiencies and retrieved effective material parameters for a medium made of SRRs (blue solid line), of thin metallic wires (red dashed line), and a combination of both (green dashed-dotted line). (a) shows the transmitted and (b) the reflected diffraction efficiency. In (c, d) the effective permittivities and in (e,f) the effective permeabilities are shown, respectively. The corresponding effective refractive indices for these values are shown in (g, h).

As shown in Fig. 5(c,d), the wires primarily affect the effective permittivity of the SRR-wire medium. This material parameter shows an effective Drude-type behavior with the plasma frequency shifted towards lower frequencies when compared to bulk gold. Particularly for the present example the effective plasma frequency remains well above the frequency of the lowest-order plasmonic eigenmode of the SRR at ν¯ 1 = 4100 cm-1. For smaller frequencies, the effective permittivity of the medium, which comprises both elements, is dominated by the wire, whereas for frequencies larger than the plasma frequency the effective permittivity is dominated by the resonance of the second-order (dipolar) plasmonic eigenmode at ν¯ 2 = 7900 cm-1. This holds for both the real and the imaginary part. Between these two frequency domains a smooth transition takes place [see Fig. 5(c,d)].

Fig. 6. Transmission (a), real part of the effective permittivity (b), the permeability (c), and the refractive index (d) for a medium comprising SRRs and metallic wires as a function of the height h of the wires.

The effective permeability of the SRR-wire medium [Fig. 5(e,f)] follows essentially the permeability of the SRRs almost throughout the entire spectral domain except for ν¯ > 9000 cm-1. This deviation can be attributed to the excitation of higher-order Bloch modes which are propagating in the structure due to a pronounced coupling among both elements. For a ratio of period/ resonance wavelength close to unity, the parameter retrieval algorithm yields artifacts related to the excitation of these higher-order Bloch modes. In the present example, this ratio is 0.36 for a frequency at ν¯ = 9000 cm-1. Nevertheless, the effective material parameters of the SRR-wire medium can be generally regarded to be valid in the entire spectral domain, as we verified that their amplitudes never exceed that of the lowest-order Bloch eigenmode, although these higher-order Bloch eigenmodes are present.

Although the combination of the two elements causes a decrease of the effective plasma frequency, the permittivity remains sufficiently negative at the resonance frequency of the SRR and a negative real part for the refractive index is observed [Fig. 5(g)]. Similar observations on the interplay between wire and SRR causing a decrease of the effective plasma frequency were reported for unit elements working in the microwave domain [30

K. Aydin, K. Guven, M. Kafesaki, L. Zhang, C. M. Soukoulis, and E. Ozbay, “Experimental observation of true left-handed transmission peaks in metamaterials,” Opt. Lett. 29, 2623–2625 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

].

In the optical domain, it is of particular importance to choose metallic wires of appropriate thickness to limit the decrease of the effective plasma frequency. This is demonstrated in Fig. 6. The results regarding the effective parameters are shown for the same SRR as before, but for three different heights of the wire h. We consider in the figure only the transmittance and the real part of the effective material parameters. Due to the stronger ‘dilution’ of the metal, the effective plasma frequency experiences a larger downshift. Above the frequency of the second-order plasmonic eigenmode, the permittivity is dominated by the effective permittivity provided by the SRRs, hence it is rather independent of the wire height. The effective permeability is likewise independent of the wire height. The increase of the permittivity in the spectral domain of the magnetic resonance for thinner wires causes a less negative refractive index. In the present example a negative refractive index requires a wire height of at least 40 nm. A detailed investigation of the strength of the resonance and the figure-of-merit for the material as a function of the detailed geometrical parameters (SRR and wire size and shape, as well as their relative position in the unit cell) is beyond the scope of this paper and will appear elsewhere. This figure-of-merit has been defined as the ratio of real to imaginary part of the refractive index [31

G. Dolling, M. Wegener, C. M. Soukoulis, and S. Linden, “Negative index metamaterial at 780 nm wavelength”, Opt. Lett. 32, 53–55 (2007). [CrossRef]

]. Here, we emphasize that particularly at optical frequencies the unit cell of MMs has to contain sufficient amounts of metal to limit the downshift of the plasma frequency compared to its bulk value. This is necessary to observe a negative refractive index at optical frequencies. The problem becomes more severe if the resonance frequencies of the SRR are closer to the visible, which will finally limit the use of SRRs in metamaterials.

Fig. 7. Real part of the effective refractive index if the SRR and the wire with a height of h = 80 nm in different dielectric environments. The blue solid curve shows the structure completely surrounded by air. The green dashed curve shows the structure as deposited on a substrate with n = 1.5. The red solid-dashed curve shows the real part of the effective refractive index if the background medium in the unit cell is a dielectric medium with n = 1.5 instead of air but the unit cell itself is yet surrounded by air. Finally the black dotted solid curve shows the effective index if this structure is finally deposited on a substrate. The latter structure is the structure which is technological feasible to fabricate.

Finally, we wanted to estimate the influence of a surrounding media and a possible substrate on the properties of such a MM at optical frequencies. Figure 7 shows the real part of the effective refractive index for the same structure as analyzed in Fig. 6 with a height for the wire of h = 80 nm. First, the structure is placed on a substrate with a refractive index of n = 1.5. Such a substrate has only a minor impact on the dispersion of the refractive index. A more realistic structure will be potentially embedded in a dielectric medium. Figure 7 shows likewise the real part of the effective refractive index if the structure is embedded in a dielectric host medium with a refractive index of 1.5 and finally when this structure is placed on a substrate with the same refractive index. Again, the presence of the substrate does alter the dispersion, but the surrounding media strongly shifts all resonances towards smaller wavenumbers. This is in complete agreement with the shift of the spectral position of the plasmon resonances in small metallic nanoparticles if they are embedded in a dielectric host media, except this shift of the dispersion remains qualitatively the same.

5. Conclusion and outlook

In this paper, we explained the origin of the electric and the magnetic polarizability in MMs at optical frequencies employing an electrodynamic approach. Exemplarily, the investigation was done employing SRRs that support plasmonic eigenmodes. The impact of such resonances for various configurations of the incident field to the SRR on the effective material parameters was investigated. We concentrated on the propagation direction parallel to the SRR. Identical modes can be excited for different illumination and polarization directions, as long as their symmetry coincides with the symmetry of the illuminating wave-field. For observing a magnetic polarizability in the MM, the field radiated by the SRR has to be dominantly an electrical quadrupole field, i.e., consisting in the simplest case of two electric dipoles oscillating π out of phase. The corresponding currents which can be excited at the frequencies of the SRR plasmonic eigenmodes are the origin of this field. Because the currents are driven by the electric field component of the incident wave, the orientation of the electric field vector relative to the SRR is an important parameter.

We found that for the analyzed U-shaped SRR the electric field has to be polarized perpendicular to the gap and the propagation has to be aligned in the SRR plane. For such a configuration, a magnetic polarizability was found even in higher-order resonances of the SRR eigenmodes. It turned out that the resonances observed at normal incidence with the electric field parallel to the gap are due to the same eigenmodes. All these eigenmodes cause a strong magnetic response for the in-plane propagation. The resonances excited at normal incidence with the electric field being polarized perpendicular to the gap, cause a strong electric response at the aforementioned in-plane propagation direction.

In addition, we have shown that extension of the SRR unit cell with a metallic wire medium will cause potentially a negative refractive index, if the unit cell contains a sufficient amount of metal. We have concentrated in the present work on the lowest-order eigenmode to observe in its spectral vicinity a negative refractive index. It remains an open question, whether a magnetic polarizability at higher-order resonances can be employed to observe a negative refractive index, as the geometrical size of the SRR becomes comparable to its resonance wavelength. However, this violates the key assumption that unit cells must be much smaller than the wavelength which is associated with the medium effective material parameters.

This work provides a comprehensive explanation of resonances in SRRs based on the full Maxwell theory. Moreover, the consequences of these resonances for the dispersion of the effective optical parameters have been revealed. Our results open the avenue for new design approaches of metamaterials that support magnetic resonances in the optical domain.

Acknowledgments

Parts of the computations were done on the IBM p690 cluster (JUMP) of the Forschungs-Zentrum in Jülich, Germany. The authors acknowledge support by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Unternehmen Regio, ZIK ultra optics, and 13N9155) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (FOR 557 and FOR 730), (Research Unit 532). T.Z. is indebted to the Landesstiftung Baden-Württemberg for facilitating the analysis entailed in this paper.

References and links

1.

D. R. Smith, J. B. Pendry, and M. C. K. Wiltshire, “Metamaterials and negative refractive index,” Science 305, 788–792 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

2.

D. Seetharamdoo, R. Sauleau, K. Mahdjoubi, and A.-C. Tarot, “Effective parameters of resonant negative refractive index metamaterials: Interpretation and validity,” J. Appl. Phys. 98, 063505 (2005). [CrossRef]

3.

L. Lewin, “The electrical constants of a material loaded with spherical particles,” Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng., Part 3 , 94, 65–68 (1947).

4.

V. Yannopapas and A. Moroz, “Negative refractive index metamaterials from inherently non-magnetic materials for deep infrared to terahertz frequency ranges,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 17, 3717–3734 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

5.

V. Yannopapas, “Negative refraction in random photonic alloys of polaritonic and plasmonic microspheres,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 035112 (2007). [CrossRef]

6.

V. Yannopapas and N. V. Vitanov, “Photoexcitation-induced magnetism in arrays of semiconductor nanoparticles with a strong excitonic oscillator strength,” Phys. Rev. B 74, 193304 (2006). [CrossRef]

7.

W. Rotman, “Plasma simulation by artificial dielectrics and parallel-plate media,” IRE Trans. Antennas Propag. 10, 82–95 (1962). [CrossRef]

8.

S. A. Schelkunoff and H. T. Friis, ”Antennas: theory and practice”, New York. John Wiley & Son (1952).

9.

J. P. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, “Magnetism from conductors, and enhanced nonlinear phenomena,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 47, 2075–2084 (1999). [CrossRef]

10.

D. R. Smith, W. J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz, “Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4184–4187 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

11.

S. Zhang, W. Fan, B. K. Minhas, A. Frauenglass, K. J. Malloy, and S. R. J. Brueck, “Midinfrared resonant magnetic nanostructures exhibiting a negative permeability,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 037402 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

12.

N. Liu, H. Guo, L. Fu, H. Schweizer, S. Kaiser, and H. Giessen, “Electromagnetic resonances in single and double split-ring resonator metamaterials in the near infrared,” phys. stat. sol. (b) 224, 1251–1255 (2007). [CrossRef]

13.

M. Kafesaki, T. Koschny, R. S. Penciu, T. F. Gundogdu, E. N. Economou, and M. Soukoulis, “Left-handed metama-terials: detailed numerical studies of the transmission properties,” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt 7, S12–S22 (2005). [CrossRef]

14.

C. Rockstuhl, T. Zentgraf, H. Guo, N. Liu, C. Etrich, I. Loa, K. Syassen, J. Kuhl, F. Lederer, and H. Giessen, “Resonances of split-ring resonator metamaterials in the near infrared,” Appl. Phys. B 84, 219–227 (2006). [CrossRef]

15.

K. Aydin, I. Bulu, K. Guven, M. Kafesaki, C. M. Soukoulis, and E. Ozbay, “Investigation of magnetic resonances for different split-ring resonator parameters and designs,” New J. of Physics 7, 168 (2005). [CrossRef]

16.

V. V. Varadan and A. R. Tellakula,, “Effective properties of split-ring resonator metamaterials using measured scattering parameters: Effect of gap orientation,” J. Appl. Phys. 100, 034910 (2006). [CrossRef]

17.

P. Markoš and C. M. Soukoulis,, “Numerical studies of left-handed materials and arrays of split ring resonators,” Phys. Rev. E 65, 036622 (2002). [CrossRef]

18.

T.P. Meyrath, T. Zentgraf, and H. Giessen, “Lorentz Model for Metamaterials: Optical Frequency Resonance Circuits,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 205102 (2007). [CrossRef]

19.

U.K. Chettiar, A.V. Kildishev, T.A. Klar, and V.M. Shalaev, “Negative index metamaterial combining magnetic resonators with metal films,” Opt. Express 14, 7872–7877 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

20.

S. Linden, C. Enkrich, M. Wegener, J. Zhou, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Magnetic Response of Metama-terials at 100 Terahertz,” Science 306, 1351–1353 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

21.

P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, “Optical constants of the noble metals,” Phys. Rev. B 6, 4370–4379 (1972). [CrossRef]

22.

L. Li, ”New formulation of the Fourier modal method for crossed surface-relief gratings,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, 2758–2767 (1997). [CrossRef]

23.

C. Rockstuhl, F. Lederer, C. Etrich, T. Zentgraf, J. Kuhl, and H. Giessen, “On the reinterpretation of resonances in split-ring-resonators at normal incidence,” Opt. Express 14, 8827–8836 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

24.

D. R. Smith, D. C. Vier, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Electromagnetic parameter retrieval from inhomo-geneous metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. E 71, 036617 (2005). [CrossRef]

25.

D. R. Smith, S. Schultz, P. Markosš, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Determination of effective permittivity and permeability of metamaterials from reflection and transmission coefficients,” Phys. Rev. B 65, 195104 (2002). [CrossRef]

26.

F. Garwe, C. Rockstuhl, C. Etrich, U. Hübner, U. Bauerschäfer, F. Setzpfandt, M. Augustin, T. Pertsch, A. Tünnermann, and F. Lederer, “Evaluation of gold nanowire pairs as a potential negative index material,” Appl. Phys. B 84, 139–148 (2006). [CrossRef]

27.

A. Farjadpour, David Roundy, Alejandro Rodriguez, M. Ibanescu, Peter Bermel, J. D. Joannopoulos, Steven G. Johnson, and G. W. Burr, “Improving accuracy by subpixel smoothing in the finite-difference time domain,” Opt. Lett. 31, 2972–2974 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

28.

T. Koschny, P. Markosš, D. R. Smith, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Resonant and antiresonant frequency dependence of the effective parameters of metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. E 68, 065602 (2003). [CrossRef]

29.

J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W.J. Stewart, “Low frequency plasmons in thin wire structures,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 10, 4785–4809 (1997). [CrossRef]

30.

K. Aydin, K. Guven, M. Kafesaki, L. Zhang, C. M. Soukoulis, and E. Ozbay, “Experimental observation of true left-handed transmission peaks in metamaterials,” Opt. Lett. 29, 2623–2625 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

31.

G. Dolling, M. Wegener, C. M. Soukoulis, and S. Linden, “Negative index metamaterial at 780 nm wavelength”, Opt. Lett. 32, 53–55 (2007). [CrossRef]

OCIS Codes
(160.4760) Materials : Optical properties
(240.6680) Optics at surfaces : Surface plasmons
(260.3910) Physical optics : Metal optics
(260.5740) Physical optics : Resonance

ToC Category:
Metamaterials

History
Original Manuscript: April 30, 2007
Revised Manuscript: June 21, 2007
Manuscript Accepted: June 21, 2007
Published: July 3, 2007

Citation
Carsten Rockstuhl, Thomas Zentgraf, Ekaterina Pshenay-Severin, Jörg Petschulat, Arkadi Chipouline, Jürgen Kuhl, Thomas Pertsch, Harald Giessen, and Falk Lederer, "The origin of magnetic polarizability in metamaterials at optical frequencies - an electrodynamic approach," Opt. Express 15, 8871-8883 (2007)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-14-8871


Sort:  Author  |  Year  |  Journal  |  Reset  

References

  1. D. R. Smith, J. B. Pendry, and M. C. K. Wiltshire, "Metamaterials and negative refractive index," Science 305, 788-792 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. D. Seetharamdoo, R. Sauleau, K. Mahdjoubi, and A.-C. Tarot, "Effective parameters of resonant negative refractive index metamaterials: Interpretation and validity," J. Appl. Phys. 98, 063505 (2005). [CrossRef]
  3. L. Lewin, "The electrical constants of a material loaded with spherical particles," Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng.  94, 65-68 (1947).
  4. V. Yannopapas and A. Moroz, "Negative refractive index metamaterials from inherently non-magnetic materials for deep infrared to terahertz frequency ranges," J. Phys. Condens. Matter 17, 3717-3734 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. V. Yannopapas, "Negative refraction in random photonic alloys of polaritonic and plasmonic microspheres," Phys. Rev. B 75, 035112 (2007). [CrossRef]
  6. V. Yannopapas and N. V. Vitanov, "Photoexcitation-induced magnetism in arrays of semiconductor nanoparticles with a strong excitonic oscillator strength," Phys. Rev. B 74, 193304 (2006). [CrossRef]
  7. W. Rotman, "Plasma simulation by artificial dielectrics and parallel-plate media," IRE Trans. Antennas Propag. 10, 82-95 (1962). [CrossRef]
  8. S. A. Schelkunoff and H. T. Friis, "Antennas: theory and practice", (New York, John Wiley & Son, 1952).
  9. J. P. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, "Magnetism from conductors, and enhanced nonlinear phenomena," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 47, 2075-2084 (1999). [CrossRef]
  10. D. R. Smith, W. J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz, "Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity," Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4184-4187 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. S. Zhang, W. Fan, B. K. Minhas, A. Frauenglass, K. J. Malloy, and S. R. J. Brueck, "Midinfrared resonant magnetic nanostructures exhibiting a negative permeability," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 037402 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. N. Liu, H. Guo, L. Fu, H. Schweizer, S. Kaiser, and H. Giessen, "Electromagnetic resonances in single and double split-ring resonator metamaterials in the near infrared," Phys. Status Solidi B 224, 1251-1255 (2007). [CrossRef]
  13. M. Kafesaki, T. Koschny, R. S. Penciu, T. F. Gundogdu, E. N. Economou, M. Soukoulis, "Left-handed metamaterials: detailed numerical studies of the transmission properties," J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt 7, S12-S22 (2005). [CrossRef]
  14. C. Rockstuhl, T. Zentgraf, H. Guo, N. Liu, C. Etrich, I. Loa, K. Syassen, J. Kuhl, F. Lederer, and H. Giessen, "Resonances of split-ring resonator metamaterials in the near infrared," Appl. Phys. B 84, 219-227 (2006). [CrossRef]
  15. K. Aydin, I. Bulu, K. Guven, M. Kafesaki, C. M. Soukoulis, and E. Ozbay, "Investigation of magnetic resonances for different split-ring resonator parameters and designs," New J. Phys. 7, 168 (2005). [CrossRef]
  16. V. V. Varadan and A. R. Tellakula, "Effective properties of split-ring resonator metamaterials using measured scattering parameters: Effect of gap orientation," J. Appl. Phys. 100, 034910 (2006). [CrossRef]
  17. P. Markoš and C. M. Soukoulis, "Numerical studies of left-handed materials and arrays of split ring resonators," Phys. Rev. E 65, 036622 (2002). [CrossRef]
  18. T. P. Meyrath, T. Zentgraf, and H. Giessen, "Lorentz model for Metamaterials: Optical frequency resonance circuits," Phys. Rev. B 75, 205102 (2007). [CrossRef]
  19. U. K. Chettiar, A. V. Kildishev, T. A. Klar, and V. M. Shalaev, "Negative index metamaterial combining magnetic resonators with metal films," Opt. Express 14, 7872-7877 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. S. Linden, C. Enkrich, M. Wegener, J. Zhou, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, "Magnetic Response of Metamaterials at 100 Terahertz," Science 306, 1351-1353 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, "Optical constants of the noble metals," Phys. Rev. B 6, 4370-4379 (1972). [CrossRef]
  22. L. Li, "New formulation of the Fourier modal method for crossed surface-relief gratings," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, 2758-2767 (1997). [CrossRef]
  23. C. Rockstuhl, F. Lederer, C. Etrich, T. Zentgraf, J. Kuhl, and H. Giessen, "On the reinterpretation of resonances in split-ring-resonators at normal incidence," Opt. Express 14, 8827-8836 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. D. R. Smith, D. C. Vier, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, "Electromagnetic parameter retrieval from inhomogeneous metamaterials," Phys. Rev. E 71, 036617 (2005). [CrossRef]
  25. D. R. Smith, S. Schultz, P. Markoš, and C. M. Soukoulis, "Determination of effective permittivity and permeability of metamaterials from reflection and transmission coefficients," Phys. Rev. B 65, 195104 (2002). [CrossRef]
  26. F. Garwe, C. Rockstuhl, C. Etrich, U. Hübner, U. Bauerschäfer, F. Setzpfandt, M. Augustin, T. Pertsch, A. Tünnermann, and F. Lederer, "Evaluation of gold nanowire pairs as a potential negative index material," Appl. Phys. B 84, 139-148 (2006). [CrossRef]
  27. A. Farjadpour, D. Roundy, A. Rodriguez, M. Ibanescu, P. Bermel, J. D. Joannopoulos, S. G. Johnson, and G. W. Burr, "Improving accuracy by subpixel smoothing in the finite-difference time domain," Opt. Lett. 31, 2972-2974 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. T. Koschny, P. Markoš, D. R. Smith and C. M. Soukoulis, "Resonant and antiresonant frequency dependence of the effective parameters of metamaterials," Phys. Rev. E 68, 065602 (2003). [CrossRef]
  29. J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, "Low frequency plasmons in thin wire structures," J. Phys. Condens. Matter 10, 4785-4809 (1997). [CrossRef]
  30. K. Aydin, K. Guven, M. Kafesaki, L. Zhang, C. M. Soukoulis, and E. Ozbay, "Experimental observation of true left-handed transmission peaks in metamaterials," Opt. Lett. 29, 2623-2625 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. G. Dolling, M. Wegener, C. M. Soukoulis, and S. Linden, "Negative index metamaterial at 780 nm wavelength," Opt. Lett. 32, 53-55 (2007). [CrossRef]

Cited By

 Alert me when this paper is cited

OSA is able to provide readers links to articles that cite this paper by participating in CrossRef's Cited-By Linking service. CrossRef includes content from more than 3000 publishers and societies. In addition to listing OSA journal articles that cite this paper, citing articles from other participating publishers will also be listed.


« Previous Article  |  Next Article »

OSA is a member of CrossRef.

CrossCheck Deposited