Radiation pressure driven mechanical oscillation in deformed silica microspheres via free-space evanescent excitation

doi:10.1364/OE.15.016471

« Show journal navigation

Radiation pressure driven mechanical oscillation in deformed silica microspheres via free-space evanescent excitation

Young-Shin Park and Hailin Wang »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 15, Issue 25, pp. 16471-16477 (2007)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.016471

View Full Text Article

Acrobat PDF (1794 KB)

Journal Search
Article Lookup

Article Tools

Citations

Alert me when this article is cited
Export Citation/Save

Article Navigation

▸ Article Outline
– Abstract

– References and links

Article Tools
Full Text
Article Info
References
Cited By
Figures
Metrics
Download PDF

Viewing Equations in the
HTML Article

Optimal Viewing Recommendations

Full Text
Article Info
References (19)
Cited By
Figures (4)
Metrics

Abstract

Opto-mechanical effects including radiation pressure driven mechanical oscillations are observed through direct free-space evanescent excitation of whispering gallery modes in deformed silica microspheres. The simplicity, the robustness, and the relatively high coupling efficiency of free-space evanescent excitation open up new avenues for the exploration and application of opto-mechanical effects.

Mechanical pressure exerted by circulating radiation on a mirror of a Fabry-Perot resonator or on the wall of a whispering gallery resonator couples optical fields to mechanical vibrations. Radiation pressure induced opto-mechanical coupling can lead to a regenerative oscillation of the mechanical modes. This parametric instability, which was first proposed and analyzed by Braginsky [1

V. B. Braginsky, S. E. Strigin, and S. P. Vyatchanin, “Parametric oscillatory instability in Fabry-Perot interferometer,” Phys. Lett. A , 287, 331–338 (2001). [CrossRef]

], has recently been demonstrated experimentally in silica microresonators, including silica toroids and silica microspheres [2

T. Carmon, H. Rokhsari, L. Yang, T. J. Kippenberg, and K. J. Vahala, “Temporal behavior of radiation-pressure-induced vibrations of an optical microcavity phonon mode,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 223902 (2005). [CrossRef]

–4

R. Ma, A. Schliesser, P. Del’Haye, A. Dabirian, G. Anetsberger, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Radiation-pressure-driven vibrational modes in ultrahigh-Q silica microspheres,” Opt. Lett. 32, 2200–2202 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Radiation pressure induced coupling has also been used to cool mechanical vibrations of optical resonators [5

S. Gigan, H. R. Bohm, M. Paternostro, F. Blaser, G. Langer, J. B. Hertzberg, K. C. Schwab, D. Bauerle, M. Aspelmeyer, and A. Zeilinger, “Self-cooling of a micromirror by radiation pressure,” Nature , 444, 67–70, (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

–8

T. Corbitt, Y. Chen, E. Innerhofer, H. Muller-Ebhardt, D. Ottaway, H. Rehbein, D. Sigg, S. Whitcomb, C. Wipf, and N. Mavalvala, “An all-optical trap for a gram-scale mirror,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 150802 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], including silica toroids. Whispering gallery modes (WGMs) with ultra high optical finesse make silica microresonators a unique system for the exploration and application of radiation pressure induced opto-mechanical effects.

WGMs formed through total internal reflection can be excited through evanescent waves. Techniques for evanescent excitation include frustrated total internal reflection in a high index optical prism and the use of evanescent waves from a tapered optical fiber. Studies of optomechanical effects in silica microresonators have thus far used a fiber taper for the excitation of WGMs. The fiber taper approach [9

J. C. Knight, G. Cheung, F. Jacques, and T. A. Birks, “Phase-matched excitation of whispering-gallerymode resonances by a fiber taper,” Opt. Lett. 22, 1129–1131 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] is highly efficient and near unity coupling efficiency has been achieved. There are, however, also some limitations. The gap between the fiber taper and the resonator, which can be difficult to control in certain environments, affects the quality factor as well as the coupling efficiency.

WGMs can also be excited via direct free-space optical coupling. The free-space approach takes advantage of enhanced evanescent escape in local regions of WGMs in slightly deformed and non-axi-symmetric silica microspheres [10

S. Lacey and H. Wang, “Directional emission from whispering-gallery modes in deformed fused-silica microspheres,” Opt. Lett. 26, 1943–1945 (2001). [CrossRef]

–12

Y. S. Park, A. K. Cook, and H. Wang, “Cavity QED with diamond nanocrystals and silica microspheres,” Nano. Lett. 6, 2075–2079 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. In this paper, we report experimental studies of opto-mechanical effects in these deformed silica microspheres, in which WGMs are excited via direct free-space evanescent coupling with a coupling efficiency as large as 45 %. The efficient coupling has enabled the realization of radiation-pressure induced mechanical oscillation.

Fig. 1. SEM images of a deformed microsphere viewed along the direction of short axis (a), long axis (b), and fiber stem (c). (d) Schematic for free-space evanescent excitation of WGMs near the equator. (e) Transmission spectrum obtained with free-space evanescent excitation. The deformed microsphere used has a diameter of 36 6 µm and a deformation near 2 %.

Non-axi-symmetric silica microspheres used in our studies were fabricated by fusing together two microspheres with similar sizes with a focused CO₂ laser beam. To retain high optical finesse, the degree of deformation, defined as ε=r_a/r_b -1, where r_a and r_b are the radius for long and short axis, respectively, was gradually reduced through repeated heating to approximately 1~2 %. We monitor the degree of deformation by measuring the quality factor of the WGMs and also by measuring r_a and r_b directly. Figures 1(a)–(c) show scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a deformed microsphere viewed along three different directions. The deformation can also be induced in a single microsphere with a pulsed CO₂ laser beam [13

Y. F. Xiao, C. H. Dong, Z. F. Han, G. C. Guo, and Y. S. Park, “Directional escape from a high-Q deformed microsphere induced by short CO2 laser pulses,” Opt. Lett. 32, 644–646 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

In a deformed optical resonator, the angle of incidence is no longer conserved. The evanescent decay length as well as the evanescent tunneling rate increases exponentially when the angle of incidence approaches the critical angle of incidence. As shown in earlier studies, for a nearly spherical but non-axisymmetric silica microsphere, the angle of incidence becomes closest to the critical angle in regions 45° away from either the long or short axis [10

S. Lacey and H. Wang, “Directional emission from whispering-gallery modes in deformed fused-silica microspheres,” Opt. Lett. 26, 1943–1945 (2001). [CrossRef]

, 11

S. Lacey, H. Wang, D. Foster, and J. Noeckel, “Directional tunneling escape from nearly spherical optical resonators,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 033902 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. As a result, WGMs in these resonators can feature strong and directional evanescent escape from these local regions.

For the excitation of WGMs in a deformed silica microsphere, a laser beam was focused to a region on the equator 45° away from either the long or short axis with the focal point just outside the sphere surface, as shown schematically in Fig. 1(d) [12

Y. S. Park, A. K. Cook, and H. Wang, “Cavity QED with diamond nanocrystals and silica microspheres,” Nano. Lett. 6, 2075–2079 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. A frequency-stabilized tunable Ti:Sapphire laser with λ~800 nm was used. The transmission of the laser beam was monitored, while the laser beam orientation and the laser focal spot size were adjusted in order to optimize the coupling efficiency. Figure 1(e) shows a transmission spectrum, in which we have subtracted from the input laser power the wavelength-independent scattering background of the laser beam by the microsphere (about 15% of the incident laser power). The absorption dip in the transmission spectrum indicates a maximum coupling efficiency as large as 45 %. The asymmetry in the transmission lineshape arises from interference between the transmitted laser beam and the emission from the excited WGM. Note that the transmission exceeds unity at frequency slightly above the WGM resonance since the wavelength-independent scattering background has been subtracted. The coupling efficiency is limited by the mode matching between the excitation laser beam and the directional mode pattern of the WGM. The directional far-field emission pattern from the WGM shows complex amplitude and phase variations. Further improvement in the coupling efficiency is possible by tailoring the amplitude and phase variations of the excitation laser beam.

Fig. 2. (a) Power spectrum of directional optical emission from a WGM measures the frequency and intrinsic linewidth of a mechanical resonance in a deformed silica microsphere. The excitation power used is far below the threshold pumping power for parametric instability. (b) Dots and squares are the experimentally obtained mechanical resonance frequencies in deformed microspheres of varying sizes. Solid, dotted and dashed lines are the calculated resonance frequency as a function of sphere size for mechanical modes with (n,l)=(1,0), (1,1), and (1, 2), respectively.

To characterize mechanical modes that couple to WGMs in a deformed silica microsphere, we have measured the noise or power spectrum of the optical transmission at an excitation power far below the threshold pumping power, th P, for parametric instability. Thermal vibrations of the mechanical modes lead to corresponding changes in the optical round-trip path length. The effects of the thermal vibration or Brownian motion are thus imprinted on the power spectrum of the optical transmission of a WGM. Figure 2(a) shows as an example a power spectrum featuring a mechanical resonance frequency of 87.17 MHz and a linewidth of 5.6 kHz, which corresponds to a mechanical quality factor, Q_m =15,600. For this measurement, the frequency of the excitation laser beam was fixed and was tuned to slightly above the WGM resonance and the excitation power used was ~1% of the threshold pump power of parametric instability where the narrowing of mechanical linewidth due to radiation pressure is negligible [14

H. Rokhsari, T. J. Kippenberg, T. Carmon, and K. J. Vahala, “Radiation-pressure-driven micro-mechanical oscillator,” Opt. Express 13, 5293–5301 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Figure 2(b) plots mechanical resonance frequencies obtained for microspheres with diameters ranging from 25~40 µm. The mechanical quality factors for these mechanical modes range from 3,000 to greater than 10,000.

The fundamental mechanical modes in a homogenous and isotropic sphere with free-surface boundary conditions can be calculated with the well-established theory developed by Lamb [15

H. Lamb, “On the vibrations of an elastic sphere,” Proc. London Math Soc. , 13, 189–212 (1882). [CrossRef]

]. Figure 2(b) plots the theoretical result of the lowest three fundamental modes with (n,l)=(1,0), (1,1), and (1, 2), respectively, where n and l are the radial and angular mode numbers, respectively. The material parameters used for the calculation are a mass density of 2.2 g/cm ³, a Young’s module of 73.1 GPa, and a Poisson ratio of 0.17 for silica. Overall, the mechanical frequencies are inversely proportional to the diameter of the sphere and are in good agreement with the experimentally obtained mechanical resonance frequencies. This, along with the observation of high mechanical quality factor, indicates that the fusion of two spheres and the small deformation do not adversely affect the properties of the mechanical modes. The small deformation, however, leads to a mechanical mode splitting in the range of 0.2~0.4 MHz for the l=2 mode [3

T. Carmon and K. J. Vahala, “Modal spectroscopy of optoexcited vibrations of a micro-scale on-chip resonator at greater than 1 GHz frequency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 123901 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Below threshold, the two frequencies are simultaneously observed. However, with increasing pump intensity, only one mode, which has a higher mechanical quality factor, goes in the regime of parametric instability. Note that the (1,1) mode is not optically active because there is essentially no optical path length change for this mode [4

Under a continuous wave optical excitation, radiation pressure exerted by the circulating optical power in a WGM couples to relevant mechanical modes of the resonator, leading to the generation of Stokes and anti-Stokes optical sidebands [2

] with frequencies given by ωS=ω-ω_m and ω_AS=ω+ω_m , where ω and ω_m are pump frequency and mechanical vibration frequency, respectively. The generation of the Stokes sideband corresponds to the excitation or amplification of the mechanical mode by the circulating optical beam, while the generation of the anti-Stokes sideband can lead to radiation-pressure-induced damping or cooling of the mechanical mode. The amplification or the damping is also accompanied by a frequency shift in the mechanical resonance. This opto-mechanical coupling can be theoretically described by the coupled equations of the mechanical displacement and the intra-cavity optical field. Using the rotating wave and the slowly varying envelope approximations for the field amplitude, the optomechanical damping rate, γ_optomech , and the shift of the mechanical frequency, Δω_m , induced by the opto-mechanical coupling are given, in stead state, by [2

, 7

A. Schliesser, P. Del’Haye, N. Nooshi, K. J. Vahala, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Radiation pressure cooling of a micromechanical oscillator using dynamical backaction,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 243905 (2006). [CrossRef]

γ_{optomech} = - \frac{8 n κ P ω_{0} τ^{2}}{m R^{2} ω_{m}} \frac{1}{1 + 4 {(τ Δ ω)}^{2}} [\frac{1}{1 + 4 {(τ Δ ω - τ ω_{m})}^{2}} - \frac{1}{1 + 4 {(τ Δ ω + τ ω_{m})}^{2}}] .

(1)

Δ ω_{m} = \frac{8 n κ P ω_{0} τ^{2}}{m R^{2} ω_{m}} \frac{1}{1 + 4 {(τ Δ ω)}^{2}} [\frac{τ Δ ω - τ ω_{m}}{1 + 4 {(τ Δ ω - τ ω_{m})}^{2}} + \frac{τ Δ ω + τ ω_{m}}{1 + 4 {(τ Δ ω + τ ω_{m})}^{2}}] .

(2)

where Δω=ω-ω ₀ with ω ₀ being the cavity resonance frequency, τ is the cavity decay time, n is the refractive index of the silica microsphere, κ is the external coupling efficiency, P is the input optical power, m is the effective mass of the mechanical oscillator, and R is the radius of the microsphere. κ is unity in the case of perfect mode matching [16

M. L. Gorodetsky and V. S. Ilchenko, “Optical microsphere resonators: optimal coupling to high-Q whispering-gallery modes,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B , 16, 147–154 (1999). [CrossRef]

As shown in Eq. (1), the Stokes or the anti-Stokes process can be resonantly enhanced when the relevant sideband is resonant with the cavity resonance. For blue detuning (Δω>0), the Stokes process overwhelms the anti-Stokes process and the optomechanical damping rate γ_optomech is negative. In this case, radiation pressure leads to an overall amplification of the mechanical oscillation. Above the threshold, i.e., when |γ_optomech |>γ, where γ is the intrinsic mechanical damping rate, the mechanical vibration enters the regime of parametric instability. Conversely, for red detuning (Δω<0), the optomechanical damping rate γ_optomech is positive and radiation pressure leads to an overall cooling of the mechanical oscillation. These processes were first analyzed by Braginsky in the adiabatic limit τω_m ≪1 and were also discussed in the context of dynamic back actions [1

V. B. Braginsky, S. E. Strigin, and S. P. Vyatchanin, “Parametric oscillatory instability in Fabry-Perot interferometer,” Phys. Lett. A , 287, 331–338 (2001). [CrossRef]

, 6

O. Arcizet, P.-F. Cohadon, T. Briant, M. Pinard, and A. Heidmann, “Radiation-pressure cooling and opto-mechanical instability of a micromirror,” Nature , 444, 71–74 (2006) [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Fig. 3. The squares are the experimentally obtained linewidth (a) and the frequency (b) of a mechanical mode as a function of the detuning between the pump laser (with a power 0.75 P_th ) and the cavity resonance. The mechanical mode features an intrinsic frequency of 86.8 MHz and intrinsic linewidth of 21 kHz. The deformed microsphere used has a diameter of 36 µm and a cavity linewidth is 56 MHz. The solid lines are result of a theoretical calculation discussed in the text.

Figure 3(a) and (b) show the effective linewidth and frequency of a (1, 2) mechanical mode obtained as a function of Δω with an optical pumping power of 0.75 P_th . For the microsphere used in this measurement, the intrinsic mechanical frequency and linewidth are 86.8 MHz and 21.0 kHz, respectively and the optical cavity linewidth is 56 MHz. The experimental results are in general agreement with the theoretical calculation based on Eqs. (1) and (2), where we have used n=1.45, κ=0.1, m=5.4×10^-11 kg, and R=8 µm. Note that, for Δω<0, radiation pressure induced cooling has also been observed. The cooling process is complicated by optical bistability and will be discussed elsewhere.

Above the threshold pumping power for the parametric instability, the regenerative oscillation of the mechanical mode results in strong periodic oscillations in the optical transmission from the WGM, as shown in Fig. 4. For Figs. 4(a) and (b), the oscillation in the optical emission occurs at 118 MHz, corresponding to the regenerative oscillation of the (1, 0) mechanical mode. The pumping power used is 2.0 P_th with 15 P_th =mW. For Fig. 4(c) and (d), the oscillation in the optical transmission occurs at 98 MHz, corresponding to the regenerative oscillation of the (1, 2) mechanical mode. The pumping power used is 1.3 P_th with P_th =7.2 mW. The intrinsic mechanical quality factor for the (1, 0) and (1, 2) modes obtained at a pumping power far below P_th are 9800 and 9100, respectively. In these measurements, the pump laser is blue-detuned from the WGM resonance such that ω_S=ω-ω_m is nearly resonant with the WGM. Note that by setting the appropriate amount of pump detuning, regenerative oscillations of either the (1, 0) or (1, 2) mode can be realized. The results shown in Fig. 4 demonstrate that radiation pressured induced mechanical oscillations can be realized with free-space evanescent excitation.

Fig. 4. The temporal dependence and power spectrum of optical transmission from a WGM with the excitation laser power above P_th . For (a) and (b), the deformed microsphere has a diameter of 39 µm and the cavity linewidth is 120 MHz. For (c) and (d), the deformed microsphere has a diameter of 31 µm and the cavity linewidth is 98 MHz.

In summary, we show that opto-mechanical effects including radiation pressured induced mechanical oscillations can be efficiently realized with free-space evanescent excitation of WGMs in a slightly deformed silica microsphere. The simplicity, the robustness, and the relatively high coupling efficiency of the free-space evanescent coupling approach should enable explorations and applications of radiation pressure induced opto-mechanical effects under a variety of environments, for example, for carrying out opto-mechanical studies in a cryogenic environment for the cooling of a macroscopic mechanical oscillator toward its quantum ground state [17

K. C. Schwab and M. L. Roukes, “Putting mechanics into quantum mechanics,” Phys. Today , 58(7), 36–42, (2005). [CrossRef]

–19

F. Marquardt, J. P. Chen, A. A. Clerk, and S. M. Girvin, “Quantum theory of cavity-assisted sideband cooling of mechanical motion,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 093902 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by NSF under grant No. DMR0502738 and by ARO.

References and links

1.	V. B. Braginsky, S. E. Strigin, and S. P. Vyatchanin, “Parametric oscillatory instability in Fabry-Perot interferometer,” Phys. Lett. A , 287, 331–338 (2001). [CrossRef]
2.	T. Carmon, H. Rokhsari, L. Yang, T. J. Kippenberg, and K. J. Vahala, “Temporal behavior of radiation-pressure-induced vibrations of an optical microcavity phonon mode,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 223902 (2005). [CrossRef]
3.	T. Carmon and K. J. Vahala, “Modal spectroscopy of optoexcited vibrations of a micro-scale on-chip resonator at greater than 1 GHz frequency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 123901 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4.	R. Ma, A. Schliesser, P. Del’Haye, A. Dabirian, G. Anetsberger, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Radiation-pressure-driven vibrational modes in ultrahigh-Q silica microspheres,” Opt. Lett. 32, 2200–2202 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5.	S. Gigan, H. R. Bohm, M. Paternostro, F. Blaser, G. Langer, J. B. Hertzberg, K. C. Schwab, D. Bauerle, M. Aspelmeyer, and A. Zeilinger, “Self-cooling of a micromirror by radiation pressure,” Nature , 444, 67–70, (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6.	O. Arcizet, P.-F. Cohadon, T. Briant, M. Pinard, and A. Heidmann, “Radiation-pressure cooling and opto-mechanical instability of a micromirror,” Nature , 444, 71–74 (2006) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7.	A. Schliesser, P. Del’Haye, N. Nooshi, K. J. Vahala, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Radiation pressure cooling of a micromechanical oscillator using dynamical backaction,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 243905 (2006). [CrossRef]
8.	T. Corbitt, Y. Chen, E. Innerhofer, H. Muller-Ebhardt, D. Ottaway, H. Rehbein, D. Sigg, S. Whitcomb, C. Wipf, and N. Mavalvala, “An all-optical trap for a gram-scale mirror,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 150802 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9.	J. C. Knight, G. Cheung, F. Jacques, and T. A. Birks, “Phase-matched excitation of whispering-gallerymode resonances by a fiber taper,” Opt. Lett. 22, 1129–1131 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10.	S. Lacey and H. Wang, “Directional emission from whispering-gallery modes in deformed fused-silica microspheres,” Opt. Lett. 26, 1943–1945 (2001). [CrossRef]
11.	S. Lacey, H. Wang, D. Foster, and J. Noeckel, “Directional tunneling escape from nearly spherical optical resonators,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 033902 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12.	Y. S. Park, A. K. Cook, and H. Wang, “Cavity QED with diamond nanocrystals and silica microspheres,” Nano. Lett. 6, 2075–2079 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13.	Y. F. Xiao, C. H. Dong, Z. F. Han, G. C. Guo, and Y. S. Park, “Directional escape from a high-Q deformed microsphere induced by short CO2 laser pulses,” Opt. Lett. 32, 644–646 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14.	H. Rokhsari, T. J. Kippenberg, T. Carmon, and K. J. Vahala, “Radiation-pressure-driven micro-mechanical oscillator,” Opt. Express 13, 5293–5301 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15.	H. Lamb, “On the vibrations of an elastic sphere,” Proc. London Math Soc. , 13, 189–212 (1882). [CrossRef]
16.	M. L. Gorodetsky and V. S. Ilchenko, “Optical microsphere resonators: optimal coupling to high-Q whispering-gallery modes,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B , 16, 147–154 (1999). [CrossRef]
17.	K. C. Schwab and M. L. Roukes, “Putting mechanics into quantum mechanics,” Phys. Today , 58(7), 36–42, (2005). [CrossRef]
18.	I. Wilson-Rae, N. Nooshi, W. Zwerger, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Theory of ground state cooling of a mechanical oscillator using dynamical backaction,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 093901 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19.	F. Marquardt, J. P. Chen, A. A. Clerk, and S. M. Girvin, “Quantum theory of cavity-assisted sideband cooling of mechanical motion,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 093902 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

OCIS Codes
(140.4780) Lasers and laser optics : Optical resonators
(190.4410) Nonlinear optics : Nonlinear optics, parametric processes
(230.1040) Optical devices : Acousto-optical devices

ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics

History
Original Manuscript: August 27, 2007
Revised Manuscript: October 4, 2007
Manuscript Accepted: November 20, 2007
Published: November 28, 2007

Citation
Young-Shin Park and Hailin Wang, "Radiation pressure driven mechanical oscillation in deformed silica microspheres via free-space evanescent excitation," Opt. Express 15, 16471-16477 (2007)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-25-16471

Sort: Author | Year | Journal | Reset

References

V. B. Braginsky, S. E. Strigin, and S. P. Vyatchanin, "Parametric oscillatory instability in Fabry-Perot interferometer," Phys. Lett. A, 287, 331-338 (2001). [CrossRef]
T. Carmon, H. Rokhsari, L. Yang, T. J. Kippenberg, and K. J. Vahala, "Temporal behavior of radiation-pressure-induced vibrations of an optical microcavity phonon mode," Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 223902 (2005). [CrossRef]
T. Carmon and K. J. Vahala, "Modal spectroscopy of optoexcited vibrations of a micro-scale on-chip resonator at greater than 1 GHz frequency," Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 123901 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. Ma, A. Schliesser, P. Del’Haye, A. Dabirian, G. Anetsberger, and T. J. Kippenberg, "Radiation-pressure-driven vibrational modes in ultrahigh-Q silica microspheres," Opt. Lett. 32, 2200-2202 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Gigan, H. R. Bohm, M. Paternostro, F. Blaser, G. Langer, J. B. Hertzberg, K. C. Schwab, D. Bauerle, M. Aspelmeyer, and A. Zeilinger, "Self-cooling of a micromirror by radiation pressure," Nature, 444, 67-70, (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
O. Arcizet, P.-F. Cohadon, T. Briant, M. Pinard, and A. Heidmann, "Radiation-pressure cooling and optomechanical instability of a micromirror," Nature, 444, 71-74 (2006) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Schliesser, P. Del’Haye, N. Nooshi, K. J. Vahala, and T. J. Kippenberg, "Radiation pressure cooling of a micromechanical oscillator using dynamical backaction," Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 243905 (2006). [CrossRef]
T. Corbitt, Y. Chen, E. Innerhofer, H. Muller-Ebhardt, D. Ottaway, H. Rehbein, D. Sigg, S. Whitcomb, C. Wipf, and N. Mavalvala, "An all-optical trap for a gram-scale mirror," Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 150802 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. C. Knight, G. Cheung, F. Jacques, and T. A. Birks, "Phase-matched excitation of whispering-gallery-mode resonances by a fiber taper," Opt. Lett. 22, 1129-1131 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Lacey and H. Wang, "Directional emission from whispering-gallery modes in deformed fused-silica microspheres," Opt. Lett. 26, 1943-1945 (2001). [CrossRef]
S. Lacey, H. Wang, D. Foster, and J. Noeckel, "Directional tunneling escape from nearly spherical optical resonators," Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 033902 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. S. Park, A. K. Cook, and H. Wang, "Cavity QED with diamond nanocrystals and silica microspheres," Nano. Lett. 6, 2075-2079 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. F. Xiao, C. H. Dong, Z. F. Han, G. C. Guo, and Y. S. Park, "Directional escape from a high-Q deformed microsphere induced by short CO2 laser pulses," Opt. Lett. 32, 644-646 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. Rokhsari, T. J. Kippenberg, T. Carmon, and K. J. Vahala, "Radiation-pressure-driven micro-mechanical oscillator," Opt. Express 13, 5293-5301 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. Lamb, "On the vibrations of an elastic sphere," Proc. London Math Soc., 13, 189-212 (1882). [CrossRef]
M. L. Gorodetsky and V. S. Ilchenko, "Optical microsphere resonators: optimal coupling to high-Q whispering-gallery modes," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 16, 147-154 (1999). [CrossRef]
K. C. Schwab and M. L. Roukes, "Putting mechanics into quantum mechanics," Phys. Today, 58(7), 36-42, (2005). [CrossRef]
I. Wilson-Rae, N. Nooshi, W. Zwerger, and T. J. Kippenberg, "Theory of ground state cooling of a mechanical oscillator using dynamical backaction," Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 093901 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Marquardt, J. P. Chen, A. A. Clerk, and S. M. Girvin, "Quantum theory of cavity-assisted sideband cooling of mechanical motion," Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 093902 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Cited By

Alert me when this paper is cited

OSA is able to provide readers links to articles that cite this paper by participating in CrossRef's Cited-By Linking service. CrossRef includes content from more than 3000 publishers and societies. In addition to listing OSA journal articles that cite this paper, citing articles from other participating publishers will also be listed.

Click here to see a list of articles that cite this paper