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Integrated 10 Gb/s AWG-based correlator for multi-wavelength optical header recognition
Optics Express, Vol. 16, Issue 7, pp. 5150-5157 (2008)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.005150
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– Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Integrated dual AWG correlator structure
3. Experimental setup
4. Conclusion
– References and links
– Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Integrated dual AWG correlator structure
3. Experimental setup
4. Conclusion
– References and links
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Abstract
In this paper we experimentally demonstrate a novel optical correlator employing dual integrated Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) in conjunction with variable delay lines. The variable delay lines provide wavelength-dependent time delays and generate a wavelength profile that matches arbitrary bit patterns, whereas the AWGs are used to demultiplex and multiplex the wavelength components of the multi-wavelength header bit pattern. The recognition of 4-bit optical patterns at different wavelengths is experimentally demonstrated at 10 Gb/s by showing that the correlator produces an autocorrelation waveform of high peak whenever the input bit pattern matches the wavelengths profile, and a low-amplitude cross-correlation function otherwise.
© 2008 Optical Society of America
1. Introduction
The ever-increasing demand for more bandwidth has driven the use of photonic technology in telecommunication and computer networks. The diversity of future services will require high-capacity optical networks featuring dynamic and high-speed routing and switching of data packets [1], [2].
W. Huang and I. Andonovic, “Coherent optical pulse CDMA systems based on coherent correlation detection,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 47, 261–271(1999). [CrossRef]
R. Clavero, J.M. Martinez, F. Ramos, and J. Marti, “All-optical packet routing scheme for optical label-swapping networks,” OSA Opt. Express. 12, 4326–4332 (2004). [CrossRef]
High-Speed optical packet switching networks require components capable of recognising optical headers to enable on-the-fly accurate switching of incoming data packets to their destinations [3]. In conventional optical packet switched networks, packets are converted at each node from the optical domain to the electrical domain to process the header and make routing decisions [4]. To avoid this optical-to-electrical conversion, it is desired to perform all-optical header recognition through optical correlation operation [5].
A.E. Willner, D. Gurkan, A.B. Sahin, J.E. McGeehan, and M.C. Hauer, “All-optical address recognition for optically-assisted routing in next-generation optical networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 41 S38–S44 (2003) [CrossRef]
P. Parolari, L. Marazzi, D. Rossetti, G. Maier, and M. Martinelli, “Coherent-to-incoherent light conversion for optical correlators,” J. Lightwave Technol. 18, 1284–1288 (2000). [CrossRef]
Optical header recognition based on time domain optical correlation has recently attracted great attention, owing to their potential to recognize high-speed incoming bit streams [6], [7]. Generally, in optical header recognition structures, the input header is correlated with predetermined patterns of a look-up table [8]. An autocorrelation function of a very high peak is generated whenever the optical header bit pattern matches a pattern of the look-up-table, while for other patterns, only low intensity cross-correlation functions are produced. Header recognition is accomplished through discrimination between autocorrelation and cross-correlation peaks using a threshold detector [5]. Threshold detectors are used at the outputs of the optical correlators to provide an electrical match/no-match signal to the optical switch. The switch uses these signals to determine which output port each packet should be forwarded to.
K-H. Park and T. Mizumoto, “A packet header recognition assigning the position of a signal in the time axis and its application to all-optical self-routing,” J. Lightwave Technol. 19 1076–1084 (2001). [CrossRef]
J.E. McGeehan, M.C. Hauer, A.B. Sahin, and A.E. Willner, “Multiwavelength-channel header recognition for reconfigurable WDM networks using optical correlators based on sampled fiber Bragg gratings,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15, 1464–1466 (2003). [CrossRef]
M.C. Hauer, J.E. McGeehan, S. Kumar, J. D. Touch, J. Bannister, E. R Lyons, C. H. Lin, A. A. Au, H. P. Lee, D. S. Starodubov, and A. E. Willner, “Optically assisted internet routing using arrays of novel dynamically reconfigurable FBG-based correlators,” J. Lightwave Technol. 21, 2765–2778 (2003). [CrossRef]
P. Parolari, L. Marazzi, D. Rossetti, G. Maier, and M. Martinelli, “Coherent-to-incoherent light conversion for optical correlators,” J. Lightwave Technol. 18, 1284–1288 (2000). [CrossRef]
The performance of optical packet-switched networks relies heavily on the methods used for encoding, transmitting, and extracting the optical header [9]. Headers and payloads can be transmitted on the same wavelength [9], [10], or each on a different wavelength [9]. Also, the payload can be delivered at a designated wavelength while the header is transmitted on multiple wavelengths [12–15]. Several schemes for multi-wavelength header recognition have previously been proposed, which are based on fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) [11], semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), and serial-to-parallel conversion [12, 13]. The use of parallel multi-wavelength header transmission offers many advantages over serial multiwavelength transmission, including simpler signal processing, less synchronization control, and easier implementation in high-speed optical systems.
Z. Zhu, V.J. Hernandez, M.Y. Jeon, J. Cao, Z. Pan, and S.J.B. Yoo, “RF photonics signal processing in subcarrier multiplexed optical-label switching communication systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 21, 3155–3166 (2003). [CrossRef]
Z. Zhu, V.J. Hernandez, M.Y. Jeon, J. Cao, Z. Pan, and S.J.B. Yoo, “RF photonics signal processing in subcarrier multiplexed optical-label switching communication systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 21, 3155–3166 (2003). [CrossRef]
C. Bintjas, N. Pleros, K. Yiannopoulos, G. Theophilopoulos, M. Kalyvas, H. Avramopoulos, and G. Guekos, “All-optical packet address and payload separation,” IEEE Photon. Technol. 14, 1728–1730 (2002). [CrossRef]
Z. Zhu, V.J. Hernandez, M.Y. Jeon, J. Cao, Z. Pan, and S.J.B. Yoo, “RF photonics signal processing in subcarrier multiplexed optical-label switching communication systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 21, 3155–3166 (2003). [CrossRef]
S. Shao and M. Kao, “WDM coding for high capacity lightwave systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 12, 137–148 (1994). [CrossRef]
M. Cardakli, A. Willner, V. Grubsky, D. Starodubov, and J. Feinberg, “Reconfigurable optical packet header recognition and routing using time-to wavelength mapping and tunable fiber Bragg gratings for correlation decoding,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 552–554 (2000). [CrossRef]
S. Shao and M. Kao, “WDM coding for high capacity lightwave systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 12, 137–148 (1994). [CrossRef]
D. Zhou, B. Wang, R. Runser, I. Glesk, and P. Prucnal, “Perfectly synchronized bit-parallel WDM data transmission over single mode fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13 382–384 (2001). [CrossRef]
In previous work [15] we have demonstrated a multiwavelength header recognition using Opto-VLSI processor. However, this technique has high optical coupling loss due to free space transmission. Therefore, in order to minimise the optical loss in the optical correlator, a fully integrated structure is required. In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel dual integrated Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) based correlator architecture for multi-wavelength optical header recognition, where the payload is delivered at a designated wavelength and the header bits are simultaneously transmitted on multiple wavelengths. The proposed integrated architecture is based on the use of (i) wavelength profile synthesis to provide wavelength-dependent time delays and WDM Profile that matches a specific bit pattern, and (ii) a dual AWG that demultiplexes/multiplexes the wavelength components of the multi-wavelength header bit pattern, respectively. Experimental results for recognition of 4-bit patterns at 10 Gb/s optical headers are reported, where a high-peak autocorrelation function is generated when an optical bit pattern matches the WDM profile and a low-amplitude cross-correlation function otherwise.
M Aljada, K. E. Alameh, and K. Al-Begain, “Opto-VLSI-based Correlator Architecture for Multi-wavelength Optical Header Recognition,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 2779–2785 (2006). [CrossRef]
2. Integrated dual AWG correlator structure
Arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) based on silica-based planar lightwave circuit (PLC) technology [16] are key practical components in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems [17]. The (AWG) is an extremely versatile device that features and combines simultaneously unique periodic spatial and frequency properties and the possibility of integration on a chip [18, 19]. They are capable of precisely demultiplexing a large number of channels with relatively low losses. It has been proposed for the implementation of multiple applications that embrace the fields of devices, systems, and networks [20]. Examples of these include the production of spectrum-sliced sources [21], dispersion compensation [22], wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) multiplexers and demultiplexers [23], tunable filters [24], wavelength routing [25], and optical processing [26], and it has already been used in point-to-point WDM systems and is a key component in the construction of flexible and large-capacity WDM networks [27]. The theory and the fabrication process of such of AWG have been previously been reported [28, 29].
A. Himeno, K. Kato, and T. Miya, “Silica-based planar lightwave circuits,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 4, 913–924 (1998). [CrossRef]
M.K. Smit and C. Van Dam, “PHASER-based WDM-devices: principals, design, and applications,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 236–250 (1996). [CrossRef]
M. Smit, “New focusing and dispersive planar component based on an optical phased array,” Electron. Lett. 24, 385–386 (1988). [CrossRef]
C. Dragone, C. Edwards, and R. Kistler, “Integrated optics N×N multiplexer on silicon,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 3, 896–898 (1991). [CrossRef]
P. Munoz, D. Pastor, and J. Capmany, “Modeling and design of arrayed waveguide gratings,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20 661–674 (2002). [CrossRef]
H. Sanjoh, H. Yasaka, Y. Sakai, K. Sato, H. Ishii, and Y. Yoshikuni, “Multiwavelength light source with precise frequency spacing using a mode-locked semiconductor laser and an arrayed waveguide grating filter,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 9, 818–820 (1997). [CrossRef]
M.C. Parker and S.D. Walker, “A Fourier-Fresnel integral-based function model for a near-parabolic phase profile arrayed-waveguide grating,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11, 1018–1020 (1999). [CrossRef]
C.K. Nadler, E.K. Wildermuth, M. Lanker, W. Hunziker, and H. Melchior, “Polarization insensitive, low- loss, low-crosstalk wavelength multiplexer modules,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5, 1407–1412 (1999). [CrossRef]
M.C. Parker and S.D. Walker, “Design of arrayed-waveguide gratings using hybrid Fourier-Fresnel transform techniques,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5, 1379–1384 (1999). [CrossRef]
K.A. McGreer, “Arrayed waveguide gratings for wavelength routing,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 36, 62–68 (1998). [CrossRef]
H. Takenouchi, H. Tsuda, and T. Kurokawa, “Analysis of optical-signal processing using an arrayed-waveguide grating,” Opt. Express. 6, 124–135 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. Hibino, “An array of photonic filtering advantages: arrayed-waveguide-grating multi/demultiplexers for photonic networks,” IEEE Circuits Devices Mag. 16, 21–27 (2000). [CrossRef]
R. Adar, C. H. Henry, C. Dragone, R. C. Kistler, and M. A. Milbrodt, “Broad-Band Array Multiplexers Made with Silica Waveguides on Silicon,” J. Lightwave Technol. 11, 212–219 (1993). [CrossRef]
T. Kominato, Y. Ohmori, H. Okazaki, and M. Yasu, “Very low loss GeO2-doped silica waveguides fabricated by flame hydrolysis deposition method,” Electron. Lett. 26, 327–328 (1990). [CrossRef]
The integrated dual AWG correlator structure consists of two AWGs in conjunction with variable delay lines that synthesises a wavelength profile as shown in Fig. 1(a). Each AWG consists of an input/output waveguide, two focusing slab waveguides, and arrayed of M waveguides designed with a constant waveguide length difference ΔL to adjacent waveguides ΔL=m·λ
C/n where λC is the central wavelength of the AWG, m is an integer defined as the order of the phased array, and n is the effective refractive index of the waveguide material. Both ends of the AWG have an optimised tapered structure to reduce the crosstalk and insertion loss. The input light is launched into the first slab waveguide, which acts as a lens, and split into the arrayed waveguides, which act as a grating structure. After travelling through the arrayed waveguides, the light beams interfere constructively at the focal point of the second slab leading to demultiplexing of the wavelength components of the light. Each wavelength component is delayed by one-bit-rate time with respect to an adjacent component using the variable delay lines, and some wavelength components can be dropped by opening the waveguides through which they propagate. By multiplexing the wavelength components through the second AWG, a wavelengths profile is generated, where the transmitted wavelengths contribute to the logic ONE bits whereas the dropped wavelengths corresponds to logic ZERO bits.
Fig. 1. (a) Integrated dual AWG with WDM profile synthesis. (b) Conceptual diagram of routing node employing integrated dual AWG optical correlators for header recognition
Figure 1(b) shows the structure of the integrated AWG-based optical correlator for optical header recognition. The payload is transmitted on a wavelength λ0, whereas the header pattern modulates wavelength division multiplexed optical carriers (λ1, λ2,…, λN). As the incoming packet enters the network routing node, a small portion of the incoming optical packet is tapped off, and equally split in to a bank of optical correlators, each configured to detect a specific bit pattern. The multi-wavelength header bit pattern is demultiplexed using the first AWG, and its wavelength components, λ1, λ2, .., λN are delayed 0, τ,…(n-1)τ, respectively, where τ is the bit duration of the packet header and n is the total number of bits in the packet header. By opening or closing an optical waveguides delay line, arbitrary wavelengths profiles can be achieved. The wavelength components are multiplexed by the second AWG and detected by a high-speed photodetector which generates an autocorrelation function when the input pattern matches the wavelength profile. The autocorrelation waveform exhibits a high peak at its centre of symmetry and hence it can be easily be identified by a threshold detector that generates an electrical control signal that drives the optical switch to route the individual optical packet to the appropriate destination. On the other hand, if the header bit-pattern does not match the wavelength profile, the correlator output exhibits no spike and hence the header pattern is not recognised by the threshold detector.
3. Experimental setup
To prove the principle of the proposed correlator structure, a 4-bit correlator demonstrator was set up as shown in Fig. 2. Two sets of correlators have been fabricated using an arrayed waveguide made of; a core (SiO2 -TiO2), a cladding (SiO2 -P2O5 -B2O3), and a SiO2 substrate. The dual AWG have been fabricated with two identical 1×4 ports AWG with 1551 nm centre wavelength, an array of 4 delay lines, 20.82 mm slabs focal length, waveguide width of 6.2 µm, and ΔL is 1.423 mm.
Fig. 2. (a) Experimental setup for multi-wavelength bit-pattern recognition using integrated dual AWG and variable delay lines. (b) Predicted correlator output for four-bit pattern recognition.
The delay lines of the first correlator was configured such that the four demultiplexed wavelength (λ1, λ2, λ3, and λ4) will be delayed by T0, T0+T, T0+2T, and T0+3T, where T0 is an arbitrary delay and T=100 ps, which is the bit-time of the 10 Gb/s input pattern. The first correlator was configured to recognise the pattern ‘1011’. Therefore, the second waveguide delay line was left open, causing λ2 to drop off. Similarly, the delay lines of the second correlator was configured to recognise ‘1101’ bit pattern, hence, λ3 was dropped off. A pattern generator was used to generate 4-bit packet ‘1011’ at 10 Gbit/s, which intensity-modulated an Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) source, through an external electro-optic modulator. The modulated ASE signal was split and launched into the two correlators. The wavelength components which exit the correlators were launched into high-speed photodetectors. The photodetected signal was monitored using a high-speed digital oscilloscope. Fig.2 shows the theoretical prediction of the correlator output bit patterns for this scenario.
Figure 3(a) shows the detected waveform of the first correlator which exhibits a high peak at its centre of symmetry, and Fig. 3(b) shows the detected waveform of the second correlator where there is an absence of spike (cross-correlation).
We have also investigated the case when the input bit pattern changes from ‘1011’ to ‘1101’. The measured output waveform of the first correlator is as shown in Fig. 3(c) where no spike was detected. The measured waveform of the second correlator is shown in Fig. 3(d) where a high spike was detected. It is important to notice that when the header bit pattern does not match the wavelengths profile, the correlator output exhibits no spike and hence no header pattern can be recognised by the threshold detector. This demonstrates the principle of the proposed optical correlator structure.
The main advantages of using the AWG-based correlators for optical header recognition in comparison to the previously proposed Opto-VLSI correlator are their simplicity, lower fabrication cost, lower insertion loss, and can be easily fabricated to process larger number of wavelengths, while the scalability of the Opto-VLSI correlator structure depends on the size of the active window which is relatively small. Moreover, the optical power loss of the Opto-VLSI-based correlator is 10-dB higher than that of the AWG correlator due to the free-space-to-fibre coupling. Table 1 summarises the advantages and the limitations of both structures.
Fig. 3. Measured output waveforms (a) when the wavelengths profile matches the input bit pattern ‘1011’ (autocorrelation). (b) When the wavelengths profile does not match the input bit pattern ‘1011’ (cross-correlation). (c) When the wavelengths profile does not match the input bit pattern ‘1101’ (cross-correlation). (d) When the wavelengths profile matches the input bit pattern ‘1101’ (autocorrelation)
Table 1. Advantages and limitations of the demonstrated optical correlator structure compared with the Opto-VLSI
| Correlator Structure | AWG | OPTO-VLSI |
|---|---|---|
| Solve the O/E and E/O conversion | Yes | Yes |
| Device type | Passive | Active |
| Power loss | Low | High |
| Scalability | Easy | Limited |
| Reconfigurable | No | Yes |
| Easy to fabricate? | Yes | No |
| Cost | Low | High |
In the proposed structure, the proof of concept was investigated for 4-bit header pattern 1101 and 1011. However, the correlator can be fabricated to detect any header bit patterns using the same proposed concepts. The reason for selecting these patterns is because they are closer to realistic scenarios, as they contain more 1’s than 0’s, and because these two patterns have similarities (three 1’s and one 0). Therefore our proposed correlator can efficiently differentiate between these two patterns, and it will be much easier to differentiate any other pattern such as 1001.
Note that the correlator configured for ‘1011’ will also produce a high spike above the threshold for a ‘1111’ bit pattern, which is not the desired bit pattern. Error-free header recognition can be accomplished by adding a second correlator that is configured in complement to the first correlator as reported by Hauer et al. [8].
M.C. Hauer, J.E. McGeehan, S. Kumar, J. D. Touch, J. Bannister, E. R Lyons, C. H. Lin, A. A. Au, H. P. Lee, D. S. Starodubov, and A. E. Willner, “Optically assisted internet routing using arrays of novel dynamically reconfigurable FBG-based correlators,” J. Lightwave Technol. 21, 2765–2778 (2003). [CrossRef]
4. Conclusion
An optical correlator employing integrated dual arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) in conjunction with variable delay waveguide has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated for multi-wavelength optical header recognition. The variable delay lines provide wavelength-dependent time delays and generate a wavelengths profile that matches arbitrary bit patterns, whereas the AWGs were used to demultiplex and multiplex the wavelength components of the multi-wavelength header bit pattern. The recognition of arbitrary 4-bit patterns were experimentally demonstrated at 10 Gb/s. Results have shown that when the header matches the wavelength profile, the correlator output exhibits a spike that can be recognised by a threshold detector and a low-amplitude cross-correlation function otherwise.
The proposed optical correlator has the potential to remove the need for optical-to-electrical (O/E) and electrical-to-optical (E/O) conversion at each routing node of a high-speed optical packet switching network. The demonstrated optical correlator structure had simple hardware and did not require non-linear optical processing or synchronisation for wavelength- or time-shifting of individual header bits, and therefore, the structures could overcome the bottlenecks of current optical packet-switching networks.
References and links
W. Huang and I. Andonovic, “Coherent optical pulse CDMA systems based on coherent correlation detection,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 47, 261–271(1999). [CrossRef] | |
R. Clavero, J.M. Martinez, F. Ramos, and J. Marti, “All-optical packet routing scheme for optical label-swapping networks,” OSA Opt. Express. 12, 4326–4332 (2004). [CrossRef] | |
J.E. Mcgeehan, M.C. Hauer, and A.E. Willner, “Optical header recognition using fiber Bragg grating correlators,” IEEE LEOS Newsletter. 16, 29–32 (2002). | |
A.E. Willner, D. Gurkan, A.B. Sahin, J.E. McGeehan, and M.C. Hauer, “All-optical address recognition for optically-assisted routing in next-generation optical networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 41 S38–S44 (2003) [CrossRef] | |
P. Parolari, L. Marazzi, D. Rossetti, G. Maier, and M. Martinelli, “Coherent-to-incoherent light conversion for optical correlators,” J. Lightwave Technol. 18, 1284–1288 (2000). [CrossRef] | |
K-H. Park and T. Mizumoto, “A packet header recognition assigning the position of a signal in the time axis and its application to all-optical self-routing,” J. Lightwave Technol. 19 1076–1084 (2001). [CrossRef] | |
J.E. McGeehan, M.C. Hauer, A.B. Sahin, and A.E. Willner, “Multiwavelength-channel header recognition for reconfigurable WDM networks using optical correlators based on sampled fiber Bragg gratings,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15, 1464–1466 (2003). [CrossRef] | |
M.C. Hauer, J.E. McGeehan, S. Kumar, J. D. Touch, J. Bannister, E. R Lyons, C. H. Lin, A. A. Au, H. P. Lee, D. S. Starodubov, and A. E. Willner, “Optically assisted internet routing using arrays of novel dynamically reconfigurable FBG-based correlators,” J. Lightwave Technol. 21, 2765–2778 (2003). [CrossRef] | |
Z. Zhu, V.J. Hernandez, M.Y. Jeon, J. Cao, Z. Pan, and S.J.B. Yoo, “RF photonics signal processing in subcarrier multiplexed optical-label switching communication systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 21, 3155–3166 (2003). [CrossRef] | |
C. Bintjas, N. Pleros, K. Yiannopoulos, G. Theophilopoulos, M. Kalyvas, H. Avramopoulos, and G. Guekos, “All-optical packet address and payload separation,” IEEE Photon. Technol. 14, 1728–1730 (2002). [CrossRef] | |
M. Cardakli, A. Willner, V. Grubsky, D. Starodubov, and J. Feinberg, “Reconfigurable optical packet header recognition and routing using time-to wavelength mapping and tunable fiber Bragg gratings for correlation decoding,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 552–554 (2000). [CrossRef] | |
S. Shao and M. Kao, “WDM coding for high capacity lightwave systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 12, 137–148 (1994). [CrossRef] | |
D. Zhou, B. Wang, R. Runser, I. Glesk, and P. Prucnal, “Perfectly synchronized bit-parallel WDM data transmission over single mode fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13 382–384 (2001). [CrossRef] | |
C. Skoufis, S. Sygletos, N. Leligou, C. Matrakidis, I. Pountourakis, and A. Stavdas, “Data-centric networking using multiwavelength headers/labels in packet-over-WDM networks: A comparative study,” J. Lightwave Technol. 21, 2110–2122 (2003). [CrossRef] | |
M Aljada, K. E. Alameh, and K. Al-Begain, “Opto-VLSI-based Correlator Architecture for Multi-wavelength Optical Header Recognition,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 2779–2785 (2006). [CrossRef] | |
A. Himeno, K. Kato, and T. Miya, “Silica-based planar lightwave circuits,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 4, 913–924 (1998). [CrossRef] | |
M.K. Smit and C. Van Dam, “PHASER-based WDM-devices: principals, design, and applications,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 236–250 (1996). [CrossRef] | |
M. Smit, “New focusing and dispersive planar component based on an optical phased array,” Electron. Lett. 24, 385–386 (1988). [CrossRef] | |
C. Dragone, C. Edwards, and R. Kistler, “Integrated optics N×N multiplexer on silicon,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 3, 896–898 (1991). [CrossRef] | |
P. Munoz, D. Pastor, and J. Capmany, “Modeling and design of arrayed waveguide gratings,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20 661–674 (2002). [CrossRef] | |
H. Sanjoh, H. Yasaka, Y. Sakai, K. Sato, H. Ishii, and Y. Yoshikuni, “Multiwavelength light source with precise frequency spacing using a mode-locked semiconductor laser and an arrayed waveguide grating filter,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 9, 818–820 (1997). [CrossRef] | |
M.C. Parker and S.D. Walker, “A Fourier-Fresnel integral-based function model for a near-parabolic phase profile arrayed-waveguide grating,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11, 1018–1020 (1999). [CrossRef] | |
C.K. Nadler, E.K. Wildermuth, M. Lanker, W. Hunziker, and H. Melchior, “Polarization insensitive, low- loss, low-crosstalk wavelength multiplexer modules,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5, 1407–1412 (1999). [CrossRef] | |
M.C. Parker and S.D. Walker, “Design of arrayed-waveguide gratings using hybrid Fourier-Fresnel transform techniques,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5, 1379–1384 (1999). [CrossRef] | |
K.A. McGreer, “Arrayed waveguide gratings for wavelength routing,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 36, 62–68 (1998). [CrossRef] | |
H. Takenouchi, H. Tsuda, and T. Kurokawa, “Analysis of optical-signal processing using an arrayed-waveguide grating,” Opt. Express. 6, 124–135 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed] | |
Y. Hibino, “An array of photonic filtering advantages: arrayed-waveguide-grating multi/demultiplexers for photonic networks,” IEEE Circuits Devices Mag. 16, 21–27 (2000). [CrossRef] | |
R. Adar, C. H. Henry, C. Dragone, R. C. Kistler, and M. A. Milbrodt, “Broad-Band Array Multiplexers Made with Silica Waveguides on Silicon,” J. Lightwave Technol. 11, 212–219 (1993). [CrossRef] | |
T. Kominato, Y. Ohmori, H. Okazaki, and M. Yasu, “Very low loss GeO2-doped silica waveguides fabricated by flame hydrolysis deposition method,” Electron. Lett. 26, 327–328 (1990). [CrossRef] |
OCIS Codes
(060.2330) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber optics communications
(070.4550) Fourier optics and signal processing : Correlators
(070.5010) Fourier optics and signal processing : Pattern recognition
(060.1155) Fiber optics and optical communications : All-optical networks
(060.4259) Fiber optics and optical communications : Networks, packet-switched
ToC Category:
Fiber Optics and Optical Communications
History
Original Manuscript: January 7, 2008
Revised Manuscript: March 12, 2008
Manuscript Accepted: March 17, 2008
Published: March 28, 2008
Citation
Muhsen Aljada and Kamal E. Alameh, "Integrated 10 Gb/s AWG-based correlator for multi-wavelength optical header recognition," Opt. Express 16, 5150-5157 (2008)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-7-5150
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References
- W. Huang and I. Andonovic, "Coherent optical pulse CDMA systems based on coherent correlation detection," IEEE Trans. Commun. 47, 261-271(1999). [CrossRef]
- R. Clavero, J. M. Martinez, F. Ramos, and J. Marti, "All-optical packet routing scheme for optical label-swapping networks," Opt. Express. 12, 4326-4332 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. E. Mcgeehan, M. C. Hauer, and A. E. Willner, "Optical header recognition using fiber Bragg grating correlators," IEEE LEOS Newsletter 16, 29-32 (2002).
- A. E. Willner, D. Gurkan, A. B. Sahin, J. E. McGeehan, and M. C. Hauer, "All-optical address recognition for optically-assisted routing in next-generation optical networks," IEEE Commun. Mag. 41S38 - S44 (2003) [CrossRef]
- P. Parolari, L. Marazzi, D. Rossetti, G. Maier, and M. Martinelli, "Coherent-to-incoherent light conversion for optical correlators," J. Lightwave Technol. 18, 1284-1288 (2000). [CrossRef]
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