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Optics Express

  • Editor: C. Martijn de Sterke
  • Vol. 17, Iss. 16 — Aug. 3, 2009
  • pp: 14172–14179

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Bi-layer cross chiral structure with strong optical activity and negative refractive index

Jianfeng Dong, Jiangfeng Zhou, Thomas Koschny, and Costas Soukoulis  »View Author Affiliations


Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 16, pp. 14172-14179 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.014172


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Abstract

The properties of periodic pairs of mutually twisted metallic (silver) crosses separated by dielectric layer have been investigated by numerical simulation. The results show that the exceptionally strong polarization rotation and circular dichroism, negative permeability and negative refractive index are found at the infrared communication wavelength (1.55μm).

© 2009 Optical Society of America

1. Introduction

Metamaterials with negative refraction index [1

R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, and S. Schultz, “Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction,” Science 292, 77–79 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] have gained a lot of attraction during the last decade. They have unique features and many potential applications such as “perfect lenses” [2

J. B. Pendry, “Negative refraction makes a perfect lens,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966–3969 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] which can overcome the diffraction limit. The conventional design for negative refractive index material in the microwave frequency region is a combination of split ring resonators (SRR) which offer negative permeability [3

J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, “Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 47, 2075–2084 (1999). [CrossRef]

] with thin metallic wires which offer negative permittivity [4

J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, W. J. Stewart, and I. Youngs, “Extremely low frequency plasmons in metallic mesostructures,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4773–4776 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. However, SRR material is very sensitive to the polarization of the incident electromagnetic wave [5

D. R. Smith, W. Padilla, D. Vier, S. Nemat-Nesser, and S. Chultz, “Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4184–4187 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. New cut-wire-pair metamaterials for waves propagating normal to the plane of the structures have been realized in the frequency region from microwave to infrared and optical wave [6–12

V. M. Shalaev, W. Cai, U. K. Chettiar, H.-K. Yuan, A. K. Sarychev, V. P. Drachev, and A. V. Kildishev, “Negative index of refraction in optical metamaterials,” Opt. Lett. 30, 3356–3358 (2005). [CrossRef]

], which have negative magnetic permeability or even negative refractive index. The cut-wire-pair arrangement has a distinct advantage over conventional SRRs because it can be built by conventional fabrication technique and can operate under normal incidence wave. The control of the magnetic-resonance frequency plays an important role in the cut-wire-pair metamaterials. It has been found that the magnetic-resonance frequency depends significantly on the length and width of cut-wire-pair [13

J. Zhou, E. N. Economou, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, “A unifying approach to left handed material design,” Opt. Lett. 31, 3620–3622 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

,14

V. D. Lam, J. B. Kim, S. J. Lee, Y. P. Lee, and J. Y. Rhee, “Width dependence of the magnetic resonance frequency for the periodic structures of cut-wire pair,” Opt. Express 15, 16651–16656 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] and almost unchanged for different distance between cut-wire-pair layers [13

J. Zhou, E. N. Economou, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, “A unifying approach to left handed material design,” Opt. Lett. 31, 3620–3622 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

,15

V. D. Lam, J. B. Kim, N. T. Tung, S. J. Lee, Y. P. Lee, and J. Y. Rhee, “Dependence of the distance between cut-wire-pair layers on resonance frequencies,” Opt. Express 16, 5934–5941 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. The periodic pairs of metallic crosses structure which can be looked upon as an extension of the cut-wire-pair has been theoretically analyzed in the microwave and terahertz region [16–18

C. Imhof and R. Zengerle, “Pairs of metallic crosses as a left-handed metamaterial with improved polarization properties,” Opt. Express 14, 8257–8262 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. This structure also has negative refractive index and is independent of the polarization of the incident wave.

Recently, chiral media with strong optical activity have attracted a lot of attention as potential candidates for achieving negative refraction [19–23

J. B. Pendry, “A chiral route to negative refraction,” Science 306, 1353–1355 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Because optical activity or chirality parameter in nature chiral material is very small, it is necessary to build artificial structures which possess strong optical activity or large chirality parameter. Very strong gyrotropy (chirality) was reported in the bi-layer chiral rosette structure and similar chiral magnetic metamaterials, which can be looked upon as a chiral version of the cut-wire-pair, at microwave and optical wave region [24–28

Y. Svirko, N. Zheludev, and M. Osipov, “Layered chiral metallic microstructures with inductive coupling,” Appl.Phys. Lett. 78, 498–500 (2001). [CrossRef]

]. It has been shown experimentally that negative refractive index occur in this type of structure at microwave frequency [29

E. Plum, J. Zhou, J. Dong, V. A. Fedotov, T. Koschny, C. M. Soukoulis,, and N. I. Zheludev “Metamaterial with negative index due to chirality” Phys.Rev. B 79, 035407 (2009). [CrossRef]

,30

J. Zhou, J. Dong, B. Wang, T. Koschny, M. Kafesaki, and C.M. Soukoulis, “Negative refractive index due to chirality,” Phys. Rev. B 79, 121104 (R) (2009). [CrossRef]

]. In the present paper, we study the properties of periodic pairs of mutually twisted metallic (silver) crosses separated by dielectric layer. Dependence of twist angle and dielectric layer thickness are examined to explore strong optical activity and negative refractive index at the infrared communication wavelength (1.55μm).

2. Bi-layer cross chiral structure and simulation method

Our chiral metamaterial design is composed of square-periodic array pairs of mutually twisted metallic crosses separated by dielectric layer. We chose silver as metallic material since it has the smallest loss in optical and infrared region. This structure is simpler than rosette or gammadion structure reported in previous papers [26

E. Plum, V. A. Fedotov, A. S. Schwanecke, N. I. Zheludev, and Y. Chen, “Giant optical gyrotropy due to electromagnetic coupling,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 223113 (2007). [CrossRef]

,27

M. Decker, M. W. Klein, M. Wegener, and S. Linden, “Circular dichroism of planar chiral magnetic metamaterials,” Opt. Lett. 32, 856–858 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. A schematic drawing of the unit cell of the mutually twisted cross chiral structure with all geometrical parameters is depicted in Fig. 1. Periodic constant a=500nm, length, width and thickness of cross bar are l=400nm, w=100nm and t=50nm, the thickness of spacer dielectric layer d=50nm, ϕ is a mutual anticlockwise twist angle between crosses. Our numerical simulations were done with CST Microwave Studio (Computer Simulation Technology GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany), which use a frequency domain finite element method. In the simulations, the dielectric properties of the metal silver were handled with a frequency dependent Drude model (ωp =2π×2175 THz, ωc =2π×4.35 THz), and the dielectric constant of the dielectric layer is 2.1. A plane light wave incidents normally onto the front cross plane. Periodic boundary condition was used in the direction perpendicular to the propagation direction. The detailed calculations were used to determine reflection and transmission coefficients from a single unit cell. Circular dichroism and polarization azimuth rotation can be calculated by Δ = ∣TRCP_RCP ∣-∣TLCP_LCP ∣, and θ = -0.5[arg(TRCP_RCP )-arg(TLCP_LCP )] , where T is the transmission coefficient, the subscript represents the polarization of input and output wave [25

A. V. Rogacheva, V. A. Fedotov, A. S. Schwanecke, and N. I. Zheludev, “Giant gyrotropy due to electromagnetic-field coupling in a bilayered chiral structure,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 177401 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Using the retrieval procedure for chiral metamaterial [29

E. Plum, J. Zhou, J. Dong, V. A. Fedotov, T. Koschny, C. M. Soukoulis,, and N. I. Zheludev “Metamaterial with negative index due to chirality” Phys.Rev. B 79, 035407 (2009). [CrossRef]

,30

J. Zhou, J. Dong, B. Wang, T. Koschny, M. Kafesaki, and C.M. Soukoulis, “Negative refractive index due to chirality,” Phys. Rev. B 79, 121104 (R) (2009). [CrossRef]

], the complex effective parameters n, εand μ, and chirality parameter κ from the simulated transmission and reflection can be obtained.

Fig. 1. Unit cell of bi-layer cross chiral structure.

3. Simulation results and discussion

3.1 Dependence of twist angle

Figure 2 shows dependence of twist angle ϕ for transmission spectra of left-handed (LCP) and right-handed (RCP) circular polarizations for LCP (RCP) incidence. The transmission between LCP and RCP polarization, TLCP_RCP and TRCP_LCP , are very small and can be ignored. Due to the fourfold symmetry of the cross, only 0 to 45 degree twist angle ϕ are presented. While the structure with ϕ in between 45 and 90 degrees, it is equivalent to its enantiomeric form with twist angle ϕ of 0 to 45 degree, therefore has an opposite sign of gyrotropy [25

A. V. Rogacheva, V. A. Fedotov, A. S. Schwanecke, and N. I. Zheludev, “Giant gyrotropy due to electromagnetic-field coupling in a bilayered chiral structure,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 177401 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. As well known, ϕ =0 correspond to the pair of cross with no twist between crosses. There are two band gaps in the transmission spectra. First band gap is due to the magnetic resonance and second band gap is due to the electric resonance [18

O. Paul, C. Imhof, B. Reinhard, R. Zengerle, and R. Beigang, “Negative index bulk metamaterial at terahertz frequencies,” Opt. Express 16, 6736–6744 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] (It is confirmed from retrieval parameter below). It can be seen from Fig. 2 that the frequency of magnetic resonance increases as the twist angle increases. The magnetic-resonance frequency position shifts from about 180 THz to 200THz when the twist angle varies from 0 to 45 degree. The variety of the frequency of electric resonance is small. The transmission is nearly the same at the middle range between magnetic and electric resonances frequency for different twist angles. The resonance frequencies for RCP and LCP incidence are almost the same. Difference of magnetic and electric resonances frequency (f m and f e) Δf=f e-f m linearly decreases as the twist angle increases (see Fig. 3). The behavior can be understood by the fact that the electric resonance is caused mainly by each metallic cross (electric dipole) and the magnetic resonance is caused mainly by coupling between two metallic crosses (magnetic dipole) [18

O. Paul, C. Imhof, B. Reinhard, R. Zengerle, and R. Beigang, “Negative index bulk metamaterial at terahertz frequencies,” Opt. Express 16, 6736–6744 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. As the twist angle increases, the coupling between two metallic crosses changes.

Fig. 2. Transmission spectra of the bi-layer cross chiral structure for different twist angles.
Fig. 3. Dependence of the resonance frequencies on twist angles.

For left-handed (LCP) and right-handed (RCP) circular polarizations the bi-layer cross chiral structure shows exceptionally strong circular dichroism and polarization azimuth rotation. Figure 4 shows dependence of the circular dichroism and polarization azimuth rotation on twist angles. No circular dichroism and polarization azimuth rotation for ϕ=0 and 45 degrees. The circular dichroism is negative in the magnetic resonance region and positive in the electric resonance region for ϕ>0. Up to 30dB is achieved for 15 degree twist angle. Polarization azimuth rotation has also two resonance regions. Of interest is in the band of infrared communication wavelength (1.55μm). Polarization azimuth rotation up to 70 degree at 193THz (1.55μm) is achieved for 25 degree twist angle. These values are substantial considering the material’s thickness (150nm) of only 1/10 wavelength at 193THz (1.55μm). This corresponds to a giant specific rotary power of 47000°/mm. In the middle of two resonance frequencies, zero dichroism and pure rotation of polarization azimuth of about 7 degree was observed for 25 degree twist angle. This corresponds to a giant specific rotary power of 4700°/mm. These specific rotary power are much larger than those in Ref. 26

E. Plum, V. A. Fedotov, A. S. Schwanecke, N. I. Zheludev, and Y. Chen, “Giant optical gyrotropy due to electromagnetic coupling,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 223113 (2007). [CrossRef]

(2500°/mm and 600°/mm, respectively).

Fig. 4. Dependence of circular dichroism (a) and polarization azimuth rotation (b) on twist angles.

Retrieval of the material’s permittivity ε and permeability μ, refractive index n and chirality parameter κ show that bi-layer cross chiral structure has magnetic resonances at lower frequency and electric resonances at higher frequency. Retrieval parameters show that negative permeability occurs for any twist angle (including 0 degree) at magnetic resonances region (Fig. 5). But negative index for RCP can be obtained only for twist angle larger than 10 degree. Broad band of negative permeability and larger value negative refractive index for RCP at around 193 THz (1.55μm) can be obtained for 25 degree twist angle. It is noted that, the refractive indices n RCP and n LCP for RCP and LCP are given by n + κ and n-κ , respectively [29

E. Plum, J. Zhou, J. Dong, V. A. Fedotov, T. Koschny, C. M. Soukoulis,, and N. I. Zheludev “Metamaterial with negative index due to chirality” Phys.Rev. B 79, 035407 (2009). [CrossRef]

,30

J. Zhou, J. Dong, B. Wang, T. Koschny, M. Kafesaki, and C.M. Soukoulis, “Negative refractive index due to chirality,” Phys. Rev. B 79, 121104 (R) (2009). [CrossRef]

], where n is the conventional definition of refractive index, n= εμ, and κ is the chirality parameter.

Fig. 5. Dependence of magnetic permeability on twist angles

Figure 6 presents the real parts of the permittivity ε and permeability μ, refractive index n and chirality parameter κ for 25 degree twist angle. It is clear from Fig. 6(a) that the resonance at lower frequency is magnetic resonance and the resonance at higher frequency is electric resonance. The negative refractive index for RCP is Re(n RCP)=-2.6 at about 193 THz (1.55μm). The negative refractive index for RCP and LCP originates from the chirality parameter if we notice that n (black dotted curve) is positive through the entire frequency range from 150 to 300 THz (Fig. 6(b)). n RCP(red solid) is negative from 193 to 202 THz and n LCP (blue dashed) has a negative region from 275 to 300 THz. The chirality parameter (green dash-dotted curve) shows two resonances at 193 and 275 THz, respectively. In the frequency range from 193 to 202 THz, the chirality parameter κ is negative and the value is bigger than refractive index n, leads to n RCP<0. Similarly, in the frequency range from 275 to 300 THz, the chirality parameter κ is positive and the value is bigger than refractive index n, leads to n LCP<0.

Fig. 6. (a). Permittivity and permeability; (b) Refractive index and chiral parameter; for 25 degree twist angle.

3.2 Dependence of dielectric layer thickness

Since large negative refractive index occur for 25 degree twist, we chose ϕ=25 degree to examine the dependence of dielectric layer thickness for bi-layer cross chiral structure. Keeping the other parameter unchanged, the dielectric layer thickness varies from 25nm to 200nm. Figure 7 shows the transmission spectra for different dielectric layer thickness. As the dielectric layer thickness increases, the frequency of magnetic resonance f m increase and frequency of electric resonance f e decrease, thus the difference of Δf=f e-f m decreases (Fig. 8).

Fig. 7. Transmission spectra of the bi-layer cross chiral structure for different dielectric layer thickness.
Fig. 8. Dependence of resonance frequencies on dielectric layer thickness.

As the dielectric layer thickness increases, circular dichroism and polarization azimuth rotation will reverse for d>100nm compare to d<100nm (Fig. 9). The resonant curves of circular dichroism and polarization azimuth rotation will reverse at the thickness d=95nm for magnetic resonance frequency, and at the thickness d=105nm for electric resonance frequency. Between two resonance frequencies, the polarization azimuth rotation is negative for smaller thickness and positive for larger thickness. The amplitude of polarization azimuth rotation increases from about 0 degree to 14 degree as the thickness increases from 100nm to 200nm. But the transmission also reduced rapidly. In the middle of two resonance frequencies, polarization azimuth rotation reaches about 7 degree for thickness d=25nm, nearly the same as that for d=50nm. It indicates that reduce dielectric layer thickness has advantage to obtain larger specific rotary power.

Fig. 9. Dependence of circular dichroism (a) and polarization azimuth rotation (b) on dielectric layer thickness.

The retrieval material’s parameters also have larger negative value for d=25nm. But the magnetic resonance position shift to low frequency (about 175THz), permeability and refractive index can reach about -2 and -5 at the magnetic-resonance frequency.

3.3 Dependence of width of cross bar and dielectric constant of dielectric layer

We also simulated the bi-layer cross chiral structure for different width of cross bar w=50nm and w=150nm while keeping the other parameter unchanged. It is found that the width of cross bar affects remarkably the magnetic-resonance and electric-resonance frequencies. As the width of cross bar increases, both the frequencies of the magnetic resonance and electric resonance increase. Between two resonance frequencies the polarization azimuth rotation also reaches 7 degree for w=50nm while is much smaller for w=150nm. The polarization azimuth rotation is less than 10 degree in the magnetic-resonance region for w=150nm.

The range of band with negative permeability and negative refractive index becomes narrow for smaller width w=50nm of cross bar. For larger width w=150nm, no negative refractive index occurs in the magnetic-resonance region with broad range of negative permeability.

As for dependence of dielectric constant of dielectric layer, the frequencies of magnetic resonance and electric resonance are smaller for larger dielectric constant.

4. Conclusion

In summary, the properties of metamaterial based on bi-layered structure consisting of mutually twisted planar metallic crosses have been investigated by numerical simulation. The results show that the exceptionally strong polarization rotation and circular dichroism are observed in the cross chiral structure. The location and amplitude of magnetic-resonance frequency and negative permeability and negative refractive index band can be controlled by modifying the geometrical and material parameters of the cross chiral structure. Especially, the polarization azimuth rotation up to 70 degree at the infrared communication wavelength (1.55μm) is achieved for 25degree twist angle. The negative refractive index for RCP and LCP originates from the chirality parameter and the negative refractive index for RCP is Re(n RCP)=-2.6 at about 193 THz (1.55μm). The results presented here are helpful to build the metamaterial with negative refractive index at the infrared communication wavelength and have potential applications in the optical polarization devices and optical communication.

Acknowledgments

The author Jianfeng Dong gratefully acknowledges support of the W.C. Wong Education Foundation, Hong Kong, the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (Grant No. 2004CB719805) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.60777037). Work was partially sponsored by K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University. Work at Ames Laboratory was supported by the Department of Energy (Basic Energy Sciences) under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11358. This work was partially supported by the Department of Navy, Office of the Naval Research (Grant No. N00014-07-1-0359), European Community FET project PHOME (Contract No. 213390) and AFOSR under MURI Grant No. FA 9550-06-1-0337.

References and links

1.

R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, and S. Schultz, “Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction,” Science 292, 77–79 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

2.

J. B. Pendry, “Negative refraction makes a perfect lens,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966–3969 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

3.

J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, “Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 47, 2075–2084 (1999). [CrossRef]

4.

J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, W. J. Stewart, and I. Youngs, “Extremely low frequency plasmons in metallic mesostructures,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4773–4776 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

5.

D. R. Smith, W. Padilla, D. Vier, S. Nemat-Nesser, and S. Chultz, “Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4184–4187 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

6.

V. M. Shalaev, W. Cai, U. K. Chettiar, H.-K. Yuan, A. K. Sarychev, V. P. Drachev, and A. V. Kildishev, “Negative index of refraction in optical metamaterials,” Opt. Lett. 30, 3356–3358 (2005). [CrossRef]

7.

G. Dolling, C. Enkrich, M. Wegener, J. F. Zhou, C. M. Soukoulis, and S. Linden, “Cut-wire pairs and plate pairs as magnetic atoms for optical metamaterials,” Opt. Lett. 30, 3198–3200 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

8.

S. Zhang, W. Fan, N. C. Panoiu, K. J. Malloy, R. M. Osgood, and S. R. J. Brueck, “Experimental demonstration of near-infrared negative-index metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 137404 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

9.

G. Dolling, C. Enkrich, M. Wegener, C. M. Soukoulis, and S. Linden, “Simultaneous negative phase and group velocity of light in a metamaterial,” Science 312, 892–894 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

10.

J. Zhou, L. Zhang, G. Tuttle, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Negative index materials using simple short wire pairs,” Phys. Rev. B 73, 041101 (2006). [CrossRef]

11.

G. Dolling, C. Enkrich, M. Wegener, C. M. Soukoulis, and S. Linden, “Low-loss negative-index metamaterial at telecommunication wavelengths,” Opt. Lett. 31, 1800–1802 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

12.

G. Dolling, M. Wegener, C. M. Soukoulis, and S. Linden, “Negative-index metamaterial at 780 nm wavelength,” Opt. Lett. 32,53–55 (2007). [CrossRef]

13.

J. Zhou, E. N. Economou, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, “A unifying approach to left handed material design,” Opt. Lett. 31, 3620–3622 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

14.

V. D. Lam, J. B. Kim, S. J. Lee, Y. P. Lee, and J. Y. Rhee, “Width dependence of the magnetic resonance frequency for the periodic structures of cut-wire pair,” Opt. Express 15, 16651–16656 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

15.

V. D. Lam, J. B. Kim, N. T. Tung, S. J. Lee, Y. P. Lee, and J. Y. Rhee, “Dependence of the distance between cut-wire-pair layers on resonance frequencies,” Opt. Express 16, 5934–5941 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

16.

C. Imhof and R. Zengerle, “Pairs of metallic crosses as a left-handed metamaterial with improved polarization properties,” Opt. Express 14, 8257–8262 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

17.

C. Imhof and R. Zengerle, “Strong birefringence in left-handed metallic metamaterials,” Opt. Commun. 280, 213–216 (2007). [CrossRef]

18.

O. Paul, C. Imhof, B. Reinhard, R. Zengerle, and R. Beigang, “Negative index bulk metamaterial at terahertz frequencies,” Opt. Express 16, 6736–6744 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

19.

J. B. Pendry, “A chiral route to negative refraction,” Science 306, 1353–1355 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

20.

S. Tretyakov, A. Sihvola, and L. Jylḧa, “Backward-wave regime and negative refraction in chiral composites,” Photonics Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 3, 107–115 (2005). [CrossRef]

21.

Y. Jin and S. He, “Focusing by a slab of chiral medium,” Opt. Express 13, 4974–4979 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

22.

C. Monzon and D. W. Forester, “Negative refraction and focusing of circularly polarized waves in optically active media,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 123904 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

23.

V. M. Agranovich, Y. N. Gartstein, and A. A. Zakhidov, “Negative refraction in gyrotropic media,” Phys. Rev. B 73, 045114 (2006). [CrossRef]

24.

Y. Svirko, N. Zheludev, and M. Osipov, “Layered chiral metallic microstructures with inductive coupling,” Appl.Phys. Lett. 78, 498–500 (2001). [CrossRef]

25.

A. V. Rogacheva, V. A. Fedotov, A. S. Schwanecke, and N. I. Zheludev, “Giant gyrotropy due to electromagnetic-field coupling in a bilayered chiral structure,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 177401 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

26.

E. Plum, V. A. Fedotov, A. S. Schwanecke, N. I. Zheludev, and Y. Chen, “Giant optical gyrotropy due to electromagnetic coupling,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 223113 (2007). [CrossRef]

27.

M. Decker, M. W. Klein, M. Wegener, and S. Linden, “Circular dichroism of planar chiral magnetic metamaterials,” Opt. Lett. 32, 856–858 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

28.

D. Kwon, P. L. Werner, and D. H. Werner, “Optical planar chiral metamaterial designs for strong circular dichroism and polarization rotation,” Opt. Express 16, 11802–11807 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

29.

E. Plum, J. Zhou, J. Dong, V. A. Fedotov, T. Koschny, C. M. Soukoulis,, and N. I. Zheludev “Metamaterial with negative index due to chirality” Phys.Rev. B 79, 035407 (2009). [CrossRef]

30.

J. Zhou, J. Dong, B. Wang, T. Koschny, M. Kafesaki, and C.M. Soukoulis, “Negative refractive index due to chirality,” Phys. Rev. B 79, 121104 (R) (2009). [CrossRef]

OCIS Codes
(050.1930) Diffraction and gratings : Dichroism
(260.5430) Physical optics : Polarization
(350.3618) Other areas of optics : Left-handed materials
(160.3918) Materials : Metamaterials

ToC Category:
Metamaterials

History
Original Manuscript: June 1, 2009
Revised Manuscript: July 8, 2009
Manuscript Accepted: July 10, 2009
Published: July 30, 2009

Citation
Jianfeng Dong, Jiangfeng Zhou, Thomas Koschny, and Costas Soukoulis, "Bi-layer cross chiral structure with strong optical activity and negative refractive index," Opt. Express 17, 14172-14179 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-16-14172


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References

  1. R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, and S. Schultz, "Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction," Science 292, 77-79 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. J. B. Pendry, "Negative refraction makes a perfect lens," Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966-3969 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, "Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 47, 2075-2084 (1999). [CrossRef]
  4. J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, W. J. Stewart, and I. Youngs, "Extremely low frequency plasmons in metallic mesostructures," Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4773-4776 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. D. R. Smith, W. Padilla, D. Vier, S. Nemat-Nesser, and S. Chultz, "Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity," Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4184-4187 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. V. M. Shalaev, W. Cai, U. K. Chettiar, H.-K. Yuan, A. K. Sarychev, V. P. Drachev, and A. V. Kildishev, "Negative index of refraction in optical metamaterials," Opt. Lett. 30, 3356-3358 (2005). [CrossRef]
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