Actively Controlled Tuning of an External Cavity Diode Laser by Polarization Spectroscopy

doi:10.1364/OE.17.004991

« Show journal navigation

Actively Controlled Tuning of an External Cavity Diode Laser by Polarization Spectroscopy

Thorsten Führer, Denise Stang, and Thomas Walther »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 7, pp. 4991-4996 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.004991

View Full Text Article

Acrobat PDF (112 KB)

Journal Search
Article Lookup

Article Tools

Citations

Alert me when this article is cited
Export Citation/Save

Full Text
Article Info
References (20)
Cited By
Figures (4)
Metrics

Abstract

We report on an universal method to achieve and sustain a large mode-hop free tuning range of an external cavity diode laser. By locking one of the resonators using a closed loop control based on polarization spectroscopy while tuning the laser we achieved mode-hop free tuning of up to 130 GHz with a non AR-coated, off-the-shelf laser diode.

1. Introduction

Shortly after the invention of the semiconductor laser [1

T. M. Quist, R. H. Rediker, R. J. Keyes, W. E. Krag, B. Lax, A. L. McWhorter, and H. J. Zeigler, “Semiconductor maser of GaAs,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 1, 91–92 (1962). [CrossRef]

, 2

M. I. Nathan, W. P. Dumke, G. Burns, F. H. Dill Jr., and G. Lasher, “Stimulated emission of radiation from GaAs p-n junctions,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 1, 62–64 (1962). [CrossRef]

, 3

R. N. Hall, G. E. Fenner, J. D. Kingsley, T. J. Soltys, and R. O. Carlson, “Coherent light emission from GaAs junctions,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 9, 366–368 (1962). [CrossRef]

] it became evident that its properties could be significantly improved by coupling a fraction of the laser light back into the laser diode [4

J. W. Crowe and R. M. Craig Jr., “GaAs laser linewidth measurements by heterodyne detection,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 5, 72–74 (1964). [CrossRef]

]. Usually this feedback is accomplished by a reflection grating in either Littrow [5

L. Ricci, M. Weidemüller, T. Esslinger, A. Hemmerich, C. Zimmermann, V. Vuletic, W. König, and T. Hänsch, “A compact grating-stabilized diode laser system for atomic physics,” Opt. Commun. 117, 541–549 (1995). [CrossRef]

] or Littman [6

K. Liu and M. G. Littman, “Novel geometry for single-mode scanning of tunable lasers,” Opt. Lett. 6, 117–118 (1980). [CrossRef]

] configuration, thus forming an external cavity between the laser diode’s end facet and the grating. By rotating and moving the grating with piezo actuators it is possible to scan the wavelength which makes the external cavity diode laser (ECDL) a versatile tool for many applications such as precision spectroscopy [7

C. E. Wieman and L. Hollberg, “Using diode lasers for atomic physics,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 1–20 (1991). [CrossRef]

], cooling and trapping [8

E. A. Cornell and C. E. Wieman, “Nobel Lecture: Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute gas, the first 70 years and some recent experiments,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 875–893 (2002). [CrossRef]

] as well as sensing [9

H. R. Barry, B. Bakowski, L. Corner, T. Freegarde, O. T. W. Hawkins, G. Hancock, R. M. J. Jacobs, R. Peverall, and G. A. D. Ritchie, “OH Detection by Absorption of Frequency-Doubled Diode Laser Radiation at 308 nm,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 319, 125–130 (2000). [CrossRef]

, 10

T. N. Anderson, R. P. Lucht, R. Barron-Jimenez, S. F. Hanna, J. A. Caton, T. Walther, S. Roy, M. S. Brown, J. R. Gord, I. Critchley, and L. Flamand, “Combustion exhaust measurements of nitric oxide with an ultraviolet diode-laser-based absorption sensor,” Appl. Opt. 44, 1491–1502 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Most applications require that the wavelength scan is free of mode-hops, i. e. the wavelength must vary continuously over time. Setting up and maintaining a large mode-hop free tuning range is difficult, since the external and the internal cavity formed by the end facets of the semiconductor itself need to be tuned synchronously. This is usually achieved by moving and/or tilting the grating and simultaneously applying a ramp to the laser diode current. The varying current adjusts the internal cavity length and keeps the internal and external cavities synchronized [7

C. E. Wieman and L. Hollberg, “Using diode lasers for atomic physics,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 1–20 (1991). [CrossRef]

]. Mainly, two problems occur. First, the components do not generally respond in a linear fashion. Second, vibrations and thermal fluctuations lead to mode-hops.

However, an active control of the laser diode current or the piezo actuators voltage ramps can overcome these problems. Two methods exist: One approach systematically adjusts the slope and shape of the voltage ramp until the scan is free of mode-hops [11

T. Führer and T. Walther, “Extension of the mode-hop-free tuning range of an external cavity diode laser based on a model of the mode-hop dynamics,” Opt. Lett. 33, 372–374 (2008). URL http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-33-4-372. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. This method compensates non-linearities and large mode-hop free tuning ranges have been demonstrated. However, it needs some time to find the optimal set of parameters and does not offer realtime control. Another approach employs the top-of-fringe locking scheme by modulating the laser diode current to generate an error signal which can be used to implement a closed loop control [12

K. S. Repasky, A. R. Nehrir, J. T. Hawthorne, G. W. Switzer, and J. L. Carlsten, “Extending the continuous tuning range of an external-cavity diode laser,” Appl. Opt. 45, 9013–9020 (2006). URL http://ao.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-45-35-9013. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

We present a novel method to achieve and sustain even larger mode-hop free tuning ranges by locking one of the ECDL’s resonators while ramping the free spectral range (FSR) of the other using a closed loop control based on polarization spectroscopy. This method is straight forward in the implementation and does not require a rf-modulation of the current.

We have investigated two locking schemes: (1) locking of the laser diode current to the length of the external cavity and thus to the voltage of the piezo actuators (Piezo-Current-Locking, PCL). (2) locking of the piezo actuators voltages to the length of the internal resonator, which is altered by varying the temperature of the laser diode (Temperature-Piezo-Locking, TPL). The latter overcomes the limitation of the tuning range due to the laser diode’s maximum current ratings, but is inherently slower. It is reasonable to always use the parameter with the higher bandwidth as the control variable. In the case of TPL for example, the external cavity length can be altered quickly using the piezo actuators, whereas the temperature of the laser diode allows a slow, but smooth variation of the internal FSR.

In either case, the Stokes-parameter S ₁ = (I_p -I_s ), i.e. the intensity difference of the p- and s-polarization components, of the ECDL output is used as an error signal to control the FSR of the locked cavity. Since our technique uses the state of polarization (SOP), it is independent of output power. Basically, our method is comparable to the Hänsch-Couillaud locking scheme [13

T. Hänsch and B. Couillaud, “Laser Frequency Stabilization by polarization spectroscopy of a reflecting reference cavity,” Opt. Commun. 35, 441–444 (1980). [CrossRef]

] in the sense of probing a cavity’s resonance using the SOP. However, the theoretical model of our technique reveals important differences as the entire system consists of coupled resonators. Furthermore, the probe laser and the sample cavity form one entity.

2. Experimental Setup

The whole setup consists of an ECDL in Littrow configuration, the SOP detection unit, a high finesse Fabry-Perot interferometer, and the control electronics (cf. Fig. 1). The basic setup of the ECDL is based on [14

J. Hult, I. S. Burns, and C. F. Kaminski, “Wide-bandwidth mode-hop-free tuning of extended-cavity GaN diode lasers,” Appl. Opt. 44, 3675–3685 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. In contrast to the design presented in [5

], this setup employs three piezo-actuators to allow an independent rotatation and translation of the grating. The ECDL is equipped with an off-the-shelf laser diode (Sanyo DL7140-201S, 785 nm) without anti-reflection coating. By placing a quarter waveplate into the external cavity, it is possible to adjust the error signal for optimal locking and ECDL operation. Furthermore, the waveplate allows adjustment of the feedback amount into the laser diode by employing the polarization dependent efficiency of the grating.

Fig. 1. Setup of the ECDL, spectral and polarization diagnostics, and electronics. CL-collimation lens, G-grating, BS-beam sampler, PD-photodiode, PBS-polarizing beam splitter, FI-Faraday isolator, QWP-quarter waveplate, HWP-half waveplate, FPI-Fabry-Perot interferometer, PZT-piezo-electric transducer

The SOP is measured by decomposing the laser light into its s- and p-basis states using a polarizing beam splitter. The respective intensities are measured with a photodiode (Philips BPW34). The difference of the photodiode signals yields S ₁, which serves as the error signal for the closed loop control. A half waveplate in front of the beam splitter allows balancing the photodiode signals and moreover, it is possible to achieve sharp transitions of S ₁ at the resonances of the ECDL cavity (cf. Fig. 2). In addition, we have also employed a polarimeter (Thorlabs PAX5710IR1) to obtain an independent measurement of the SOP.

For spectral diagnostics, part of the ECDL’s output is monitored by a high finesse interferometer (Toptica, FPI 100, FSR=1 GHz) with a finesse of at least 300. This interferometer allows a precise measurement of the tuning range, and furthermore the detection of mode-hops as well as multimode operation.

3. Principle

It is well known that the output power as well as the wavelength of an ECDL varies periodically while altering the internal or external cavity lengths [15

R. Lang and K. Kobayashi, “External optical feedback effects on semiconductor injection laser properties,” IEEE J. Quantum Electr. 16, 347–355 (1980). [CrossRef]

]. These fluctuations, also referred to as self-mixing interference [16

E. M. Randone and S. Donati, “Self-mixing interferometer: analysis of the output signals,” Opt. Express 14, 9188–9196 (2006). URL http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-20-9188. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], are used for displacement measurements in sensing applications [17

W. Wang, K. Grattan, A. Palmer, and W. Boyle, “Self-mixing interference inside a single-mode diode laser for optical sensing applications,” J. Lightwave Technology 12, 1577–1587 (1994). [CrossRef]

]. Thus, the intensity of the laser output carries the information about the resonance of the ECDL’s compound cavity. But since the laser diode current needs to be altered during ECDL tuning for PCL, the intensity cannot serve as the error signal.

However, by placing a waveplate inside the external cavity, it is possible to transfer these intensity fluctuations to the SOP of the laser light (cf. Fig. 2). In the context of self-mixing interferometers, the SOP represents a measure of the length of the external cavity with respect to the internal cavity. Thus, the SOP carries the information about the resonance of the ECDL’s compound cavity. In order to verify that the SOP offers the ability to be used as a locking signal and to get a better understanding of the SOP fluctuations, we have developed a theoretical model, which will be detailed in a future publication [18

T. Führer and T. Walther (2009). To be published.

]. Briefly, we treat the ECDL as a three-mirror Fabry-Perot interferometer [19

H. van de Stadt and J. M. Muller, “Multimirror Fabry-Perot interferometers,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, 1363–1370 (1985). URL http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-2-8-1363. [CrossRef]

] and calculate the transmission profile using the Jones calculus [20

R. C. Jones, “A New Calculus for the Treatment of Optical Systems, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 31, 488–493 (1941). URL http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-31-7-488. [CrossRef]

] taking into account the polarization dependent efficiency of the grating. Thus, polarization elements, such as e. g. the intracavity quarter waveplate, as well as multiple reflections between any of the mirrors are automatically taken into account. There is an excellent agreement of our model and the dependence of the SOP as the cavities are tuned.

Fig. 2. Stokes parameter S ₁ and attenuated output power of the ECDL as measured with the polarimeter while the diode current was varied. The external cavity was held constant. The fast axis of the quarter waveplate was rotated about 50° relative to the original polarization of the laser diode.

4. Experimental results

We have investigated both locking schemes described above, i. e. PCL and TPL. For PCL, a signal generator was used to create a sawtooth pattern modulating the master control input of the piezo-controller (Thorlabs MDT693A). Gain and offset of each piezo actuator were optimized manually during locking. The current of the laser diode was controlled using a standard analog PID controller driving the current modulation input. It incorporated an electronic limiter in order not to exceed the current limits of the laser diode. The setting of the half and quarter-waveplate was 50° and 164°, respectively. Especially the half-waveplate needs to be adjusted carefully in order to shift the setpoint on or as close as possible to the value of S ₁ under resonance condition. With locking engaged, changing the amplitude of the ramp-pattern of the piezo-voltage automatically adjusts the slope of the laser diode current ramp. By increasing this amplitude until the maximum current rating of the laser diode is reached, the maximum mode-hop free tuning range for a certain laser diode is achieved. Using PCL, we were able to scan 105 GHz mode-hop free at a central wavelength of 785 nm with a repetition rate of 11Hz (cf. Fig. 3). Both, the positive and negative ramps are mode-hop free. The particular intensity dependence is due to the hysteresis and the nonlinear behaviour of the piezo actuators. Our locking scheme guarantees a synchronized adjustment of the diode laser current.

Fig. 3. Mode-hop free scan over 105 GHz at a scan rate of 11 Hz as measured with the Fabry-Perot etalon. The laser diode’s internal photo diode was used to measure the intensity. In addition, the voltage ramp applied to the piezo controller is shown.

For TPL the setup is slightly modified. Instead of ramping the piezos, the temperature of the laser diode is changed using Peltier elements. A simple on-off controller based on a Schmitt-Trigger periodically swaps the polarity of the voltage source applied to the Peltier elements. The current of the laser diode was set to a fixed value whereas the piezo voltage was driven by the PID-controller. In 80 s, a 130 GHz mode-hop free scan (cf. Fig. 4) was possible. Then the maximum extension of the piezo transducers limited the tuning range. In principle, a faster scan rate should be possible, but this would have required a redesign of the temperature control mount of the laser diode in order to allow faster adjustments. For the 130 GHz tuning, a temperature change of the laser diode of 3.6 °C from 23.2 °C to 26.8 °C was needed.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, a novel locking scheme based on polarization spectroscopy for ECDLs has been developed. It can be implemented with comparably small means. Therefore, our method should easily incorporate into existing ECDL setups. Using our technique, we are able to scan up to 105 GHz mode-hop free at a scan rate of 11Hz using PCL and 130GHz in 80s using the TPL method, respectively. In both cases, an non AR-coated, off-the-shelf diode laser operating at 785nm has been used.

Fig. 4. Mode-hop free scan over 130 GHz as measured with the Fabry-Perot etalon. A NTC thermistor was used to measure the temperature of the laser diode. In addition, the locked voltage ramp of the piezo actuators is shown.

6. Acknowledgment

We thank D. Depenheuer for the developement of the PID controller, A. Bertz for the implementation of our theoretical model in Java, and Thorlabs for lending of the polarimeter. This work has been supported in part by the innovation budget of the state of Hessen and by the German Science Foundation under grant no. GRK-1037.

References and links

1.	T. M. Quist, R. H. Rediker, R. J. Keyes, W. E. Krag, B. Lax, A. L. McWhorter, and H. J. Zeigler, “Semiconductor maser of GaAs,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 1, 91–92 (1962). [CrossRef]
2.	M. I. Nathan, W. P. Dumke, G. Burns, F. H. Dill Jr., and G. Lasher, “Stimulated emission of radiation from GaAs p-n junctions,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 1, 62–64 (1962). [CrossRef]
3.	R. N. Hall, G. E. Fenner, J. D. Kingsley, T. J. Soltys, and R. O. Carlson, “Coherent light emission from GaAs junctions,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 9, 366–368 (1962). [CrossRef]
4.	J. W. Crowe and R. M. Craig Jr., “GaAs laser linewidth measurements by heterodyne detection,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 5, 72–74 (1964). [CrossRef]
5.	L. Ricci, M. Weidemüller, T. Esslinger, A. Hemmerich, C. Zimmermann, V. Vuletic, W. König, and T. Hänsch, “A compact grating-stabilized diode laser system for atomic physics,” Opt. Commun. 117, 541–549 (1995). [CrossRef]
6.	K. Liu and M. G. Littman, “Novel geometry for single-mode scanning of tunable lasers,” Opt. Lett. 6, 117–118 (1980). [CrossRef]
7.	C. E. Wieman and L. Hollberg, “Using diode lasers for atomic physics,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 1–20 (1991). [CrossRef]
8.	E. A. Cornell and C. E. Wieman, “Nobel Lecture: Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute gas, the first 70 years and some recent experiments,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 875–893 (2002). [CrossRef]
9.	H. R. Barry, B. Bakowski, L. Corner, T. Freegarde, O. T. W. Hawkins, G. Hancock, R. M. J. Jacobs, R. Peverall, and G. A. D. Ritchie, “OH Detection by Absorption of Frequency-Doubled Diode Laser Radiation at 308 nm,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 319, 125–130 (2000). [CrossRef]
10.	T. N. Anderson, R. P. Lucht, R. Barron-Jimenez, S. F. Hanna, J. A. Caton, T. Walther, S. Roy, M. S. Brown, J. R. Gord, I. Critchley, and L. Flamand, “Combustion exhaust measurements of nitric oxide with an ultraviolet diode-laser-based absorption sensor,” Appl. Opt. 44, 1491–1502 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11.	T. Führer and T. Walther, “Extension of the mode-hop-free tuning range of an external cavity diode laser based on a model of the mode-hop dynamics,” Opt. Lett. 33, 372–374 (2008). URL http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-33-4-372. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12.	K. S. Repasky, A. R. Nehrir, J. T. Hawthorne, G. W. Switzer, and J. L. Carlsten, “Extending the continuous tuning range of an external-cavity diode laser,” Appl. Opt. 45, 9013–9020 (2006). URL http://ao.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-45-35-9013. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13.	T. Hänsch and B. Couillaud, “Laser Frequency Stabilization by polarization spectroscopy of a reflecting reference cavity,” Opt. Commun. 35, 441–444 (1980). [CrossRef]
14.	J. Hult, I. S. Burns, and C. F. Kaminski, “Wide-bandwidth mode-hop-free tuning of extended-cavity GaN diode lasers,” Appl. Opt. 44, 3675–3685 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15.	R. Lang and K. Kobayashi, “External optical feedback effects on semiconductor injection laser properties,” IEEE J. Quantum Electr. 16, 347–355 (1980). [CrossRef]
16.	E. M. Randone and S. Donati, “Self-mixing interferometer: analysis of the output signals,” Opt. Express 14, 9188–9196 (2006). URL http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-20-9188. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17.	W. Wang, K. Grattan, A. Palmer, and W. Boyle, “Self-mixing interference inside a single-mode diode laser for optical sensing applications,” J. Lightwave Technology 12, 1577–1587 (1994). [CrossRef]
18.	T. Führer and T. Walther (2009). To be published.
19.	H. van de Stadt and J. M. Muller, “Multimirror Fabry-Perot interferometers,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, 1363–1370 (1985). URL http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-2-8-1363. [CrossRef]
20.	R. C. Jones, “A New Calculus for the Treatment of Optical Systems, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 31, 488–493 (1941). URL http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-31-7-488. [CrossRef]

OCIS Codes
(140.2020) Lasers and laser optics : Diode lasers
(140.3570) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, single-mode
(140.3600) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, tunable
(140.4780) Lasers and laser optics : Optical resonators
(140.3425) Lasers and laser optics : Laser stabilization

ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics

History
Original Manuscript: December 23, 2008
Revised Manuscript: March 7, 2009
Manuscript Accepted: March 10, 2009
Published: March 16, 2009

Citation
Thorsten Führer, Denise Stang, and Thomas Walther, "Actively Controlled Tuning of an External Cavity Diode Laser by Polarization Spectroscopy," Opt. Express 17, 4991-4996 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-7-4991

Sort: Author | Year | Journal | Reset

References

T. M. Quist, R. H. Rediker, R. J. Keyes,W. E. Krag, B. Lax, A. L. McWhorter, and H. J. Zeigler, "Semiconductor maser of GaAs," Appl. Phys. Lett. 1, 91-92 (1962). [CrossRef]
M. I. Nathan, W. P. Dumke, G. Burns, F. H. DillJr., and G. Lasher, "Stimulated emission of radiation from GaAs p-n junctions," Appl. Phys. Lett. 1, 62-64 (1962). [CrossRef]
R. N. Hall, G. E. Fenner, J. D. Kingsley, T. J. Soltys, and R. O. Carlson, "Coherent light emission from GaAs junctions," Phys. Rev. Lett. 9, 366-368 (1962). [CrossRef]
J. W. Crowe and R. M. Craig, Jr., "GaAs laser linewidth measurements by heterodyne detection," Appl. Phys. Lett. 5, 72-74 (1964). [CrossRef]
L. Ricci, M. Weidem¨uller, T. Esslinger, A. Hemmerich, C. Zimmermann, V. Vuletic, W. K¨onig, and T. H¨ansch, "A compact grating-stabilized diode laser system for atomic physics," Opt. Commun. 117, 541-549 (1995). [CrossRef]
K. Liu and M. G. Littman, "Novel geometry for single-mode scanning of tunable lasers," Opt. Lett. 6, 117-118 (1980). [CrossRef]
C. E. Wieman and L. Hollberg, "Using diode lasers for atomic physics," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 1-20 (1991). [CrossRef]
E. A. Cornell and C. E. Wieman, "Nobel Lecture: Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute gas, the first 70 years and some recent experiments," Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 875-893 (2002). [CrossRef]
H. R. Barry, B. Bakowski, L. Corner, T. Freegarde, O. T. W. Hawkins, G. Hancock, R. M. J. Jacobs, R. Peverall, and G. A. D. Ritchie, "OH Detection by Absorption of Frequency-Doubled Diode Laser Radiation at 308 nm," Chem. Phys. Lett. 319, 125-130 (2000). [CrossRef]
T. N. Anderson, R. P. Lucht, R. Barron-Jimenez, S. F. Hanna, J. A. Caton, T. Walther, S. Roy, M. S. Brown, J. R. Gord, I. Critchley, and L. Flamand, "Combustion exhaust measurements of nitric oxide with an ultraviolet diode-laser-based absorption sensor," Appl. Opt. 44, 1491-1502 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. F¨uhrer and T. Walther, "Extension of the mode-hop-free tuning range of an external cavity diode laser based on a model of the mode-hop dynamics," Opt. Lett. 33, 372-374 (2008). URL http://ol.osa.org/ abstract.cfm?URI=ol-33-4-372. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. S. Repasky, A. R. Nehrir, J. T. Hawthorne, G. W. Switzer, and J. L. Carlsten, "Extending the continuous tuning range of an external-cavity diode laser," Appl. Opt. 45, 9013-9020 (2006). URL http://ao.osa. org/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-45-35-9013. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. H¨ansch and B. Couillaud, "Laser Frequency Stabilization by polarization spectroscopy of a reflecting reference cavity," Opt. Commun. 35, 441-444 (1980). [CrossRef]
J. Hult, I. S. Burns, and C. F. Kaminski, "Wide-bandwidth mode-hop-free tuning of extended-cavity GaN diode lasers," Appl. Opt. 44, 3675-3685 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. Lang and K. Kobayashi, "External optical feedback effects on semiconductor injection laser properties," IEEE J. Quantum Electr. 16, 347-355 (1980). [CrossRef]
E. M. Randone and S. Donati, "Self-mixing interferometer: analysis of the output signals," Opt. Express 14, 9188-9196 (2006). URL http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI= oe-14-20-9188. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
W. Wang, K. Grattan, A. Palmer, and W. Boyle, "Self-mixing interference inside a single-mode diode laser for optical sensing applications," J. Lightwave Technology 12, 1577-1587 (1994). [CrossRef]
T. F¨uhrer and T. Walther (2009). To be published.
H. van de Stadt and J. M. Muller, "Multimirror Fabry-Perot interferometers," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, 1363-1370 (1985). URL http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-2-8-1363. [CrossRef]
R. C. Jones, "A New Calculus for the Treatment of Optical Systems," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 31, 488-493 (1941). URL http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-31-7-488. [CrossRef]

Cited By

Alert me when this paper is cited

OSA is able to provide readers links to articles that cite this paper by participating in CrossRef's Cited-By Linking service. CrossRef includes content from more than 3000 publishers and societies. In addition to listing OSA journal articles that cite this paper, citing articles from other participating publishers will also be listed.

Click here to see a list of articles that cite this paper