Demonstration of a reef knot microfiber resonator

doi:10.1364/OE.17.006224

Demonstration of a reef knot microfiber resonator

Guillaume Vienne, Aurélien Coillet, Philippe Grelu, Mohammed El Amraoui, Jean-Charles Jules, Frédéric Smektala, and Limin Tong »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 8, pp. 6224-6229 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.006224

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▸ Article Outline
– Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Fabrication
3. Modeling, measurements, and discussion
4. Conclusions
– References and links

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Abstract

We propose a new way to realize a microfiber optical resonator by implementing the topology of a reef knot using two microfibers. We describe how this structure, which includes 4 ports and can serve as an add-drop filter, can be fabricated. Resonances in an all-silica reef knot are measured and good fits are obtained from a simple resonator model. We also show the feasibility of assembling a hybrid silica-chalcogenide reef knot structure.

1. Introduction

Optical resonators have been extensively studied for over a century and have found many applications since their inception [1

N. Hodgson and H. Weber, Optical Resonators (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1997).

]. Recently, much effort was dedicated to their miniaturization and various microresonator platforms and structures have been proposed [2

K. Vahala Optical Microcavities (World Scientific, Singapore 2004). [CrossRef]

, 3

J. Heebner, T. Ibrahim, and R. Grover, Optical Microesonators Theory, Fabrication, and Applications (Springer Verlag, London, 2008).

]. Microfibers appear to be a particularly simple platform providing low loss, easy connection to fiber based systems [4

L. Tong, R. R. Gattass, J. B. Ashcom, S. He, J. Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell, and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426, 816-9 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Several resonant structures such as loops [5

M. Sumetsky, Y. Dulashko, J. M. Fini, A. Hale, and D. J. DiGiovanni, “The microfiber loop resonator: Theory, experiment, and application,” J. Lightwave Technol . 24, 242-250 (2006). [CrossRef]

], knots [6

X. Jiang, L. Tong, G. Vienne, X. Guo, A. Tsao, Q. Yang, and D. Yang, “Demonstration of optical microfiber knot resonators,” Appl. Phys. Lett . 88 223501(2006). [CrossRef]

], coils [7

M. Sumetsky, “Basic Elements for Microfiber Photonics: Micro/Nanofibers and Microfiber Coil Resonators,” J. Lightwave Technol . 26 21-27 (2008). [CrossRef]

], and Fabry-Perot based structures based on microfiber Sagnac loop mirrors have already been fabricated with microfibers [8

S. S. Wang, Z. F. Hu, Y. H. Li, and L. Tong, “All-fiber Fabry-Perot resonators based on microfiber Sagnac loop mirrors,” Opt. Lett . 34, 253-255 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

While these structures have two ports, more ports may be needed as in add-drop filters. It is possible to add extra ports to existing resonant structures as has been demonstrated in Ref. 9

X. Jiang, Y. Chen, G. Vienne, and L. Tong, “All-fiber add-drop filters based on microfiber knot resonators,” Opt. Lett . 32 1710-2 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

. In this work three microfibers were used: the first one to form a simple knot, and the two others to collect the power transmitted through and within the knot. Both collecting microfibers were just overlapping the knot’s microfiber and solely held to it through electrostatic and van der Waals forces. They could easily be displaced and would not hold upon immersion in a liquid, where these forces are considerably reduced.

Here we propose to use a different knot topology, the reef knot, to form a stable cavity out of two intertwined microfibers, which naturally provide four ports. This knot topology is well known in knot theory and is frequently used by sailors to join two ropes, but has not yet been implemented in optics. Apart from its size and material, our structure differs from the sailor’s reef knot in that we do not tighten the knot. This allows for the formation of a ring structure, in which light can resonate. This reef knot has a nearly planar geometry (This feature is emphasized in the French name of the reef knot: “noeud plat” meaning flat knot.) and is anchored in space by four arms, which makes it mechanically stable.

Fig. 1. Schematic showing the different steps for the fabrication of a microfiber reef knot resonator: (a) Drawing of a biconical taper from a standard fiber; (b) Shaping of the biconical taper into a U-shape; (c) Drawing of a microfiber from a standard fiber; (d) Wrapping of the microfiber around the U-shaped biconical taper to form a reef knot.

2. Fabrication

The fabrication of microfiber reef knots requires only basic equipment and consumables: an alcohol burner, four holders of which at least two are mounted on micropositioning stages, and optical fibers. A visible laser, a lamp, and a stereomicroscope can also be used for visualization purpose.

Figure 1 shows the main steps followed for the fabrication of a silica microfiber reef knot. First a standard optical fiber is spliced to two optical cables for connection to sources and detectors. Then its polymer coating is removed over a few centimetres. This uncoated section of the fiber is stretched by the flame brushing technique over an ethanol burner to form a biconical taper with its thinnest diameter reaching micron to submicron size (Fig. 1(a)). The biconical taper is bent into a U-turn (Fig. 1(b)), and the two thick legs (coated fiber sections) of the “U” are placed on holders. A simple taper ending as a microfiber approximately the same diameter as in the U-turn is drawn (Fig. 1(c)) and its thick end is placed on a third holder in front of the U-turn and parallel to the two legs of the “U”. The microfiber end is guided from the bottom in between the two legs of the “U”, passed above and below one of the legs, then below and above the other leg, and passed from below again in between the “U” (Fig. 1(d)). The microfiber end is then placed and glued on a tapered fiber fixed to the fourth holder. By moving the four holders, the shape and the size of the knot can be varied.

Fig. 2. Photograph of the setup used to fabricate a microfiber reef knot.

Figure 2 shows a photograph of the simple setup used. The reef knot is hung horizontally thanks to the four holders, of which two are mounted on micropositioning stages. A black cloth underneath as well as visible red light launched into the knot are used to improve visualization. A stereomicroscope with zoom magnification 7 to 56 is focussed on the reef knot plane. The reef knot is illuminated from the side with a fibre bundle connected to a white light source. Photographs are taken through the stereomicroscope with a commercial digital camera.

Fig. 3. Photographs of fabricated microfiber reef knots: (a) All-silica reef knot made of microfibers 1.2±0.2 μm and 1.5±0.2 μm in diameter; (b) Silica-chalcogenide hybrid reef knot. The silica microfiber is 7 μm in diameter and appears whitish. The chalcogenide microfiber is 5 μm in diameter and appears brownish.

Figure 3(a) shows a photograph of an all-silica microfiber reef knot, whose spectral resonance curves are shown in Fig. 5. We also demonstrate the feasibility of assembling a hybrid silica-chalcogenide reef knot structure, whose photograph appears in Fig. 3(b). The motivation in developing hybrid devices consists in the following. It is well known that microfibers can be drawn from a large range of materials [10

L. Tong, L. Hu, J. Zhang, J. Qiu, Q. Yang, J. Lou, Y. Shen, J. He, and Z. Ye, “Photonic nanowires directly drawn from bulk glasses,” Opt. Express 14, 82-87 (2006). http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-1-82 [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], but combination between them has not been much investigated. Chalcogenide glasses are a family of highly nonlinear glasses [11

J. S. Sanghera, C. M. Florea, L. B. Shaw, P. Pureza, V. Q. Nguyen, M. Bashkansky, Z. Dutton, and I. D. Aggarwal, “Non-linear properties of chalcogenide glasses and fibers,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 354, 462-467 (2008). [CrossRef]

], from which microfibers have been recently drawn in order to enhance Kerr nonlinearity [12

E. C. Mägi, L. B. Fu, H. C. Nguyen, M. R. E. Lamont, D. I. Yeom, and B. J. Eggleton “Enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in sub-wavelength diameter As2Se3 chalcogenide fiber tapers”, Opt. Express 15, 10324 (2007). http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-16-10324 [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. The prospect of combining the good connectivity of silica microfibers with the high nonlinearity of chalcogenide microfibers into a resonating structure appears as a challenging perspective: nonlinear resonators operating with moderate input powers could then be developed [13

G. Vienne, Ph. Grelu, X. Pan, Y. Li, and L. Tong, “Theoretical study of microfiber resonator devices exploiting a phase shift,“ J. Opt. A 10, 025303 (2008). [CrossRef]

The chalcogenide glass used for the elaboration of the hybrid ring was a sulfide one, from the As₂S₃ composition. The fabrication process for this chalcogenide microfiber is detailed in Ref. 14

G. Vienne, A. Coillet, P. Grelu, C. Ledier, J. Troles, M. El Amraoui, J. -C. Jules, F. Smektala, and L. Tong, “Reef Knot Microfiber Resonators,” in Asia Optical Fiber Communication and Optoelectronic Exposition and Conference , OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2008), paper SaM2.

. So far, we have been limited to diameters not smaller than 5 micrometers for the As₂S₃ microfiber, a size too large for good coupling via the evanescent optical field, and no resonance could be observed. However, we tested the mechanical feasibility of the structure. Although the bulk chalcogenide glass can break very easily as compared to silica, the manipulation of the chalcogenide microfiber was not an issue. The reddish coloration of the chalcogenide microfiber (see Fig. 3(b)) made its visualization easier than for the silica microfiber. The difference of refractive index between the two glasses can cause unwanted reflections in the coupler regions unless the two microfiber diameters are carefully chosen to equalize the effective index of the propagating modes. The microfibers should also be drawn thinner than for the structure shown in Fig. 3(b) or should be clad by a liquid or a solid [18–20

G. Vienne, Y. Li, and L. Tong, “Microfiber Resonator in Polymer Matrix,“ IEICE Trans. Electron ., E90-C, 415-421 (2007). [CrossRef]

] to increase the extent of the evanescent field and thereby achieve efficient cross-coupling. We are currently addressing these issues.

3. Modeling, measurements, and discussion

Figure 4 is a schematic illustration of the operation of an add-drop filter showing the parameters at play. We can derive the basic properties of this resonator by assuming steady-state operation and matching fields, leading to the following set of equations:

{\begin{matrix} E_{1} = \sqrt{A} (\sqrt{1 - K_{1}} E_{in} + j \sqrt{K_{1}} E_{4}) \\ E_{through} = \sqrt{A} (j \sqrt{K_{1}} E_{in} + \sqrt{1 - K_{1}} E_{4}) \\ E_{2} = E_{1} e^{j ϕ_{12}} \\ E_{3} = j \sqrt{A K_{2}} E_{2} \\ E_{4} = E_{3} e^{j ϕ_{34}} \\ E_{drop} = \sqrt{A (1 - K_{2})} E_{2} \end{matrix}

(1)

where E_i is the electric field at the location “i” indicated in Fig. 4, K₁ and K₂ are the power cross coupling coefficients of the two couplers, A is the total power transmission coefficient through the coupler (assumed to be the same in both couplers), Φ₁₂ and Φ₃₄ are phase terms whose sum is Φ:

ϕ_{12} = \frac{2 π n_{eff} l_{12}}{λ}, ϕ_{34} = \frac{2 π n_{eff} l_{34}}{λ}, and ϕ = \frac{2 π n_{eff} l}{λ}

where l = l₁₂ + l ₃₄ is the circumference of the resonator, λ is the wavelength, and n_eff is the effective index of the propagating mode.

Fig. 4. Schematic of an add-drop filter with relevant parameters for modeling. For characterization the input port is connected to a supercontinuum source (SC), and the through and drop ports are connected to an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA).

Solving this system of equation for the fields and using the complex conjugate product to calculate the powers we obtain:

\frac{P_{drop}}{P_{in}} = \frac{A^{2} (1 - K_{1}) (1 - K_{2})}{1 + 2 A \sqrt{K_{1} K_{2}} \cos (ϕ) + A^{2} K_{1} K_{2}}

(2)

\frac{P_{through}}{P_{in}} = A \frac{K_{1} + 2 A \sqrt{K_{1} K_{2}} \cos (ϕ) + A^{2} K_{2}}{1 + 2 A \sqrt{K_{1} K_{2}} \cos (ϕ) + A^{2} K_{1} K_{2}}

(3)

Fig. 5. Example of transmission spectra measured from the through and drop ports of the all-silica microfiber reef knot shown in Fig. 3(a) (colored lines) together with the fit curves (black lines). The fit parameters are K1 = 20.8%, K2 = 46.2%, A = 0.46 and D = 450 μm. See text for details on the model.

For the characterization of our reef knots we used a Super K supercontinuum source from Koheras A/S as input and an optical spectrum analyzer model AQ6315 from Ando Corp. to measure the spectra transmitted at the through and drop ports. Fig. 5 shows the through and drop port spectra measured using the reef knot shown in Fig. 3(a), together with fits. The free spectral range (FSR) is 1.1 nm which would correspond to a diameter of 450 μm if the resonator were circular. In a smaller reef knot we obtained resonances with an FSR of 2 nm [14

] and we should be able to go down to the FSR of 15 nm measured in a simple knot [9

X. Jiang, Y. Chen, G. Vienne, and L. Tong, “All-fiber add-drop filters based on microfiber knot resonators,” Opt. Lett . 32 1710-2 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. From Fig. 3(a) we see that the geometry of the knot departs from a circle, and we measure a long axis of 470 μm and a short axis of 340 μm, with a circumference within 10% of the value calculated for a circular geometry.

Strictly speaking the ratio of the wavelength to the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of a resonance peak is a measure of the Q-factor only if the FWHM is much smaller than the FSR. Although we depart from this condition we use this ratio as an indication of the Q-factor. Using this approximation the Q-factor measured at the through port is around 10 000. This value is close to the 8 000 measured in a polymer add-drop filter fabricated by photolithography [15

D. Dai, B. Yang, L. Yang, Z. Sheng, and S. He, “Compact Microracetrack Resonator Devices Based on Small SU-8 Polymer Strip Waveguides,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett . 21, 254-256 (2009). [CrossRef]

]. However, the Q-factor measured at the drop port is much lower, with an average value of 3 500. We attribute this difference between the Q-factors measured at the through and drop ports to the different coupling coefficients in the two couplers. Indeed, from the fits we obtain K1 = 20.8% and K2 = 46.2%. We believe that this dissymmetry is due to the difference of diameters between the two microfibers used, and to non-optimal coupling lengths. We have assumed the same value of A in both couplers, but note that we could systematically obtain good fits despite this simplification. The value of the power transmission through the couplers is fitted to A=0.46. This relatively modest value could be improved (we found 0.92 in another knot), as it is likely to be caused by contamination.

The condition for critical coupling is that the square of A equals the ratio of K₁ over K₂ [16

O. Schwelb, “Transmission, Group Delay, and Dispersion in Single-Ring Optical Resonators and Add/Drop Filters - A Tutorial Overview,” J. Lightwave Technol . 22, 1380-1394 (2004). [CrossRef]

]. From the numerical value we see that we are far from fulfilling this condition and the extinction ratio measured at the through port is only 12 dB. Values of A, K₁, and K₂ better approaching the critical coupling condition are desirable for practical add-drop filter applications.

Finally we would like to mention two methods, CO₂ laser processing [17

P. Pal and W. H. Knox, “Fabrication and Characterization of Fused Microfiber Resonators,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett (to be published).

] and embedding in a solid matrix [18–20

G. Vienne, Y. Li, and L. Tong, “Microfiber Resonator in Polymer Matrix,“ IEICE Trans. Electron ., E90-C, 415-421 (2007). [CrossRef]

], which may improve the performance and increase the robustness of microfiber reef knots.

4. Conclusions

We have proposed and fabricated reef knot structures made of two microfibers. In one knot the two microfibers were made of the same material, silica, while in the hybrid knot both a silica and a chalcogenide microfiber were used. The latter was motivated by the prospect of high nonlinearity with silica fiber connectivity. The hybrid knot could also incorporate other materials such as a laser active glass. Resonance spectra showed that the all-silica reef knot could act as an add-drop filter, although fits to a simple model showed that the couplers should be improved. We expect that a better control of the microfiber diameters and of the knot size, as well as post-processing steps, will allow improvement over this initial demonstration.

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No 60678039), by the EGIDE program ‘Programme de Recherches Avancées Franco-Chinois’ (project 15660SL), and by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (project ANR05-BLAN-0152-01).

References and links

1.	N. Hodgson and H. Weber, Optical Resonators (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1997).
2.	K. Vahala Optical Microcavities (World Scientific, Singapore 2004). [CrossRef]
3.	J. Heebner, T. Ibrahim, and R. Grover, Optical Microesonators Theory, Fabrication, and Applications (Springer Verlag, London, 2008).
4.	L. Tong, R. R. Gattass, J. B. Ashcom, S. He, J. Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell, and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426, 816-9 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5.	M. Sumetsky, Y. Dulashko, J. M. Fini, A. Hale, and D. J. DiGiovanni, “The microfiber loop resonator: Theory, experiment, and application,” J. Lightwave Technol . 24, 242-250 (2006). [CrossRef]
6.	X. Jiang, L. Tong, G. Vienne, X. Guo, A. Tsao, Q. Yang, and D. Yang, “Demonstration of optical microfiber knot resonators,” Appl. Phys. Lett . 88 223501(2006). [CrossRef]
7.	M. Sumetsky, “Basic Elements for Microfiber Photonics: Micro/Nanofibers and Microfiber Coil Resonators,” J. Lightwave Technol . 26 21-27 (2008). [CrossRef]
8.	S. S. Wang, Z. F. Hu, Y. H. Li, and L. Tong, “All-fiber Fabry-Perot resonators based on microfiber Sagnac loop mirrors,” Opt. Lett . 34, 253-255 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9.	X. Jiang, Y. Chen, G. Vienne, and L. Tong, “All-fiber add-drop filters based on microfiber knot resonators,” Opt. Lett . 32 1710-2 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10.	L. Tong, L. Hu, J. Zhang, J. Qiu, Q. Yang, J. Lou, Y. Shen, J. He, and Z. Ye, “Photonic nanowires directly drawn from bulk glasses,” Opt. Express 14, 82-87 (2006). http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-1-82 [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11.	J. S. Sanghera, C. M. Florea, L. B. Shaw, P. Pureza, V. Q. Nguyen, M. Bashkansky, Z. Dutton, and I. D. Aggarwal, “Non-linear properties of chalcogenide glasses and fibers,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 354, 462-467 (2008). [CrossRef]
12.	E. C. Mägi, L. B. Fu, H. C. Nguyen, M. R. E. Lamont, D. I. Yeom, and B. J. Eggleton “Enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in sub-wavelength diameter As2Se3 chalcogenide fiber tapers”, Opt. Express 15, 10324 (2007). http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-16-10324 [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13.	G. Vienne, Ph. Grelu, X. Pan, Y. Li, and L. Tong, “Theoretical study of microfiber resonator devices exploiting a phase shift,“ J. Opt. A 10, 025303 (2008). [CrossRef]
14.	G. Vienne, A. Coillet, P. Grelu, C. Ledier, J. Troles, M. El Amraoui, J. -C. Jules, F. Smektala, and L. Tong, “Reef Knot Microfiber Resonators,” in Asia Optical Fiber Communication and Optoelectronic Exposition and Conference , OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2008), paper SaM2.
15.	D. Dai, B. Yang, L. Yang, Z. Sheng, and S. He, “Compact Microracetrack Resonator Devices Based on Small SU-8 Polymer Strip Waveguides,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett . 21, 254-256 (2009). [CrossRef]
16.	O. Schwelb, “Transmission, Group Delay, and Dispersion in Single-Ring Optical Resonators and Add/Drop Filters - A Tutorial Overview,” J. Lightwave Technol . 22, 1380-1394 (2004). [CrossRef]
17.	P. Pal and W. H. Knox, “Fabrication and Characterization of Fused Microfiber Resonators,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett (to be published).
18.	G. Vienne, Y. Li, and L. Tong, “Microfiber Resonator in Polymer Matrix,“ IEICE Trans. Electron ., E90-C, 415-421 (2007). [CrossRef]
19.	F. Xu and G. Brambilla, “Embedding optical microfiber coil resonators in Teflon,” Opt. Lett . 32, 2164-2166 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20.	G. Vienne, Y. Li, X. Jiang, and L. Tong, “Effect of host polymer on microring resonators,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett . 19 1386–8 (2007). [CrossRef]

OCIS Codes
(060.2280) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber design and fabrication
(230.5750) Optical devices : Resonators
(250.4390) Optoelectronics : Nonlinear optics, integrated optics

ToC Category:
Optical Devices

History
Original Manuscript: February 23, 2009
Revised Manuscript: March 19, 2009
Manuscript Accepted: March 22, 2009
Published: April 1, 2009

Citation
Guillaume Vienne, Aurélien Coillet, Philippe Grelu, Mohammed El Amraoui, Jean-Charles Jules, Frédéric Smektala, and Limin Tong, "Demonstration of a reef knot microfiber resonator," Opt. Express 17, 6224-6229 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-8-6224

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References

N. Hodgson and H. Weber, Optical Resonators (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1997).
K. Vahala, Optical Microcavities (World Scientific, Singapore 2004). [CrossRef]
J. Heebner, T. Ibrahim, and R. Grover, Optical Microesonators Theory, Fabrication, and Applications (Springer Verlag, London, 2008).
L. Tong, R. R. Gattass, J. B. Ashcom, S. He, J. Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell, and E. Mazur, "Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding," Nature 426,816-9 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Sumetsky, Y. Dulashko, J. M. Fini, A. Hale, and D. J. DiGiovanni, "The microfiber loop resonator: Theory, experiment, and application," J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 242-250 (2006). [CrossRef]
X. Jiang, L. Tong, G. Vienne, X. Guo, A. Tsao, Q. Yang, and D. Yang, "Demonstration of optical microfiber knot resonators," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88223501(2006). [CrossRef]
M. Sumetsky, "Basic Elements for Microfiber Photonics: Micro/Nanofibers and Microfiber Coil Resonators," J. Lightwave Technol. 2621-27 (2008). [CrossRef]
S. S. Wang, Z. F. Hu, Y. H. Li, and L. Tong, "All-fiber Fabry-Perot resonators based on microfiber Sagnac loop mirrors," Opt. Lett. 34,253-255 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
X. Jiang, Y. Chen, G. Vienne, and L. Tong, "All-fiber add-drop filters based on microfiber knot resonators," Opt. Lett. 321710-2 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. Tong, L. Hu, J. Zhang, J. Qiu, Q. Yang, J. Lou, Y. Shen, J. He, and Z. Ye, "Photonic nanowires directly drawn from bulk glasses," Opt. Express 14,82-87 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-1-82. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. S. Sanghera, C. M. Florea, L. B. Shaw, P. Pureza, V. Q. Nguyen, M. Bashkansky, Z. Dutton, and I. D. Aggarwal, "Non-linear properties of chalcogenide glasses and fibers," J. Non-Cryst. Solids 354, 462-467 (2008). [CrossRef]
E. C. Mägi, L. B. Fu, H. C. Nguyen, M. R. E. Lamont, D. I. Yeom, and B. J. Eggleton "Enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in sub-wavelength diameter As2Se3 chalcogenide fiber tapers," Opt. Express 15, 10324 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-16-10324. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
G. Vienne, Ph. Grelu, X. Pan, Y. Li, and L. Tong, "Theoretical study of microfiber resonator devices exploiting a phase shift," J. Opt. A 10, 025303 (2008). [CrossRef]
G. Vienne, A. Coillet, P. Grelu, C. Ledier, J. Troles, M. El Amraoui, J. -C. Jules, F. Smektala, and L. Tong, "Reef Knot Microfiber Resonators," in Asia Optical Fiber Communication and Optoelectronic Exposition and Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2008), paper SaM2.
D. Dai, B. Yang, L. Yang, Z. Sheng, and S. He, "Compact Microracetrack Resonator Devices Based on Small SU-8 Polymer Strip Waveguides," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 21,254-256 (2009). [CrossRef]
O. Schwelb, "Transmission, Group Delay, and Dispersion in Single-Ring Optical Resonators and Add/Drop Filters - A Tutorial Overview," J. Lightwave Technol. 22,1380-1394 (2004). [CrossRef]
P. Pal and W. H. Knox, "Fabrication and Characterization of Fused Microfiber Resonators," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett (to be published).
G. Vienne, Y. Li, and L. Tong, "Microfiber Resonator in Polymer Matrix," IEICE Trans. Electron., E 90-C,415-421 (2007). [CrossRef]
F. Xu and G. Brambilla, "Embedding optical microfiber coil resonators in Teflon," Opt. Lett. 32,2164-2166 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
G. Vienne, Y. Li, X. Jiang, and L. Tong, "Effect of host polymer on microring resonators," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 191386-8 (2007). [CrossRef]

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