Second-order statistics of stochastic electromagnetic beams propagating through non-Kolmogorov turbulence

doi:10.1364/OE.18.010650

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Second-order statistics of stochastic electromagnetic beams propagating through non-Kolmogorov turbulence

Elena Shchepakina and Olga Korotkova »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 10, pp. 10650-10658 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.010650

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▸ Article Outline
– Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Propagation of cross-spectral density matrix in non-Kolmogorov turbulence
3. An example: electromagnetic Gaussian-Schell model beam
4. Concluding remarks
– References and links

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Abstract

We present a detailed investigation, qualitative and quantitative, on how the atmospheric turbulence with a non-Kolmogorov power spectrum affects the major statistics of stochastic electromagnetic beams, such as the spectral composition and the states of coherence and polarization. We suggest a detailed survey on how these properties evolve on propagation of beams generated by electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model sources, depending on the fractal constant α of the atmospheric power spectrum.

1. Introduction

It has been experimentally shown in the last several decades that generally atmospheric turbulence might possess structure different from the classic Kolmogorov’s one [1

A. N. Kolmogorov, “The local structure of turbulence in an incompressible viscous fluid for very large Reynolds numbers,” C. R. Acad. Sci. URSS 30, 301–305 (1941).

, 2

A. N. Kolmogorov, “Dissipation of energy in the locally isotropic turbulence,” C. R. Acad. Sci. URSS 32, 16–18 (1941).

], i.e. it can have other energy distribution among differently-sized turbulent eddies, and exhibit non-homogeneity and/or anisotropy [3–18

V. I. Tatarski, Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Medium (Nauka, Moscow, 1967).

]. Such deviations are usually pertinent to higher atmospheric layers, being caused by gravity waves and the jet-stream, and they certainly affect the statistics of electromagnetic waves, especially at optical frequencies, as can be shown by direct data application in propagation equations (cf. [19

O. Korotkova, N. Farwell, and A. Mahalov, “The effect of the jet-stream on the intensity of laser beams propagating along slanted paths in the upper layers of the turbulent atmosphere,” Waves in Random Media , 19, 692–702 (2009). [CrossRef]

]).

While it is generally impossible to characterize all the features of non-Kolmogorov’s atmosphere several analytical models have been recently suggested [20–22

I. Toselli, L. C. Andrews, R. L. Phillips, and V. Ferrero, “Free-space optical system performance for laser beam propagation through non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Opt. Engineering 47, 026003 (February 2008). [CrossRef]

] for taking into account the slope variation of the atmospheric power spectrum. In particular, it was assumed that instead of classic power law 11/3 the power spectrum has a generalized law, defined by parameter α, in the range 3 < α < 5, as the one-dimensional fractal distribution stipulates. It was also shown how parameter α influences various statistics of monochromatic [23

W. Du, S. Yu, L. Tan, J. Ma, Y. Jiang, and W. Xie, “Angle-of-arrival fluctiations for wave propagation trough non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Opt. Commun. 282, 705–708 (2009). [CrossRef]

, 24

L. Tan, W. Du, J. Ma, S. Yu, and Q. Han, “Log-amplitude variance for a Gaussian-beam wave propagating trough non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Opt. Express 18, 451–461 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] and partially coherent [25

G. Wu, H. Guo, S. Yu, and B. Luo, “Spreading and direction of Gaussian-Schell model beam through a non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Opt. Lett. 35, 715–717 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] optical waves. Since the atmosphere was shown to be layered in terms of the power spectra at different altitudes several studies were carried out on modeling of the non-Kolmogorov spectrum specifically for up/down/slant path propagation [6

A. S. Gurvich and M. S. Belenkii, “Influence of stratospheric turbulence on infrared imaging,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 2517–2522 (1995). [CrossRef]

, 7

M. S. Belenkii, “Influence of stratospheric turbulence on infrared imaging,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 2517–2522 (1995). [CrossRef]

, 26

A. Zilberman, E. Golbraikh, and N. S. Kopeika, “Propagation of electromagnetic waves in Kolmogorov and non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence: three-layer altitude model,” Appl. Opt. 47, 6385–6391 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. However, all the studies relating to wave propagation in such turbulence conditions were based on the scalar theory of propagation.

In this study we extend the previous analysis from scalar to electromagnetic stochastic beam-like fields and consider the main set of their properties, including spectral, coherence and polarization states. It was recently discovered that polarization properties of beams can change on propagation, even in free space [27

D. F. V. James, “Change of polarization of light beams on propagation in free space,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 1641–1649 (1994). [CrossRef]

]. This effect is caused solely by correlation properties of the source. In the conditions of the Kolmogorov’s atmosphere such changes were demonstrated to depend on both source and medium fluctuations and occur, in contrast with the free-space effects, in a non-monotonic fashion [28–30

O. Korotkova, M. Salem, and E. Wolf, “The far-zone behavior of the degree of polarization of partially coherent beams propagating through atmospheric turbulence,” Opt. Commun. 233, 225–230 (2004). [CrossRef]

]. In addition, depending on whether the source is uniformly polarized or not, in the former case all the single-point polarization properties self-reconstruct after traveling, in the Kolmogorov’s atmosphere, for sufficiently large distance [31

X. Du, D. Zhao, and O. Korotkova, “Changes in the statistical properties of stochastic anisotropic electromagnetic beams on propagation in the turbulent atmosphere,” Opt. Express 15, 16909–16915 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. It will be of interest to test whether the same predictions still hold for polarization of beams propagating in the non-Kolmogorov’s turbulence.

We will illustrate our analytical results by calculating numerically the major statistics of the stochastic electromagnetic beams for the famous class of electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model (EMGSM) beams, propagating in the non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence with different values of parameter α and will point out to the differences in the results from those relating to the classic Kolmogorov’s theory.

On passing to the main part of the paper we would like to mention that our atmosphere-related study can also be of interest for optical beam interaction with other natural media, such as turbulent ocean and biological tissues, just to name a few. It is well known that human and animal tissues, for instance, can also be characterized by their spatial power spectra. As was recently shown in [32

W. Gao, “Changes of polarization of light beams on propagation trough tissue,” Opt. Commun. 260, 749–754 (2006). [CrossRef]

,33

W. Gao and O. Korotkova, “Changes in the state of polarization of a random electro-magnetic beam propagating through tissue,” Opt. Commun. 270, 474–478 (2007). [CrossRef]

] polarization properties of beams trespassing human epidermis can be determined in a way similar to one used in atmospheric studies but have qualitatively different behavior. For instance, the beam only depolarizes with traveling distance.

2. Propagation of cross-spectral density matrix in non-Kolmogorov turbulence

We will now develop equations for the second-order properties of a stochastic electromagnetic beam-like field passing through a non-Kolmogorov turbulence [20

]. Suppose that the beam is generated in the source plane z = 0 and propagates into the half-space z > 0, nearly parallel to the positive z direction. The second-order statistical properties of such a beam may be characterized by a cross-spectral density matrix [34

E. Wolf, Intoduction to the Theories of Coherence and Polarization of Light (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007).

] defined at two positions r₁⁰ = (x₁⁰, y₁⁰, 0) and r⁰₂=(x₂⁰, y₂⁰, 0) and angular frequency ω as

W^{0} (r_{1}^{0}, r_{2}^{0}; ω) = [〈 E_{i}^{*} (r_{1}^{0}; ω) E_{j} (r_{2}^{0}; ω) 〉], (i, j = x, y),

where E_i and E_j are the mutually orthogonal components of the electric field, * stands for complex conjugate, angular brackets denote ensemble average in the sense of coherence theory in space-frequency domain [35

L. Mandel and E. Wolf, Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995).

] and square brackets are used to denote the 2×2 matrix components. The elements of the cross-spectral density matrix propagating to points r₁ = (x₁,y₁,z₁) and r₂ = (x₂,y₂,z₂) of the half-space z > 0, filled with turbulent atmosphere can then be given by the formula [36

J. Pu and O. Korotkova, “Propagation of the degree of cross-polarization in the turbulent atmosphere” Opt. Commun. 282, 1691–1698 (2009). [CrossRef]

]

W_{ij} (r_{1}, r_{2}; ω) = {(\frac{k}{2 π z})}^{2} ∫∫∫∫ W_{ij}^{0} (r_{1}^{0}, r_{2}^{0}; ω) K (r_{1}^{0}, r_{2}^{0}, r_{1}, r_{2}; ω) d^{2} r_{1}^{0} d^{2} r_{2}^{0},

(1)

where k = c/ω = 2π/λ is the wave number of the optical wave, and K (r₁⁰, r⁰₂, r₁, r₂; ω) is the propagator, depending on the Green’s function of the random medium, of the form

K (r_{1}^{0}, r_{2}^{0}, r_{1}, r_{2}; ω) = \exp [- ik \frac{{(r_{1} - r_{1}^{0})}^{2} - {(r_{2} - r_{2}^{0})}^{2}}{2 z}]

\times \exp {- \frac{π^{2} k^{2} z}{3} [{(r_{1} - r_{2})}^{2} + (r_{1} - r_{2}) (r_{1}^{0} - r_{2}^{0}) + {(r_{1}^{0} - r_{2}^{0})}^{2}] \int_{0}^{\infty} κ^{3} Φ_{n} (κ) d κ},

(2)

where Φ_n(κ) is the one-dimensional power spectrum of fluctuations in the refractive index of the turbulent medium.

We will assume here that the turbulence is governed by non-Kolmogorov statistics, and that the power spectrum Φ_n(κ) has the van Karman form, in which the slope 11/3 is generalized to arbitrary parameter α, i.e. [20

,21

I. Toselli, L. C. Andrews, R. L. Phillips, and V. Ferrero, “Angle of arrival fluctuations for free space laser beam propagation through non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Proc. SPIE 6551, 65510E–1–12 (2007). [CrossRef]

Φ_{n} (κ) = A (α) {\tilde{C}}_{n}^{2} \frac{\exp [- κ^{2} / κ_{m}^{2}]}{{(κ^{2} + κ_{0}^{2})}^{α / 2}}, 0 \leq κ < \infty, 3 < α < 5,

(3)

where κ₀ = 2π/L_o, L₀ being the outer scale of turbulence, κ_m = c(α)/l₀, l₀ being the inner scale of turbulence, and

c (α) = {[Γ (5 - \frac{α}{2}) A (α) \frac{2}{3} π]}^{1 / (α - 5)} .

The term C̃₂_n in Eq. (3) is a generalized refractive-index structure parameter with units m_3-α, and

A (α) = \frac{1}{4 π^{2}} Γ (α - 1) \cos (\frac{α π}{2}),

with Γ(x) being the Gamma function. For the power spectrum (3) the integral in expression Eq. (2) becomes

I = \int_{0}^{\infty} κ^{3} Φ_{n} (κ) d κ = \frac{A (α)}{2 (α - 2)} {\tilde{C}}_{n}^{2} [κ_{m}^{2 - α} β \exp (\frac{κ_{0}^{2}}{κ_{m}^{2}}) Γ (2 - \frac{α}{2}, \frac{κ_{0}^{2}}{κ_{m}^{2}}) - 2 κ_{0}^{4 - α}],

(4)

where β = 2κ₀² − 2κ_m² + ακ_m² and Γ denotes the incomplete Gamma function. Equations (1), (2) and (4) provide the theoretical basis for propagation of arbitrary stochastic electromagnetic beams in general, non-Kolmogorov turbulence. On substituting for W⁰(r₁⁰, r⁰₂; ω) into Eq. (1) one of the available models for stochastic electromagnetic beams one can determine their second-order statistical properties everywhere within random medium. Among the statistics of interest we will consider, in what follows, the spectral density [34

E. Wolf, Intoduction to the Theories of Coherence and Polarization of Light (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007).

]

S (r; ω) = Tr W (r, r; ω),

(5)

the spectral degree of coherence

η (r_{1}, r_{2}; ω) = \frac{Tr W (r_{1}, r_{2}; ω)}{\sqrt{S (r_{1}; ω)} \sqrt{S (r_{2}; ω)}},

(6)

and the spectral degree of polarization

P (r; ω) = \sqrt{1 - \frac{4 Det W (r, r; ω)}{{[Tr W (r, r; ω)]}^{2}} .}

(7)

In Eqs. (5)–(7) Tr and Det stand for trace and determinant of the cross-spectral density matrix with components defined by Eq. (1).

3. An example: electromagnetic Gaussian-Schell model beam

We will now apply the formulas developed in Sec. 2 to the important model beam, known in the literature as the electromagnetic Gaussian-Schell model [EMGSM] beam. Such a beam can be characterized in the source plane by a matrix with elements

W_{ij}^{0} (r_{1}^{0}, r_{2}^{0}; ω) = B_{ij} \sqrt{I_{i}} \sqrt{I_{j}} \exp [- \frac{{(r_{1}^{0})}^{2} + {(r_{2}^{0})}^{2}}{4 σ^{2}}] \exp [- \frac{{(r_{1}^{0} - r_{2}^{0})}^{2}}{2 δ_{ij}^{2}}],

where I_x, I_y are the intensities along x- and y- axes, B_ij = ∣B_ij∣e^iφ_ij is the single-point correlation coefficient between i and j field components, φ_ij being its phase, σ is the r.m.s. width of the beam, δ_xx and δ_yy are the r.m.s. widths of auto-correlations of E_x and E_y field components, and δ_xy, δ_yx are the r.m.s. widths of the cross-correlations of E_x and E_y. The fact that σ does not depend on indexes i and j implies that the single-point polarization properties are uniform across the source [37

F. Gori, M. Santarsiero, G. Piquero, R. Borghi, A. Mondello, and R. Simon, “Partially polarized Gaussian Schell-model beams,” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 3, 1–9 (2001). [CrossRef]

]. In addition, the following set of conditions should be satisfied by some parameters entering the model [28

,38

H. Roychowdhury and O. Korotkova, “Realizability conditions for electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model sources,” Opt. Commun. 249, 379–385 (2005). [CrossRef]

]

B_{xx} = B_{yy} = 1, ∣ B_{xy} ∣ = ∣ B_{yx} ∣, φ_{xy} = φ_{yx}, δ_{xy} = δ_{yx},

max {δ_{xx}; δ_{yy}} \leq δ_{xy} \leq min {\frac{δ_{xx}}{\sqrt{B_{xy}}}; \frac{δ_{yy}}{\sqrt{B_{xy}}}} .

These relations all follow from the non-negative definiteness and quasi-hermiticity of the cross-spectral density matrix [34

E. Wolf, Intoduction to the Theories of Coherence and Polarization of Light (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007).

]. It was shown in [39

W. Lu, L. Liu, J. Sun, Q. Yang, and Y. Zhu, “Change in degree of coherence of partially coherent electromagnetic beams propagating through atmospheric turbulence,” Opt. Commun. 271, 1–8 (2007). [CrossRef]

] that after propagation at distance z from the source the elements of the cross-spectral density matrix of an EMGSM beam take the form

W_{ij} (r_{1}, r_{2}; ω) = \frac{B_{ij} \sqrt{I_{i}} \sqrt{I_{j}}}{Δ_{ij}^{2} (z)} \exp [- \frac{{(r_{1} + r_{2})}^{2}}{8 σ^{2} Δ_{ij}^{2} (z)}] \exp [\frac{ik (r_{2}^{2} - r_{1}^{2})}{2 R_{ij} (z)}]

\times \exp {- [\frac{1}{2 Δ_{ij}^{2} (z)} (\frac{1}{4 σ^{2}} + \frac{1}{δ_{ij}^{2}}) + \frac{1}{3} π^{2} k^{2} zI (1 + σ^{2}) - \frac{π^{4} k^{2} z^{4} I^{2}}{18 σ^{2} Δ_{ij}^{2} (z)}] {(r_{1} - r_{2})}^{2}},

where the spreading coefficients and curvature terms are given respectively by the expressions

Δ_{ij}^{2} (z) = 1 + \frac{z^{2}}{k^{2} σ^{2}} (\frac{1}{4 σ^{2}} + \frac{1}{δ_{ij}^{2}}) + \frac{2 π^{2} z^{3} I}{3 σ^{2}},

R_{ij} (z) = \frac{σ^{2} Δ_{ij}^{2} (z) z}{σ^{2} Δ_{ij}^{2} (z) + \frac{1}{3} π^{2} z^{3} I - σ^{2}},

and I having been defined in Eq. (4).

We will now numerically determine the behavior of statistics Eqs. (5)–(7) in the case of a typical EMGSM beam with diagonal matrix (without loss of generality) and will analyze their dependence on parameter α. We will assume below the following values of the parameters of the atmosphere and the beam: C̃²_n = 10⁻¹³m^3−α, A_y = 1, l₀ = 10⁻³ m, L₀ = 1 m, λ = 0.6328 × 10⁻⁶ m, σ = 0.025 m, δ_xx = 5 × 10⁻³ m, δ_yy = 5 × 10⁻⁴ m, unless other values are specified in the figure captions.

Fig. 1. The normalized spectral density S_N and the spectral degree of polarization P as functions of α for r = 0, z = 1 km, A_x = 1.

Figure 1 shows variation of the on-axis spectral density normalized by its value in the source plane, i.e. S_N(r; ω) = S(0, 0, z; ω)/S(0, 0, 0; ω), and the spectral degree of polarization P(0, 0, z; ω) with parameter α at distance 1 km from the source. We note that in this figure the illumination beam is uniformly unpolarized across the source, but due to source correlations it becomes nearly polarized at 1 km the effect first noticed by James [27

D. F. V. James, “Change of polarization of light beams on propagation in free space,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 1641–1649 (1994). [CrossRef]

] for propagation in vacuum. In our case the atmospheric turbulence also modifies these statistics, the strength of the effect being dependent on α. The main trends of both beam properties are similar with maximum values at the ends of the interval 3 < α < 5 and one minimum inside. As also is seen from this figure the turbulence affects both statistics most when α is close to its lower limit.

In Fig. 2 we demonstrate the on-axis normalized spectral density as a function of distance z from the source for several values of parameter α, one of which corresponds to the Kolmogorov’s turbulence (α = 3.67) (dotted curves). We note that the spectral density remains almost the same up to about a kilometer and then decreases at rates depending on α.

Figure 3 shows the dependence of the on-axis values of the spectral degree of polarization as a function of propagation distance z from the source, for several fixed values of the parameter α. As is seen from the figure, the polarization of the initially unpolarized beam first grows to almost unity due to source correlations, independently of α, and then decreases depending on the value of α.

Fig. 2. The normalized spectral density S_N as a function of distance z for r = 0, A_x = 1, and different α: α = 3.01 (solid curve), α = 3.1 (dashed curve), α = 3.67 (dotted curve) and α = 4.99 (dot-dashed curve); (a) on a semilog scale, (b) on a log scale.

Fig. 3. The spectral degree of polarization P as a function of distance z for r = 0, A_x = 1, and different α: α = 3.01 (solid curve), α = 3.1 (dashed curve), α = 3.67 (dotted curve) and α = 4.99 (dot-dashed curve); (a) on a semilog scale, (b) on a log scale.

Fig. 4. The absolute value of the spectral degree of coherence as a function of distance z for r = 10^-3 m, A_x = 1.3 and different α: α = 3.01 (solid curve), α = 3.1 (dashed curve), α = 3.67 (dotted curve) and α = 4.99 (dot-dashed curve); (a) on a basic scale, (b) on a log scale.

Fig. 5. The absolute value of the spectral degree of coherence as a function of α for z = 1 km, A_x = 1.3, r = 5×10^-4 m (solid curve), r = 10^-3 m (dashed curve), r = 5×10^-3 m (dotted curve) and r = 10^-2 m (dot-dashed curve).

Fig. 6. The absolute value of the spectral degree of coherence as a function of r for z = 1 km, A_x = 1.3 and different α: α = 3.01 (solid curve), α = 3.1 (dashed curve), α = 3.67 (dotted curve) and α = 4.99 (dot-dashed curve).

Figures 4–6 illustrate the variation of the modulus of the spectral degree of coherence η with propagation distance from the source, separation distance between two points in the transverse plane and the turbulence parameter α. The absolute value of the spectral degree of coherence is an important measurable quantity that can be related to the interference of fringes in the Young’s interference experiment, including the case when the beam is electromagnetic [40

E. Wolf, “The influence of Young’s interferences experiment on the development of statistical optics,” in Progress in Optics, E. Wolf, ed. (Elsevier B. V., 2007), 50 pp. 251–273.

]. In particular, Fig. 4 gives, on two scales (a) basic and (b) logarithmic, the dependence of the absolute value of the spectral degree of coherence with propagation distance from the source, calculated at distance r = ∣r∣ = ∣r₁-r₂∣ between two fixed points symmetrically situated about the optical axis, r₁ = r/2 and r₂ = -r/2. While this quantity grows to high values at distances close to the source, the effect being attributed to source correlations, it steadily starts to decrease, at about 1 km from the source, to lower values, the rate depending on α. The dependence on α is non-monotonic as before, for other statistics, the fastest drop corresponding to α = 3.1 among the four selected values. On the other hand for values of α close to 5 the turbulence does not practically affect the state of coherence and resembles the free-space scenario [29

M. Salem, O. Korotkova, A. Dogariu, and E. Wolf, “Polarization changes in partially coherent EM beams propagating through turbulent atmosphere,” Waves in Random Media 14, 513–523 (2004). [CrossRef]

,30

O. Korotkova, M. Salem, A. Dogariu, and E. Wolf, “Changes in the polarization ellipse of random electromagnetic beams propagating through turbulent atmosphere,” Waves in Random and Complex Media 15, 353–364 (2005). [CrossRef]

]. Figures 5 and 6 explore different perspectives of the same dependence: Fig. 5 shows the variation of the modulus of the spectral degree of coherence on parameter α for several fixed separation distances between points in the transverse plane z = 1 km. The most drastic variation of the coherence state can be noticed for the case corresponding to the dashed curve, r = 1 mm. Also, for α > 4 there is almost no effect of the atmosphere on the state of coherence of the beam. Finally, Fig. 6 presents the drop in the modulus of the degree of coherence with growing values of r at fixed distance 1 km from the source, for discrete values of α.

4. Concluding remarks

We have explored the variation of the three main statistics of a typical stochastic electromagnetic beam: the spectral density, and the states of coherence and polarization, on propagation in the turbulent atmosphere depending on the slope α (3 < α < 5) of the non-Kolmogorov power spectrum of refractive index fluctuations. We have found that a typical beam is affected the least for α close to 5 and the most in a region about 3.1, the dependence of all the statistics on α being, hence, non-monotonic. Our results may find uses in communication and sensing systems operating through atmospheric channels at high altitudes from the ground where the atmosphere does not possess the classic Kolmogorov’s structure. It was recently shown that the beams of the considered class may be efficiently used in both aforementioned applications (cf. [41

O. Korotkova, “Scintillation index of a stochastic electromagnetic beam propagating in random media,” Opt. Commun. 281, 2342–2348 (2008).

,42

O. Korotkova, Y. Cai, and E. Watson, “Stochastic electromagnetic beams for LIDAR systems operating through turbulent atmosphere,” Appl. Phys. B 94, 681–690 (2009). [CrossRef]

]) in the classic case and can be now modified, based on our results, for the non-Kolmogorov’s statistics in a straightforward manner.

Acknowledgments

O. Korotkova’s research is funded by the US AFOSR (grant FA 95500810102) and US ONR (grant N0018909P1903). E. Shchepakina is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 10-08-00154a).

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20.	I. Toselli, L. C. Andrews, R. L. Phillips, and V. Ferrero, “Free-space optical system performance for laser beam propagation through non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Opt. Engineering 47, 026003 (February 2008). [CrossRef]
21.	I. Toselli, L. C. Andrews, R. L. Phillips, and V. Ferrero, “Angle of arrival fluctuations for free space laser beam propagation through non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Proc. SPIE 6551, 65510E–1–12 (2007). [CrossRef]
22.	C. Rao, W. Jiang, and N. Ling, “Spatial and temporal characterization of phase fluctuations in non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence,” J. Mod. Opt. 47, 1111–1126 (2000). [CrossRef]
23.	W. Du, S. Yu, L. Tan, J. Ma, Y. Jiang, and W. Xie, “Angle-of-arrival fluctiations for wave propagation trough non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Opt. Commun. 282, 705–708 (2009). [CrossRef]
24.	L. Tan, W. Du, J. Ma, S. Yu, and Q. Han, “Log-amplitude variance for a Gaussian-beam wave propagating trough non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Opt. Express 18, 451–461 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25.	G. Wu, H. Guo, S. Yu, and B. Luo, “Spreading and direction of Gaussian-Schell model beam through a non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Opt. Lett. 35, 715–717 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26.	A. Zilberman, E. Golbraikh, and N. S. Kopeika, “Propagation of electromagnetic waves in Kolmogorov and non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence: three-layer altitude model,” Appl. Opt. 47, 6385–6391 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27.	D. F. V. James, “Change of polarization of light beams on propagation in free space,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 1641–1649 (1994). [CrossRef]
28.	O. Korotkova, M. Salem, and E. Wolf, “The far-zone behavior of the degree of polarization of partially coherent beams propagating through atmospheric turbulence,” Opt. Commun. 233, 225–230 (2004). [CrossRef]
29.	M. Salem, O. Korotkova, A. Dogariu, and E. Wolf, “Polarization changes in partially coherent EM beams propagating through turbulent atmosphere,” Waves in Random Media 14, 513–523 (2004). [CrossRef]
30.	O. Korotkova, M. Salem, A. Dogariu, and E. Wolf, “Changes in the polarization ellipse of random electromagnetic beams propagating through turbulent atmosphere,” Waves in Random and Complex Media 15, 353–364 (2005). [CrossRef]
31.	X. Du, D. Zhao, and O. Korotkova, “Changes in the statistical properties of stochastic anisotropic electromagnetic beams on propagation in the turbulent atmosphere,” Opt. Express 15, 16909–16915 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32.	W. Gao, “Changes of polarization of light beams on propagation trough tissue,” Opt. Commun. 260, 749–754 (2006). [CrossRef]
33.	W. Gao and O. Korotkova, “Changes in the state of polarization of a random electro-magnetic beam propagating through tissue,” Opt. Commun. 270, 474–478 (2007). [CrossRef]
34.	E. Wolf, Intoduction to the Theories of Coherence and Polarization of Light (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007).
35.	L. Mandel and E. Wolf, Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995).
36.	J. Pu and O. Korotkova, “Propagation of the degree of cross-polarization in the turbulent atmosphere” Opt. Commun. 282, 1691–1698 (2009). [CrossRef]
37.	F. Gori, M. Santarsiero, G. Piquero, R. Borghi, A. Mondello, and R. Simon, “Partially polarized Gaussian Schell-model beams,” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 3, 1–9 (2001). [CrossRef]
38.	H. Roychowdhury and O. Korotkova, “Realizability conditions for electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model sources,” Opt. Commun. 249, 379–385 (2005). [CrossRef]
39.	W. Lu, L. Liu, J. Sun, Q. Yang, and Y. Zhu, “Change in degree of coherence of partially coherent electromagnetic beams propagating through atmospheric turbulence,” Opt. Commun. 271, 1–8 (2007). [CrossRef]
40.	E. Wolf, “The influence of Young’s interferences experiment on the development of statistical optics,” in Progress in Optics, E. Wolf, ed. (Elsevier B. V., 2007), 50 pp. 251–273.
41.	O. Korotkova, “Scintillation index of a stochastic electromagnetic beam propagating in random media,” Opt. Commun. 281, 2342–2348 (2008).
42.	O. Korotkova, Y. Cai, and E. Watson, “Stochastic electromagnetic beams for LIDAR systems operating through turbulent atmosphere,” Appl. Phys. B 94, 681–690 (2009). [CrossRef]

OCIS Codes
(010.1290) Atmospheric and oceanic optics : Atmospheric optics
(010.1330) Atmospheric and oceanic optics : Atmospheric turbulence
(030.1640) Coherence and statistical optics : Coherence
(260.5430) Physical optics : Polarization

ToC Category:
Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics

History
Original Manuscript: March 23, 2010
Revised Manuscript: April 30, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: May 1, 2010
Published: May 6, 2010

Citation
Elena Shchepakina and Olga Korotkova, "Second-order statistics of stochastic electromagnetic beams propagating through non-Kolmogorov turbulence," Opt. Express 18, 10650-10658 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-10-10650

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References

A. N. Kolmogorov, “The local structure of turbulence in an incompressible viscous fluid for very large Reynolds numbers,” C. R. Acad. Sci. URSS 30, 301–305 (1941).
A. N. Kolmogorov, “Dissipation of energy in the locally isotropic turbulence,” C. R. Acad. Sci. URSS 32, 16–18 (1941).
V. I. Tatarski, Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Medium (Nauka, Moscow, 1967).
J. R. Kerr, “Experiments on turbulence characteristics and multiwavelength scintillation phenomena,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 62, 1040-1049 (1972). [CrossRef]
R. S. Lawrence, G. R. Ochs, and S. F. Clifford, “Measurements of atmospheric turbulence relevant to optical propagation,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 60, 826-830 (1970). [CrossRef]
A. S. Gurvich and M. S. Belenkii, “Influence of stratospheric turbulence on infrared imaging,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 2517-2522 (1995). [CrossRef]
M. S. Belenkii, “Influence of stratospheric turbulence on infrared imaging,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 2517-2522 (1995). [CrossRef]
F. Dalaudier, M. Crochet, and C. Sidi, “Direct comparison between in situ and radar measurements of temperature fluctuation spectra: a puzzling results,” Radio Sci. 24, 311-324 (1989). [CrossRef]
F. Daludier and C. Sidi, “Direct evidence of sheets in the atmospheric temperature field,” J. Atmos. Sci. 51, 237-248 (1994). [CrossRef]
H. Luce, F. Daludier, M. Crochet, and C. Sidi, “Direct comparison between in situ and VHF oblique radar measurements of refractive index spectra: a new successful attempt,” Radio Sci. 31, 1487-1500 (1996). [CrossRef]
M. S. Belenkii, J. D. Barchers, S. J. Karis, C. L. Osmon, J. M. Brown, and R. Q. Fugate, “Preliminary experimental evidence of anisotropy of turbulence and the effect of non-Kolmogorov turbulence on wavefront tilt statistics,” Proc. SPIE 3762, 396-406 (1999). [CrossRef]
A. Zilberman, E. Golbraikh, N. S. Kopeika, A. Virtser, I. Kupershmidt, and Y. Shtemler, “Lidar study of aerosol turbulence characteristics in the troposphere: Kolmogorov and non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Atmos. Res. 88, 66-77 (2008). [CrossRef]
M. S. Belenkii, S. J. Karis, J. M. BrownII, and R. Q. Fugate, “Experimental study of the effect of non Kolmogorov stratospheric turbulence on star image motion,” Proc. SPIE 3126, 113–123 (1997). [CrossRef]
B. E. Stribling, B. M. Welsh, and M. C. Roggemann, “Optical propagation in non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence,” Proc. SPIE 2471, 181–196 (1995). [CrossRef]
D. T. Kyrazis, J. Wissler, D. D. B. Keating, A. J. Preble, and K. P. Bishop, “Measurement of optical turbulence in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere,” Proc. SPIE 2120, 43–55 (1994). [CrossRef]
B. Joseph, A. Mahalov, B. Nicolaenko, and K. L. Tse, “Variability of turbulence and its outer scales in a model tropopause jet,” J. Atm. Sci. 61, 621-643 (2004). [CrossRef]
A. Mahalov, B. Nicolaenko, K.L. Tse, and B. Joseph, “Eddy mixing in jet-stream turbulence under stronger stratification,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L23111 (2004). [CrossRef]
C. Rao, W. Jiang, and N. Ling, “Adaptive-Optics Compensation by Distributed Beacons for Non-Kolmogorov Turbulence,” Appl. Opt. 40, 3441–3449 (2001). [CrossRef]
O. Korotkova, N. Farwell, and A. Mahalov, “The effect of the jet-stream on the intensity of laser beams propagating along slanted paths in the upper layers of the turbulent atmosphere,” Waves in Random Media 19, 692–702 (2009). [CrossRef]
I. Toselli, L. C. Andrews, R. L. Phillips, and V. Ferrero, “Free-space optical system performance for laser beam propagation through non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Opt. Engineering 47, 026003 (February 2008). [CrossRef]
I. Toselli, L. C. Andrews, R. L. Phillips, and V. Ferrero, “Angle of arrival fluctuations for free space laser beam propagation through non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Proc. SPIE 6551, 65510E–1–12 (2007). [CrossRef]
C. Rao, W. Jiang, and N. Ling, “Spatial and temporal characterization of phase fluctuations in non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence,” J. Mod. Opt. 47, 1111–1126 (2000). [CrossRef]
W. Du, S. Yu, L. Tan, J. Ma, Y. Jiang, and W. Xie, “Angle-of-arrival fluctiations for wave propagation trough non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Opt. Commun. 282, 705–708 (2009). [CrossRef]
L. Tan,W. Du, J. Ma, S. Yu, and Q. Han, “Log-amplitude variance for a Gaussian-beam wave propagating trough non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Opt. Express 18, 451–461 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
G. Wu, H. Guo, S. Yu, and B. Luo, “Spreading and direction of Gaussian-Schell model beam through a non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Opt. Lett. 35, 715–717 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Zilberman, E. Golbraikh, and N. S. Kopeika, “Propagation of electromagnetic waves in Kolmogorov and non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence: three-layer altitude model,” Appl. Opt. 47, 6385–6391 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. F. V. James, “Change of polarization of light beams on propagation in free space,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 1641-1649 (1994). [CrossRef]
O. Korotkova, M. Salem, and E. Wolf, “The far-zone behavior of the degree of polarization of partially coherent beams propagating through atmospheric turbulence,” Opt. Commun. 233, 225–230 (2004). [CrossRef]
M. Salem, O. Korotkova, A. Dogariu, and E. Wolf, “Polarization changes in partially coherent EM beams propagating through turbulent atmosphere,” Waves in Random Media 14, 513–523 (2004). [CrossRef]
O. Korotkova, M. Salem, A. Dogariu, and E. Wolf, “Changes in the polarization ellipse of random electromagnetic beams propagating through turbulent atmosphere,” Waves Random Complex Media 15, 353–364 (2005). [CrossRef]
X. Du, D. Zhao, and O. Korotkova, “Changes in the statistical properties of stochastic anisotropic electromagnetic beams on propagation in the turbulent atmosphere,” Opt. Express 15, 16909–16915 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
W. Gao, “Changes of polarization of light beams on propagation trough tissue,” Opt. Commun. 260, 749–754 (2006). [CrossRef]
W. Gao and O. Korotkova, “Changes in the state of polarization of a random electro-magnetic beam propagating through tissue,” Opt. Commun. 270, 474–478 (2007). [CrossRef]
E. Wolf, Intoduction to the Theories of Coherence and Polarization of Light (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007).
L. Mandel and E. Wolf, Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995).
J. Pu and O. Korotkova, “Propagation of the degree of cross-polarization in the turbulent atmosphere” Opt. Commun. 282, 1691–1698 (2009). [CrossRef]
F. Gori, M. Santarsiero, G. Piquero, R. Borghi, A. Mondello, and R. Simon, “Partially polarized Gaussian Schellmodel beams,” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 3, 1–9 (2001). [CrossRef]
H. Roychowdhury and O. Korotkova, “Realizability conditions for electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model sources,” Opt. Commun. 249, 379–385 (2005). [CrossRef]
W. Lu, L. Liu, J. Sun, Q. Yang, and Y. Zhu, “Change in degree of coherence of partially coherent electromagnetic beams propagating through atmospheric turbulence,” Opt. Commun. 271, 1–8 (2007). [CrossRef]
E. Wolf, “The influence of Young’s interferences experiment on the development of statistical optics,” in Progress in Optics, E. Wolf, ed. (Elsevier B. V., 2007), 50 pp. 251–273.
O. Korotkova, “Scintillation index of a stochastic electromagnetic beam propagating in random media,” Opt. Commun. 281, 2342-2348 (2008).
O. Korotkova, Y. Cai, and E. Watson, “Stochastic electromagnetic beams for LIDAR systems operating through turbulent atmosphere,” Appl. Phys. B 94, 681-690 (2009). [CrossRef]

Appl. Opt.

Appl. Phys. B

O. Korotkova, Y. Cai, and E. Watson, “Stochastic electromagnetic beams for LIDAR systems operating through turbulent atmosphere,” Appl. Phys. B 94, 681-690 (2009). [CrossRef]

Atmos. Res.

A. Zilberman, E. Golbraikh, N. S. Kopeika, A. Virtser, I. Kupershmidt, and Y. Shtemler, “Lidar study of aerosol turbulence characteristics in the troposphere: Kolmogorov and non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Atmos. Res. 88, 66-77 (2008). [CrossRef]

C. R. Acad. Sci. URSS

A. N. Kolmogorov, “The local structure of turbulence in an incompressible viscous fluid for very large Reynolds numbers,” C. R. Acad. Sci. URSS 30, 301–305 (1941).
A. N. Kolmogorov, “Dissipation of energy in the locally isotropic turbulence,” C. R. Acad. Sci. URSS 32, 16–18 (1941).

Geophys. Res. Lett.

A. Mahalov, B. Nicolaenko, K.L. Tse, and B. Joseph, “Eddy mixing in jet-stream turbulence under stronger stratification,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L23111 (2004). [CrossRef]

J. Atm. Sci.

B. Joseph, A. Mahalov, B. Nicolaenko, and K. L. Tse, “Variability of turbulence and its outer scales in a model tropopause jet,” J. Atm. Sci. 61, 621-643 (2004). [CrossRef]

J. Atmos. Sci.

F. Daludier and C. Sidi, “Direct evidence of sheets in the atmospheric temperature field,” J. Atmos. Sci. 51, 237-248 (1994). [CrossRef]

J. Mod. Opt.

C. Rao, W. Jiang, and N. Ling, “Spatial and temporal characterization of phase fluctuations in non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence,” J. Mod. Opt. 47, 1111–1126 (2000). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt.

F. Gori, M. Santarsiero, G. Piquero, R. Borghi, A. Mondello, and R. Simon, “Partially polarized Gaussian Schellmodel beams,” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 3, 1–9 (2001). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am.

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A

Opt. Commun.

O. Korotkova, M. Salem, and E. Wolf, “The far-zone behavior of the degree of polarization of partially coherent beams propagating through atmospheric turbulence,” Opt. Commun. 233, 225–230 (2004). [CrossRef]
W. Du, S. Yu, L. Tan, J. Ma, Y. Jiang, and W. Xie, “Angle-of-arrival fluctiations for wave propagation trough non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Opt. Commun. 282, 705–708 (2009). [CrossRef]
W. Gao, “Changes of polarization of light beams on propagation trough tissue,” Opt. Commun. 260, 749–754 (2006). [CrossRef]
W. Gao and O. Korotkova, “Changes in the state of polarization of a random electro-magnetic beam propagating through tissue,” Opt. Commun. 270, 474–478 (2007). [CrossRef]
H. Roychowdhury and O. Korotkova, “Realizability conditions for electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model sources,” Opt. Commun. 249, 379–385 (2005). [CrossRef]
W. Lu, L. Liu, J. Sun, Q. Yang, and Y. Zhu, “Change in degree of coherence of partially coherent electromagnetic beams propagating through atmospheric turbulence,” Opt. Commun. 271, 1–8 (2007). [CrossRef]
O. Korotkova, “Scintillation index of a stochastic electromagnetic beam propagating in random media,” Opt. Commun. 281, 2342-2348 (2008).
J. Pu and O. Korotkova, “Propagation of the degree of cross-polarization in the turbulent atmosphere” Opt. Commun. 282, 1691–1698 (2009). [CrossRef]

Opt. Engineering

I. Toselli, L. C. Andrews, R. L. Phillips, and V. Ferrero, “Free-space optical system performance for laser beam propagation through non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Opt. Engineering 47, 026003 (February 2008). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

Opt. Lett.

G. Wu, H. Guo, S. Yu, and B. Luo, “Spreading and direction of Gaussian-Schell model beam through a non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Opt. Lett. 35, 715–717 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Proc. SPIE

M. S. Belenkii, J. D. Barchers, S. J. Karis, C. L. Osmon, J. M. Brown, and R. Q. Fugate, “Preliminary experimental evidence of anisotropy of turbulence and the effect of non-Kolmogorov turbulence on wavefront tilt statistics,” Proc. SPIE 3762, 396-406 (1999). [CrossRef]
M. S. Belenkii, S. J. Karis, J. M. BrownII, and R. Q. Fugate, “Experimental study of the effect of non Kolmogorov stratospheric turbulence on star image motion,” Proc. SPIE 3126, 113–123 (1997). [CrossRef]
B. E. Stribling, B. M. Welsh, and M. C. Roggemann, “Optical propagation in non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence,” Proc. SPIE 2471, 181–196 (1995). [CrossRef]
D. T. Kyrazis, J. Wissler, D. D. B. Keating, A. J. Preble, and K. P. Bishop, “Measurement of optical turbulence in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere,” Proc. SPIE 2120, 43–55 (1994). [CrossRef]

Radio Sci.

F. Dalaudier, M. Crochet, and C. Sidi, “Direct comparison between in situ and radar measurements of temperature fluctuation spectra: a puzzling results,” Radio Sci. 24, 311-324 (1989). [CrossRef]
H. Luce, F. Daludier, M. Crochet, and C. Sidi, “Direct comparison between in situ and VHF oblique radar measurements of refractive index spectra: a new successful attempt,” Radio Sci. 31, 1487-1500 (1996). [CrossRef]

Waves Random Complex Media

O. Korotkova, M. Salem, A. Dogariu, and E. Wolf, “Changes in the polarization ellipse of random electromagnetic beams propagating through turbulent atmosphere,” Waves Random Complex Media 15, 353–364 (2005). [CrossRef]

Waves in Random Media

M. Salem, O. Korotkova, A. Dogariu, and E. Wolf, “Polarization changes in partially coherent EM beams propagating through turbulent atmosphere,” Waves in Random Media 14, 513–523 (2004). [CrossRef]
O. Korotkova, N. Farwell, and A. Mahalov, “The effect of the jet-stream on the intensity of laser beams propagating along slanted paths in the upper layers of the turbulent atmosphere,” Waves in Random Media 19, 692–702 (2009). [CrossRef]

Other

V. I. Tatarski, Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Medium (Nauka, Moscow, 1967).
I. Toselli, L. C. Andrews, R. L. Phillips, and V. Ferrero, “Angle of arrival fluctuations for free space laser beam propagation through non-Kolmogorov turbulence,” Proc. SPIE 6551, 65510E–1–12 (2007). [CrossRef]
E. Wolf, Intoduction to the Theories of Coherence and Polarization of Light (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007).
L. Mandel and E. Wolf, Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995).
E. Wolf, “The influence of Young’s interferences experiment on the development of statistical optics,” in Progress in Optics, E. Wolf, ed. (Elsevier B. V., 2007), 50 pp. 251–273.

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