1 × 2 precise electro-optic switch in periodically poled lithium niobate

doi:10.1364/OE.18.015603

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1 × 2 precise electro-optic switch in periodically poled lithium niobate

Juan Huo, Kun Liu, and Xianfeng Chen »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 15, pp. 15603-15608 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.015603

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– Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Principle and theoretical analysis
3. Experiment and results
4. Conclusion
– References and links

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Abstract

A 1 × 2 precise electro-optic switch was demonstrated in a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal. In the experiment, the optical signal was shifted to different channels by adjusting external applied electric fields. The bandwidth of the working wavelength for the switch is nearly 2nm, which makes this device has large tolerance to the drift of the working wavelength in the practical applications. Theoretical discussion about 1 × 2 precise electro-optic switch based on this structure is also presented.

1. Introduction

Optical switches play a significant role in optical communication and optical information applications, including optical add-drop multiplexing, time division multiplexing and wavelength demultiplexing. Different technologies have been proposed and demonstrated to realize optical switches [1

J. Sapriel, V. Molchanov, G. Aubin, and S. Gosselin, “Acousto-optic switch for telecommunication networks,” Proc. SPIE 5828, 68–75 (2005). [CrossRef]

–4

A. Fratalocchi, R. Asquini, and G. Assanto, “Integrated electro-optic switch in liquid crystals,” Opt. Express 13(1), 32–37 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. However, thermal optical switches and the acousto-optic switches usually have a switching time which is longer than a few micro-seconds [1

J. Sapriel, V. Molchanov, G. Aubin, and S. Gosselin, “Acousto-optic switch for telecommunication networks,” Proc. SPIE 5828, 68–75 (2005). [CrossRef]

, 2

R. Kasahara, M. Yanagisawa, T. Goh, A. Sugita, A. Himeno, M. Yasu, and S. Matsui, “New structure of silica-based planar lightwave circuits for low-power thermo-optic switch and its application to 8×8 optical matrix switch,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(6), 993–1000 (2002). [CrossRef]

]; all-optical switches are usually complicated and costly at the current stage of development [3

G. Berrettini, G. Meloni, A. Bogoni, and L. Poti, “All-optical 2 × 2 switch based on Kerr effect in highly nonlinear fiber for ultrafast applications,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2439–2441 (2006). [CrossRef]

]. Comparing to the above switches, electro-optical switches with high speed and related technology have been widely used in optical communication [4

A. Fratalocchi, R. Asquini, and G. Assanto, “Integrated electro-optic switch in liquid crystals,” Opt. Express 13(1), 32–37 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. In order to obtain high speed and stability of the switch for next generation optical network, researchers have made great effort to realize all kinds of optical switches, for instance, integrated electro-optic switch in liquid crystals [4

A. Fratalocchi, R. Asquini, and G. Assanto, “Integrated electro-optic switch in liquid crystals,” Opt. Express 13(1), 32–37 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] and high speed electro-optical switch realized in III-V semiconductor materials [5

H. Y. Wong, M. Sorel, A. C. Bryce, J. H. Marsh, and J. M. Arnold, “Monolithically integrated InGaAs-AlGaInAs Mach-Zehnder interferometer optical switch using quantum-well intermixing,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(4), 783–785 (2005). [CrossRef]

, 6

H. Y. Wong, W. K. Tan, A. C. Bryce, J. H. Marsh, J. M. Arnold, A. Krysa, and M. Sorel, “Current injection tunable monolithically integrated InGaAs-InAlGaAs asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer using quantum-well intermixing,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(8), 1677–1679 (2005). [CrossRef]

In the past two decades, an important artificial nonlinear material called periodically poled LiNbO₃ (PPLN) has opened a new window for optical communication [7

S. Bains, “PPLN inspires new applications,” Laser. Focus World 34, 16–19 (1998).

–9

J. J. Zheng, Y. Q. Lu, G. P. Luo, J. Ma, Y. L. Lu, N. B. Ming, J. L. He, and Z. Y. Xu, “Visible dual-wavelength light generation in optical superlattice Er: LiNbO₃ through upconversion and Quasi-phase-matched frequency doubling,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 72(15), 1808–1810 (1998). [CrossRef]

]. In PPLN, the nonlinear optical coefficient, the electro-optic (EO) coefficient, and the piezoelectric coefficient are modulated periodically due to the periodic domain inversion. Based on this structure, essential applications such as wavelength conversion [10

C. Q. Xu, H. Okayama, and M. Kawahara, “1.5 μm band efficient broadband wavelength conversion by difference frequency generation in a periodically domain-inverted LiNbO₃ channel waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 63(26), 3559–3561 (1993). [CrossRef]

], narrow band solc-type filters [11

X. F. Chen, J. H. Shi, Y. P. Chen, Y. M. Zhu, Y. X. Xia, and Y. L. Chen, “Electro-optic Solc-type wavelength filter in periodically poled lithium niobate,” Opt. Lett. 28(21), 2115–2117 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 12

K. Liu, J. H. Shi, and X. F. Chen, “Electro-optical flat-top bandpass Solc-type filter in periodically poled lithium niobate,” Opt. Lett. 34(7), 1051–1053 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], polarization controllers [13

K. Liu, J. H. Shi, and X. F. Chen, “Linear polarization-state generator with high precision in periodically poled lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(10), 101106–101108 (2009). [CrossRef]

, 14

K. Liu and X. F. Chen, “Evolution of the optical polarization in a periodically poled superlattice with an external electric field,” Phys. Rev. A 80(6), 063808–063811 (2009). [CrossRef]

], and laser Q-switch [15

Y. H. Chen and Y. C. Huang, “Actively Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser using an electro-optic periodically poled lithium niobate crystal as a laser Q-switch,” Opt. Lett. 28(16), 1460–1462 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] have been successfully demonstrated.

In this paper, we present the principle, theoretical analysis, and experiment design of a new and simple high speed 1 × 2 electro-optic switch in periodically poled LiNbO₃ (PPLN). Based on the proposed switch, the optical signal could be shifted to different channels by adjusting driving electric fields. Thanks to the short electro-optical response time, the proposed switch would have a much higher switching speed (~ns) [15

, 16

Y. Q. Lu, Z. L. Wan, Q. Wang, Y. X. Xi, and N. B. Ming, “Electro-optic effect of periodically poled optical superlattice LiNbO3 and its applications,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77(23), 3719–3721 (2000). [CrossRef]

2. Principle and theoretical analysis

The PPLN we discussed is Z-cut, when a transverse external electric field is applied along the PPLN, based on the electric-optical effect, the optical axis of each domain is alternately aligned at the angles of + θ and –θ, with respect to the plane of polarization of the input light [16

]. In this case, the coupled-wave equations of the ordinary and extraordinary waves are:

{\begin{cases} d A_{1} / d x = - i κ A_{2} e^{i Δ β_{z}} \\ d A_{2} / d x = - i κ A_{1} e^{- i Δ β_{z}} \end{cases}

(1)

with

Δ β = k_{1} - k_{2} - m (\frac{2 π}{Λ}),

and

κ = - \frac{ω}{2 c} \frac{n_{o}^{2} n_{e}^{2} γ_{51} E_{y}}{\sqrt{n_{o} n_{e}}} \frac{i (1 - \cos m π)}{m π}

(m = 1, 3, 5 …), where

A_{1}

is the normalized complex amplitude of ordinary wave, and

A_{2}

is the normalized complex amplitude of extraordinary wave. Λ is the period of the PPLN,

γ_{51}

[16

] is the electro-optical coefficient,

E_{y}

is the electric field intensity,

n_{o}

and

n_{e}

are the refractive indexes of the ordinary and extraordinary waves, and with the initial condition:

{\begin{cases} A_{1} (0) = 1 \\ A_{2} (0) = 0 \end{cases}

(2)

the solution of the coupled-mode Eq. (1) is given as

{\begin{cases} A_{1} (z) = e^{i (Δ β / 2) z} [\cos s z - i \frac{Δ β}{2 s} \sin s z] \\ A_{2} (z) = e^{- i (Δ β / 2) z} (- i κ^{*}) \frac{\sin s z}{s} \end{cases} .

(3)

with

s^{2} = κ κ^{*} + {(Δ β / 2)}^{2}

. From the solution, the normalized complex amplitudes of the ordinary and extraordinary waves are totally determined by

E_{y}

, the transverse external electric field.

Figure 1 presents the theoretical simulating graph of ordinary and extraordinary waves at certain electric fields based on the temperature-dependent Sellmeier equations for the refractive indexes of the ordinary and extraordinary waves [18

D. H. Jundt, “Temperature-dependent Sellmeier equation for the index of refraction, n(e), in congruent lithium niobate,” Opt. Lett. 22(20), 1553–1555 (1997). [CrossRef]

]. It is clearly shown that the energy of the light exchanges between the coupled TE and TM modes. We assumed the PPLN consists of 2857 domains and the working wavelength is 1541.17nm. After passing this PPLN, the ordinary wave of the 1541.17 nm wavelength almost has no energy loss, while the extraordinary wave is forbidden at the electric fields of 0.03 kV/cm [Fig. 1(a), 1(b)]; In contrary, with the electric fields of 1.26 kV/cm, most of the extraordinary wave of the 1541.17 nm wavelength could pass the PPLN, while the ordinary wave is forbidden [Fig. 1(c), 1(d)]. Crosstalk levels lower than −50dB are obtained at the working wavelength, 1541.17nm [Fig. 1(g)]. Here, the crosstalk level is defined as the difference between the transmitted power level (dB) of the ordinary and extraordinary waves at the output. Thus, we can choose the polarization of the emergent light by switching the external electric field between 0.03 and 1.26 kV/cm.

Fig. 1 The theoretical results of the transmission spectra of ordinary and extraordinary waves at certain electric fields. (a), (b) show the transmission spectra at the electric fields of 0.03 kV/cm; (c), (d) show the transmission spectra at the electric fields of 1.26 kV/cm; (e), (f) show the transmission spectra at the electric fields of 3.45kV/cm; (g) presents the crosstalk between ordinary and extraordinary waves at these electric fields when the light has passed the PPLN.

Furthermore, by increasing the electric field to 3.45 kV/cm, the spectra evolve into broadband with flat-top [Fig. 1(e), 1(f)]. That means the drift of the working wavelength in certain extent could be tolerated, with crosstalk level lower than −25dB at this electric field. Based on above analysis, a 1 × 2 precise electro-optic switch could be realized by tuning external applied electric field.

Considering the practical fabrication errors, the number of the PPLN may not be 2857 precisely. In order to investigate the tolerance of the PPLN domains number, we use p as one of the most important parameters which indicates the percent of deviation of the number. The transmission spectra (extraordinary waves) with different p are shown in Fig. 2 . From the figure we can see that when p is within the span (−1%, 1%), the flat-top remains smooth. Else if p is beyond this span, the quality of the flat-top is reduced, that would be solved by changing the applied electric field

E_{y}

. By theoretical calculation, if the number of the domains is decreased by 1%, 3%, 5% and 7%, enhancing the electric field can make the flat-top remains smooth, and the corresponding increments of the electric field are 1.21%, 3.19%, 5.10% and 7.19%. Similarly, if the number of the domains is increased by 1%, 3%, 5% and 7%, in order to maintain the flat-top, the corresponding decrements of the electric field should be 1.19%, 2.87%, 4.49%, 6.37%. Hence, the flat-top condition can be achieved by controlling the applied electric field in practice.

Fig. 2 The transmission spectra when p = 0%, ± 1%, ± 3%, ± 5%, ± 7%.

3. Experiment and results

The schematic of the experimental setup is shown in Fig. 3 . The arrows inside the PPLN indicate spontaneous polarization directions. The PBS is employed to separate the output light into two channels. In channel A, the polarization direction of the light wave at the output of the PBS is along Z axis of the PPLN sample, and in the channel B, the polarization direction is along Y axis. An electric field is applied along the Y axis. If each domain serves as a half-wave plate, after passing through the stack of half-wave plates, the optical plane of polarization of the input light rotates continually and emerges finally at an angle of 2Nθ, where N is the number of plates. Therefore, when 2Nθ = 0 at the output, for channel A, the light does not experience loss and the switch is “ON”; for channel B, the light is forbidden and the switch is “OFF”. When 2Nθ = π/2 at the output, for channel A, the switch is “OFF” and for channel B, the switch is “ON”. As θ can be extremely small (10⁻⁶ - 10⁻⁵ radians), precise control of the final rotation angle at the output is accessible [16

]. Thereby, the switching state of “ON” and “OFF” can be very precise which enables it to achieve high extinction ratio.

Fig. 3 Experimental setup for a PPLN electro-optic switch; A PPLN crystal, which is Z cut. The sample consists of 2857 domains with the period of 21 μm. The light propagates along the X direction and a uniform electric field is applied along the Y axis of the PPLN sample. ASE, amplified spontaneous emission; OSA, optical spectrum analyzer; PBS, polarization beam splitter; the room temperature is 18.5°C.

Figure 4(a) , 4(b) are the experimental observation of the transmission spectra for A and B channels at electric fields of 2.1 kV/cm and 0.5 kV/cm. For A channel, with electric field of 0.5 kV/cm, the light intensity of the 1541.17 nm wavelength attends a maximum value of 2.716 μW and the switch is “ON”. When the electric field is shifted to 2.1 kV/cm, the light intensity falls sharply down to nearly zero (15.25 nW) which means “OFF”; For B channel with electric field of 2.1 kV/cm, the light intensity of the 1541.17 nm wavelength attends a maximum value of 2.489 μW and the switch is “ON”. When it shifts to 0.5 kV/cm, the light intensity falls sharply down to nearly zero (3 nW) which means “OFF”.

Fig. 4 The experimental transmission spectrums at electric fields of 0.5 kV/cm, 2.1 kV/cm and 4.3 kV/cm for A and B channels.

Thus, we can control this switch by shifting the electric field between 2.1 kV/cm and 0.5 kV/cm. When the electric field is 0.5kV/cm, only the OSA from A channel can receive the light with the polarization direction which is parallel to the polarizer, which means the switch is “ON” for A channel, and “OFF” for B channel. The same as above, the switch is “ON” for B channel, and “OFF” for A channel, when the electric field is shifted to 2.1 kV/cm, and the polarization direction of the emergent light is perpendicular to the polarizer.

It could not be ignored that the drift of the central wavelength would reduce the precision of such narrowband switch. When we increase the voltage of the electric field to 4.3kV/cm, the spectra evolve into broadband with flat-top and the width is nearly 2nm. Figure 4(c), 4(d) are the experimental observation of the transmission spectra for A and B channels at electric fields of 4.3kV/cm and 0.5 kV/cm. That means the drift of the working wavelength in certain extent has almost no effect on the precision of this 1 × 2 flat-top electro-optic switch.

As we know, precise electro-optic switch desires a low crosstalk. In our experiment the crosstalk level is lower than −20.98dB between A and B channels at the three critical electric fields, which is similar to the theoretical results. Compared with other kind of electro-optic switch [17

Q. Wang and J. Yao, “A high speed 2x2 electro-optic switch using a polarization modulator,” Opt. Express 15(25), 16500–16505 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], the crosstalk of this switch is at the same level. Another important performance of precise electro-optic switch is extinction ratio. In our experiment the extinction ratio (on/off) is more than 22.32 dB, which is a little higher than the switch realized in other material [19

F. Liu, Q. Ye, F. Pang, J. Geng, R. Qu, and Z. Fang, “Polarization analysis and experimental implementation of PLZT electro-optical switch using fiber sagnac interferomerers,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 23(4), 709–713 (2006). [CrossRef]

]. Although the critical electric fields are little higher than theoretical ones because of the voltage loss in our setup, the proposed 1 × 2 precise electro-optic switch is still very attractive. It should be noted that the PPLN waveguide has been successfully proposed recently [21

Y. L. Lee, N. E. Yu, C.-S. Kee, D.-K. Ko, Y.-C. Noh, B.-A. Yu, W. Shin, T.-J. Eom, K. Oh, and J. Lee, “All-optical wavelength tuning in Šolc filter based on Ti:PPLN waveguide,” Electron. Lett. 44(1), 30–32 (2008). [CrossRef]

], where the gap between the electrodes can be as short as 10 μm, so that only several Volts is enough to switch the light for this kind electro-optic switch.

The key component of this proposed switch is the PPLN, and the key step of designing this electro-optic switch is fabricating the PPLN by aids of electrical poling precisely. In recent years, the technique of electrical poling has processed a lot and become mature [20

M. Yamada, N. Nada, M. Saitoh, and K. Watanabe, “First-order quasi-phase matched LiNbO3 waveguide periodically poled by applying an external field for efficient blue second-harmonic generation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 62(5), 435–436 (1993). [CrossRef]

], making such switch available.

4. Conclusion

A precise 1 × 2 electro-optic switch is experimentally and theoretically demonstrated in periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN), in which the output channel can be chosen by external applied voltage. A bandwidth as large as 2 nm for working wavelength is also demonstrated. The kind of 1 × 2 precise electro-optic switch may find its applications in optical communication and optical information.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60508015 and No.10574092), the National Basic Research Program “973” of China (2006CB806000), and the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (B201).

References

1.	J. Sapriel, V. Molchanov, G. Aubin, and S. Gosselin, “Acousto-optic switch for telecommunication networks,” Proc. SPIE 5828, 68–75 (2005). [CrossRef]
2.	R. Kasahara, M. Yanagisawa, T. Goh, A. Sugita, A. Himeno, M. Yasu, and S. Matsui, “New structure of silica-based planar lightwave circuits for low-power thermo-optic switch and its application to 8×8 optical matrix switch,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(6), 993–1000 (2002). [CrossRef]
3.	G. Berrettini, G. Meloni, A. Bogoni, and L. Poti, “All-optical 2 × 2 switch based on Kerr effect in highly nonlinear fiber for ultrafast applications,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2439–2441 (2006). [CrossRef]
4.	A. Fratalocchi, R. Asquini, and G. Assanto, “Integrated electro-optic switch in liquid crystals,” Opt. Express 13(1), 32–37 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5.	H. Y. Wong, M. Sorel, A. C. Bryce, J. H. Marsh, and J. M. Arnold, “Monolithically integrated InGaAs-AlGaInAs Mach-Zehnder interferometer optical switch using quantum-well intermixing,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(4), 783–785 (2005). [CrossRef]
6.	H. Y. Wong, W. K. Tan, A. C. Bryce, J. H. Marsh, J. M. Arnold, A. Krysa, and M. Sorel, “Current injection tunable monolithically integrated InGaAs-InAlGaAs asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer using quantum-well intermixing,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(8), 1677–1679 (2005). [CrossRef]
7.	S. Bains, “PPLN inspires new applications,” Laser. Focus World 34, 16–19 (1998).
8.	G. A. Magel, M. M. Fejer, and R. L. Byer, “Quasi-phase-matched second harmonic generation of blue light in periodically poled LiNbO₃ ,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 56(2), 108–110 (1990). [CrossRef]
9.	J. J. Zheng, Y. Q. Lu, G. P. Luo, J. Ma, Y. L. Lu, N. B. Ming, J. L. He, and Z. Y. Xu, “Visible dual-wavelength light generation in optical superlattice Er: LiNbO₃ through upconversion and Quasi-phase-matched frequency doubling,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 72(15), 1808–1810 (1998). [CrossRef]
10.	C. Q. Xu, H. Okayama, and M. Kawahara, “1.5 μm band efficient broadband wavelength conversion by difference frequency generation in a periodically domain-inverted LiNbO₃ channel waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 63(26), 3559–3561 (1993). [CrossRef]
11.	X. F. Chen, J. H. Shi, Y. P. Chen, Y. M. Zhu, Y. X. Xia, and Y. L. Chen, “Electro-optic Solc-type wavelength filter in periodically poled lithium niobate,” Opt. Lett. 28(21), 2115–2117 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12.	K. Liu, J. H. Shi, and X. F. Chen, “Electro-optical flat-top bandpass Solc-type filter in periodically poled lithium niobate,” Opt. Lett. 34(7), 1051–1053 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13.	K. Liu, J. H. Shi, and X. F. Chen, “Linear polarization-state generator with high precision in periodically poled lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(10), 101106–101108 (2009). [CrossRef]
14.	K. Liu and X. F. Chen, “Evolution of the optical polarization in a periodically poled superlattice with an external electric field,” Phys. Rev. A 80(6), 063808–063811 (2009). [CrossRef]
15.	Y. H. Chen and Y. C. Huang, “Actively Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser using an electro-optic periodically poled lithium niobate crystal as a laser Q-switch,” Opt. Lett. 28(16), 1460–1462 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16.	Y. Q. Lu, Z. L. Wan, Q. Wang, Y. X. Xi, and N. B. Ming, “Electro-optic effect of periodically poled optical superlattice LiNbO3 and its applications,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77(23), 3719–3721 (2000). [CrossRef]
17.	Q. Wang and J. Yao, “A high speed 2x2 electro-optic switch using a polarization modulator,” Opt. Express 15(25), 16500–16505 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18.	D. H. Jundt, “Temperature-dependent Sellmeier equation for the index of refraction, n(e), in congruent lithium niobate,” Opt. Lett. 22(20), 1553–1555 (1997). [CrossRef]
19.	F. Liu, Q. Ye, F. Pang, J. Geng, R. Qu, and Z. Fang, “Polarization analysis and experimental implementation of PLZT electro-optical switch using fiber sagnac interferomerers,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 23(4), 709–713 (2006). [CrossRef]
20.	M. Yamada, N. Nada, M. Saitoh, and K. Watanabe, “First-order quasi-phase matched LiNbO3 waveguide periodically poled by applying an external field for efficient blue second-harmonic generation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 62(5), 435–436 (1993). [CrossRef]
21.	Y. L. Lee, N. E. Yu, C.-S. Kee, D.-K. Ko, Y.-C. Noh, B.-A. Yu, W. Shin, T.-J. Eom, K. Oh, and J. Lee, “All-optical wavelength tuning in Šolc filter based on Ti:PPLN waveguide,” Electron. Lett. 44(1), 30–32 (2008). [CrossRef]

ToC Category:
Optical Devices

History
Original Manuscript: April 20, 2010
Revised Manuscript: June 12, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: June 14, 2010
Published: July 8, 2010

Citation
Juan Huo, Kun Liu, and Xianfeng Chen, "1 × 2 precise electro-optic switch in periodically poled lithium niobate," Opt. Express 18, 15603-15608 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-15-15603

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References

J. Sapriel, V. Molchanov, G. Aubin, and S. Gosselin, “Acousto-optic switch for telecommunication networks,” Proc. SPIE 5828, 68–75 (2005). [CrossRef]
R. Kasahara, M. Yanagisawa, T. Goh, A. Sugita, A. Himeno, M. Yasu, and S. Matsui, “New structure of silica-based planar lightwave circuits for low-power thermo-optic switch and its application to 8×8 optical matrix switch,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(6), 993–1000 (2002). [CrossRef]
G. Berrettini, G. Meloni, A. Bogoni, and L. Poti, “All-optical 2 × 2 switch based on Kerr effect in highly nonlinear fiber for ultrafast applications,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2439–2441 (2006). [CrossRef]
A. Fratalocchi, R. Asquini, and G. Assanto, “Integrated electro-optic switch in liquid crystals,” Opt. Express 13(1), 32–37 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. Y. Wong, M. Sorel, A. C. Bryce, J. H. Marsh, and J. M. Arnold, “Monolithically integrated InGaAs-AlGaInAs Mach-Zehnder interferometer optical switch using quantum-well intermixing,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(4), 783–785 (2005). [CrossRef]
H. Y. Wong, W. K. Tan, A. C. Bryce, J. H. Marsh, J. M. Arnold, A. Krysa, and M. Sorel, “Current injection tunable monolithically integrated InGaAs-InAlGaAs asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer using quantum-well intermixing,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(8), 1677–1679 (2005). [CrossRef]
S. Bains, “PPLN inspires new applications,” Laser Focus World 34, 16–19 (1998).
G. A. Magel, M. M. Fejer, and R. L. Byer, “Quasi-phase-matched second harmonic generation of blue light in periodically poled LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 56(2), 108–110 (1990). [CrossRef]
J. J. Zheng, Y. Q. Lu, G. P. Luo, J. Ma, Y. L. Lu, N. B. Ming, J. L. He, and Z. Y. Xu, “Visible dual-wavelength light generation in optical superlattice Er: LiNbO3 through upconversion and Quasi-phase-matched frequency doubling,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 72(15), 1808–1810 (1998). [CrossRef]
C. Q. Xu, H. Okayama, and M. Kawahara, “1.5 μm band efficient broadband wavelength conversion by difference frequency generation in a periodically domain-inverted LiNbO3 channel waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 63(26), 3559–3561 (1993). [CrossRef]
X. F. Chen, J. H. Shi, Y. P. Chen, Y. M. Zhu, Y. X. Xia, and Y. L. Chen, “Electro-optic Solc-type wavelength filter in periodically poled lithium niobate,” Opt. Lett. 28(21), 2115–2117 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. Liu, J. H. Shi, and X. F. Chen, “Electro-optical flat-top bandpass Solc-type filter in periodically poled lithium niobate,” Opt. Lett. 34(7), 1051–1053 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. Liu, J. H. Shi, and X. F. Chen, “Linear polarization-state generator with high precision in periodically poled lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(10), 101106–101108 (2009). [CrossRef]
K. Liu and X. F. Chen, “Evolution of the optical polarization in a periodically poled superlattice with an external electric field,” Phys. Rev. A 80(6), 063808–063811 (2009). [CrossRef]
Y. H. Chen and Y. C. Huang, “Actively Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser using an electro-optic periodically poled lithium niobate crystal as a laser Q-switch,” Opt. Lett. 28(16), 1460–1462 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. Q. Lu, Z. L. Wan, Q. Wang, Y. X. Xi, and N. B. Ming, “Electro-optic effect of periodically poled optical superlattice LiNbO3 and its applications,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77(23), 3719–3721 (2000). [CrossRef]
Q. Wang and J. Yao, “A high speed 2x2 electro-optic switch using a polarization modulator,” Opt. Express 15(25), 16500–16505 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. H. Jundt, “Temperature-dependent Sellmeier equation for the index of refraction, n(e), in congruent lithium niobate,” Opt. Lett. 22(20), 1553–1555 (1997). [CrossRef]
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