Non-Markovian dynamics of a microcavity coupled to a waveguide in photonic crystals

doi:10.1364/OE.18.018407

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Non-Markovian dynamics of a microcavity coupled to a waveguide in photonic crystals

Wei-Min Zhang, Meng-Hsiu Wu, Chan U Lei, and Heng-Na Xiong »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 17, pp. 18407-18418 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.018407

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▸ Article Outline
– Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The microcavity dynamics coupled to a waveguide
3. Numerical analysis of the exact non-Markovian dynamics
4. Conclusion
– References and links

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Abstract

In this paper, the non-Markovian dynamics of a microcavity coupled to a waveguide in photonic crystals is studied based on a semi-finite tight binding model. Using the exact master equation, we solve analytically and numerically the general and exact solution of the non-Markovain dynamics for the cavity coupled to the waveguide in different coupling regime. A critical transition is revealed when the coupling increases between the cavity and the waveguide. In particular, the cavity field becomes dissipationless when the coupling strength goes beyond a critical value, as a manifestation of strong non-Markovian memory effect. The result also indicates that the cavity can maintain in a coherent state with arbitrary small number of photons when it strongly couples to the waveguide at very low temperature. These properties can be measured experimentally through the photon current flowing over the waveguide in photonic crystals.

1. Introduction

Optical microcavities confine light in the micro- and submicro-scale volumes by resonant recirculation with very high quality factors [1

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nature 425, 944 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 2

A. R. Md Zain, N. P. Johnson, M. Sorel, and R. M. De La Rue, “Ultra high quality factor one dimensional photonic crystal/photonic wire micro-cavities in silicon-on-insulator (SOI),” Opt. Express , 16, 12084 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Micro- and submicro-scale volume ensures that resonant frequencies are more sparsely distributed in the size-dependent resonant frequency spectrum. Prototypical microcavities include the Fabry-Perot microcavities, the silica-based microdisk, microsphere and microtoroid whispering gallery cavities, and the photonic crystal cavities. Devices based on these microcavities are already received tremendous attentions for a wide range of applications, including strong coupling cavity QED [3

S. Noda, M. Fujita, and T. Asano, “Spontaneous-emission control by photonic crystals and nanocavities,” Nat. Photon. 1, 449 (2007). [CrossRef]

, 4

P. Yao and S. Hughes, “Controlled cavity QED and single-photon emission using a photonic-crystal waveguide cavity system,” Phys. Rev. B 80, 165128 (2009). [CrossRef]

, 5

M. Nomura, N. Kumagai, S. Iwamoto, Y. Ota, and Y. Arakawa, “Laser oscillation in a strongly coupled single-quantum-dot V nanocavity system,” Nat. Phys. 6, 279 (2010). [CrossRef]

], low threshold lasers [6

F. Bordas, C. Seassal, E. Dupuy, P. Regreny, M. Gendry, P. Viktorovich, M. J. Steel, and A. Rahmani, “Room temperature low-threshold InAs/InP quantum dot single mode photonic crystal microlasers at 1.5 gm using cavity-confined slow light,” Opt. Express 17, 5439 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], biochemical detectors [7

M. Loncar and A. Scherer, “Photonic crystal laser sources for chemical detection,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4648 (2003). [CrossRef]

, 8

M. Skorobogatiy and A. V. Kabashin, “Photon crystal waveguide-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 143518 (2006). [CrossRef]

], as well as optical traps [9

S. Mandal, X. Serey, and D. Erickson, “Nanomanipulation using silicon photonic crystal resonators,” Nano Lett. 10, 99 (2010). [CrossRef]

]. In this paper, we shall study the non-Markovian dynamics of a microcavity coupled to a waveguide in photonic crystals.

A microcavity in photonic crystals is a point defect created in photonic crystals as a resonator. Its frequency can easily be tuned to any value within the band gap by changing the size or the shape of the defect and therefore can be used to enhance the efficiency of lasers. While, a waveguide in photonic crystals consists of a linear defects in which light propagates due to the coupling of the adjacent defects. By changing the modes of the resonators and the coupling configuration, the transmission properties of the waveguide can be manipulated. The most promising application of waveguides is to control the group velocity, thus potential to application in storing and buffering light through the coupling to microcavities [10

T. Baba, “Slow light in photonic crystals,” Nat. Photon. 2, 465 (2008). [CrossRef]

, 11

M. Notomi, K. Yamada, A. Shinya, J. Takahashi, C. Takahashi, and I. Yokohama, “Extremely large group-velocity dispersion of line-defect waveguides in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 253902 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 12

H. G. Park, C. J. Barrelet, Y. Wu, B. Tian, F. Qian, and C. M. Lieber, “A wavelength-selective photonic-crystal waveguide coupled to a nanowire light source,” Nat. Photon. 2, 622 (2008). [CrossRef]

]. While, the coupling between the microcavity and the waveguide is also controllable [13

Y. Liu, Z. Wang, M. Han, S. Fan, and R. Dutton, “Mode-locking of monolithic laser diodes incorporating coupled-resonator optical waveguides,” Opt. Express 13, 4539 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], which can induce strong non-Markovian dissipation and decoherence phenomena.

The non-Markovian effect in quantum optics has received a great attention for a few-level atom placed inside photonic crystals [14

P. Lambropoulos, G. Nikolopoulos, T. R. Nielsen, and S. Bay, “Fundamental quantum optics in structured reservoirs,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 63, 455 (2000). [CrossRef]

]. The typical features of the non-Markovian dynamics are the atomic population trapping (inhibition of spontaneous emission) and atom-photon bound states in the vicinity of the photonic band gap [15

S. John and J. Wang, “Quantum electrodynamics near a photonic band gap: Photon bound states and dressed atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2418 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 16

S. John and T. Quang, “Spontaneous emission near the edge of a photonic band gap,” Phys. Rev. A 50, 1764 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 17

S. Kilin and D. Mogilevtsev, ““Freezing” of decay of a quantum system with a dip in a spectrum of the heat bath-coupling constants,” Laser Phys. 2, 153 (1992).

, 18

A. G. Kofman, G. Kurizki, and B. Sherman, “Spontaneous and Induced Atomic Decay in Photonic Band Structures,” J. Mod. Opt. 41, 353 (1994). [CrossRef]

]. These features cannot be obtained from the Born-Markov master equation widely used in quantum optics, but can be found by solving exactly the Schrödinger equation for the atomic state contained only a single photon. When the number of photons increases, the problem becomes intractable although some master equation beyond the Born-Markov approximation has been derived to address the non-Markovianity, see Ref. [19

D. Mogilevtsev, F. Moreira, S. B. Cavalcanti, and S. Kilin, “Field-emitter bound states in structured thermal reservoirs,” Phys. Rev. A 75, 043802 (2007). [CrossRef]

] for an example. Recently, the non-Markovian dynamics of a microcavity coupled to a waveguide in photonic crystals has also been studied for a single photon state, and similar features of the partially decayed state and photon bound state are found [20

S. Longhi, “Non-Markovian decay and lasing condition in an optical microcavity coupled to a structured reservoir,” Phys. Rev. A 74, 063826 (2006). [CrossRef]

]. Still, the general non-Markovian solution with arbitrary number of photons has not been obtained. In this paper, we shall use the exact master equation we developed recently to investigate the general and exact non-Markovian dynamics of the microcavity field coupled to a waveguide at an arbitrary initial temperature in different coupling regime. A critical transition is revealed when the coupling increases between the cavity and the waveguide. In particular, the cavity field becomes dissipationless when the coupling strength goes beyond a critical value, as a manifestation of strong non-Markovian memory effect. The result also indicates that the cavity can only maintain in a coherent state with arbitrary small number of photons when it strongly couples to the waveguide at very low temperature. These features may provide further understanding of quantum optics and the potential applications of microcavities in photonic crystals.

The paper is organized as follow. In Sec. II, we introduce the exact master equation we developed recently for the reduced density operator of a cavity coupled to a structured reservoir. In this section, the reduced density operator as well as the temporal evolution of the cavity mode amplitude and the photon number are derived analytically. The photon current in the waveguide is also calculated directly from the time-dependence of the photon number in the cavity. In Sec. III, exact non-Markovian dynamics of the cavity field is demonstrated numerically through the temporal evolution of the cavity mode amplitude as well as the photon number inside the cavity. By varying the coupling between the cavity and the waveguide in different coupled configuration, the significant non-Markovian memory effect is revealed. Finally, summary and discussion are given in Sec. IV.

Fig. 1. (Color online) A schematic plot of a microcavity coupled to a waveguide in photonic crystals.

2. The microcavity dynamics coupled to a waveguide

2.1. Fano-type tight-binding model for a microcavity coupled to a waveguide

We consider a microcavity with a single mode coupled to a waveguide in photonic crystals, see a schematic plot in Fig. 1. The microcavity is a point defect created in photonic crystals as a resonator. While the waveguide consists of a linearly defects in which light propagates through the isotropic coupling of the adjacent defects. Therefore, the Hamiltonian of the system can be expressed as a tight binding model:

H = ω_{c} a^{†} a + \sum_{n} ω_{0} a_{n}^{†} a_{n} - \sum_{n = 1}^{N} ξ_{0} (a_{n}^{†} a_{n + 1} + H . c .) + ξ (a^{†} a_{1} + H . c .) .

(1)

Here we have set h̄ = 1. The first term in Eq. (1) is the Hamiltonian of the microcavity in which a† and a are the creation and annihilation operators of the single mode cavity field, with the frequency ω_c which can easily be tuned to any value within the band gap by changing the size or the shape of the defect. The second and third terms are the Hamiltonian of the waveguide where a ^† _n and a_n are the photonic creation and annihilation operators of the resonator at site n of the waveguide with an identical frequency ω ₀, and ξ ₀ is the hopping rate between adjacent resonator modes. Both ω ₀ and ξ ₀ are experimentally turnable. In practical, ξ ₀ ≪ ω ₀. Also, we consider the waveguide in this paper to be semi-infinite, namely N → ∞. The last term in Eq. (1) is the coupling between the microcavity and the waveguide with the coupling constant ξ. While, the coupling between the cavity and the waveguide is also controllable by changing the geometrical parameters of the defect cavity and the distance between the cavity and the waveguide [13

Y. Liu, Z. Wang, M. Han, S. Fan, and R. Dutton, “Mode-locking of monolithic laser diodes incorporating coupled-resonator optical waveguides,” Opt. Express 13, 4539 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

The above system of a microcavity coupled to a waveguide in photonic crystals can also be implemented with different type of micro-resonators, such as Fabry-Perot microcavities and micro-ring resonators, and different coupling and confinement mechanism [21

A. Yariv, Y. Xu, R. K. Lee, and A. Scherer, “Coupled-resonator optical waveguide: a proposal and analysis,” Opt. Lett. 24, 711 (1999). [CrossRef]

]. However, the dispersion relation of different kinds of microcavities and micro-waveguides are very similar, it is only characterized by the free spectral range, the quality factor of the resonators and the coupling between the resonators [22

J. K. Poon, J. Scheuer, Y. Xu, and A. Yariv, “Designing coupled-resonator optical waveguide delay lines,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 21, 1665 (2004). [CrossRef]

]. Therefore, Eq. (1) describes indeed a large class of a microcavity coupled to a micro-waveguide. Furthermore, Eq. (1) can be re-expressed as a Fano-type model of a localized state interacted with a continuum [23

U. Fano, “Effects of Configuration interaction on intensities and phase shifts,” Phys. Rev. 124, 1866 (1961). [CrossRef]

, 24

S. Longhi, “Spectral singularities in a non-Hermitian Friedrichs-Fano-Anderson model,” Phys. Rev. B 80, 165125 (2009). [CrossRef]

H = ω_{c} a^{†} a + \sum_{k} ω_{k} a_{k}^{†} a_{k} + \sum_{k} [V_{k} a^{†} a_{k} + H . c .],

(2)

where 0 ≤ k ≤ π, ω_k and V_k are given by:

ω_{k} = ω_{0} - 2 ξ_{0} \cos (k), V_{k} = \sqrt{\frac{2}{π}} ξ \sin (k),

(3)

and a ^† _k, a_k are the creation and annihilation operators of the corresponding Bloch modes of the waveguide, which is defined as follow:

a_{k} = \sqrt{\frac{2}{π}} \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} \sin (nk) a_{n} .

(4)

After transform the Hamiltonian into this form, we can use the exact master equation we developed recently to examine the non-Markovian dynamics of the microcavity coupled to the waveguide in photonic crystal quantum optics.

2.2. Exact master equation

The master equation for the cavity field is given in terms of the reduced density operator which is defined from the density operator of the total system by tracing over entirely the environmental degrees of freedom: ρ(t) ≡ tr_R ρ _tot(t), where the total density operator is governed by the quantum Liouville equation

ρ_{tot} (t) = e^{- iH (t - t_{0})} ρ_{tot} (t_{0}) e^{iH (t - t_{0})}

. Assuming that the cavity is initially decoupled from the reservoirs [25

A. J. Leggett, S. Chakravarty, A. T. Dorsey, M.P. Fisher, A. Garg, and W. Zwerger, “Dynamics of the dissipative two-state system,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 59, 1 (1987). [CrossRef]

]: ρ _tot(t ₀) = ρ(t ₀) ⊗ ρ _E(t ₀), where ρ(t ₀) can be any arbitrary initial state of the cavity, and the reservoir is initially in a thermal equilibrium state:

ρ_{E} (t_{0}) = \frac{1}{Z} e^{- β Σ_{k} ω_{k} a_{k}^{†} a_{k}}

. Then by integrating over all the environmental degrees of freedom, based on the Feynman-Vernon influence functional approach [26

R. P. Feynman and F. L. Vernon, “The theory of a general quantum system interacting with a linear dissipative system,” Ann. Phys. 24, 118 (1963). [CrossRef]

] in the framework of coherent state path-integral representation [27

W. M. Zhang, D. H. Feng, and R. Gilmore, “Coherent states: theory and some applications,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 62, 867 (1990). [CrossRef]

], we obtain the exact master equation for the reduced density operator [28

M. W. Y. Tu and W. M. Zhang, “Non-Markovian decoherence theory for a double-dot charge qubit,” Phys. Rev. B 78, 235311 (2008). [CrossRef]

, 29

M. W. Y. Tu, M. T. Lee, and W. M. Zhang, “Exact master equation and non-markovian decoherence for quantum dot quantum computing,” Quantum Inf. Process 8, 631 (2009). [CrossRef]

, 30

J. H. Au and W. M. Zhang, “Non-Markovian entanglement dynamics of noisy continuous-variable quantum channels,” Phys. Rev. A , 76, 042127 (2007). [CrossRef]

, 31

J. H. Au, M. Feng, and W. M. Zhang, “Non-Markovian decoherence dynamics of entangled coherent states,” Quant. Info. Comput. 9, 0317 (2009).

\frac{d}{dt} ρ (t) = - i ω_{c}^{'} (t) [a^{†} a, ρ (t)] + κ (t) {2 a ρ (t) a^{†} - a^{†} a ρ (t) - ρ (t) a^{†} a}

+ \tilde{κ} (t) {a^{†} ρ (t) a + a ρ (t) a^{†} - a^{†} a ρ (t) - ρ (t) a a^{†}},

(5)

where the time-dependent coefficient ωʹ_c(t) is the renormalized frequency of the cavity which contains the frequency shift due to the coupling with the reservoir, while κ(t) and $\tilde{κ}$ (t) describe the dissipation and noise to the cavity field induced by the reservoir. These coefficients are non-perturbatively determined by the following relations:

ω_{c}^{'} (t) = - Im [\dot{u} (t) u^{- 1} (t)],

(6)

κ (t) = - Re [\dot{u} (t) u^{- 1} (t)],

(7)

\tilde{κ} (t) = \dot{v} (t) - 2 v (t) Re [\dot{u} (t) u^{- 1} (t)],

(8)

and u(t) and v(t) satisfy the integrodifferential equations of motion:

\dot{u} (τ) + i ω_{c} u (τ) + \int_{t_{0}}^{τ} d τ' g (τ - τ') u (τ') = 0,

(9)

v (t) = \int_{t_{0}}^{t} d τ_{1} \int_{t_{0}}^{t} d τ_{2} \bar{u} (τ_{1}) \tilde{g} (τ_{1} - τ_{2}) {\bar{u}}^{*} (τ_{2}),

(10)

subjected to the initial condition u(t ₀) = 1 while ū(τ) ≡ u(t + t ₀ − τ).

Note that the integral kernels, g(τ − τʹ) and g͂(τ − τʹ), in the above equations are the time correlation functions of the waveguide. These two time-correlation functions characterize all the non-Markovian memory structures between the cavity and the waveguide. By defining the spectral density of the waveguide: J(ω) = 2πΣ_k|V_k |² δ(ω − ω_k ), the time-correlation functions are explicitly given by

g (τ - τ') = \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{d ω}{2 π} J (ω) e^{- i ω (τ - τ')},

(11)

\tilde{g} (τ - τ') = \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{d ω}{2 π} J (ω) \bar{n} (ω, T) e^{- i ω (τ - τ')},

(12)

where

\bar{n} (ω, T) = \frac{1}{e^{\frac{\bar{h} ω}{k_{B} T}} - 1}

is the average number distribution of the waveguide thermal excitation at the initial time t ₀. With the spectrum of the photonic crystal, Eq. (3), the spectral density becomes J(ω) = 2πg(ω)|V(ω)|², and g(ω) is the density of state:

g (ω) = \frac{dk}{d ω} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{4 ξ_{0}^{2} - {(ω - ω_{0})}^{2}}}, V (ω) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 π}} (\frac{ξ}{ξ_{0}}) \sqrt{4 ξ_{0}^{2} - {(ω - ω_{0})}^{2}},

(13)

with ω ₀ − 2ξ ₀ < ω < ω ₀ + 2ξ ₀. Then the spectral density can be explicitly written as

J (ω) = {(\frac{ξ}{ξ_{0}})}^{2} \sqrt{4 ξ_{0}^{2} - {(ω - ω_{0})}^{2}} .

(14)

In practical, ξ ₀ ≪ ω ₀, namely the waveguide has a very narrow band.

The master equation [Eq. (5)] is exact and valid for arbitrary initial cavity state, as long as the cavity state is initially decoupled from the reservoirs. It is far beyond the Born-Markov approximation widely used for conventional optical cavities. The back-reaction effect between the system and environment is fully taken into account by the time-dependent coefficients, ωʹ₀(t), κ(t) and $\tilde{κ}$ (t), in Eq. (5) through the integrodifferential equations of motion, Eqs. (9) and (10). Thus, the non-Markovian memory structure is non-perturbatively built into the integral kernels in these equations. The equations (9) and (10) show that u(t) is just the propagating function of the cavity field (the retarded Green function in nonequilibrium Green function theory [32

L. P. Kadanoff and G. Baym, Quantum Statistical Mechanics , (Benjamin, New York, 1962).

]), and v(t) is the corresponding correlation (Green) function, as we will see next. Therefore, the exact master equation, Eq. (5), depicts the full nonequilibrium dynamics of the cavity system as well as the waveguide.

2.3. Exact solutions of the microcavity dynamics

The main physical observables for the microcavity are the temporal evolution of the cavity mode amplitude and the photon number inside the cavity. The cavity mode amplitude is defined by 〈a(t)〉 = tr[aρ(t)]. From Eq. (5), it is easy to find that 〈a(t)〉 obeys the equation of motion

〈 \dot{a} (t) 〉 = - [i ω_{0}^{'} (t) + κ (t)] 〈 a (t) 〉 = \frac{\dot{u} (t)}{u (t)} 〈 a (t) 〉 .

(15)

which has the exact solution:

〈 a (t) 〉 = u (t) 〈 a (t_{0}) 〉 .

(16)

In other words, the temporal evolution of the cavity mode amplitude is totally determined by u(t), which indicates that u(t) is the exact propagating function characterizing the cavity field evolution.

Another important physical observable is the total photon number inside the cavity, which is defined by n(t) =tr[a ^† aρ(t)]. From the exact master equation, it is also easy to find that

\dot{n} (t) = - 2 κ (t) n (t) + \tilde{κ} (t) .

(17)

On the other hand, Eq. (7) can be rewritten as

\dot{v} (t) = - 2 κ (t) v (t) + \tilde{κ} (t),

(18)

with −2κ(t) = [u̇/u(t) + H.c.]. Combing these equations together, we obtain the exact solution for the time-dependent photon number in terms of u(t) and v(t):

n (t) = u (t) n (t_{0}) u^{*} (t) + v (t) .

(19)

In fact, the above solution is a result of the correlated Green function in nonequilibrium Green function theory [33

J. S. Jin, M. W. Y. Tu, W. M. Zhang, and Y. J. Yan, “A nonequilibrium theory for transient transport dynamics in nanostructures via the Feynman-Vernon influence functional approach,” arXiv:0910.1675 (to appear in N. J. Phys., 2010).

]. It contains two terms, the first term represents the temporal evolution (usually a dissipation process) of the cavity field, due to the coupling to the waveguide. The second term is a noise effect induced by thermal fluctuation of the waveguide. Therefore, Eq. (19) combines the dissipation and fluctuation dynamics together to characterize the entire cavity dynamics. The dissipation and fluctuation dynamics obeys the dissipation-fluctuation theorem, as a solution of Eqs. (9) and (10) through the time-correlation functions of the waveguide, Eqs. (11) and (12). Since v(t) is also determined by u(t), as one can see from Eq. (10), both the cavity mode amplitude and the photon number inside the cavity are completely obtained by solving the propagating function u(t).

Furthermore, to see the coherence of the cavity field, we should solve explicitly the reduced density operator. This can be done easily through the coherent state representation [28

M. W. Y. Tu and W. M. Zhang, “Non-Markovian decoherence theory for a double-dot charge qubit,” Phys. Rev. B 78, 235311 (2008). [CrossRef]

, 30

J. H. Au and W. M. Zhang, “Non-Markovian entanglement dynamics of noisy continuous-variable quantum channels,” Phys. Rev. A , 76, 042127 (2007). [CrossRef]

, 34

H. N. Xiong, W. M. Zhang, X. G. Wang, and M. H. Wu, “Exact non-Markovian cavity dynamics strongly coupled to a reservoir,” arXiv:1005.0904 (to appear in Phys. Rev. A, 2010).

]. To be specific, consider the cavity initially in a coherent state,

ρ (t_{0}) = e^{- {∣ α_{0} ∣}^{2}} ∣ α_{0} 〉 〈 α_{0} ∣,

(20)

it is not difficult to find [34

H. N. Xiong, W. M. Zhang, X. G. Wang, and M. H. Wu, “Exact non-Markovian cavity dynamics strongly coupled to a reservoir,” arXiv:1005.0904 (to appear in Phys. Rev. A, 2010).

] that the reduced density operator at arbitrary later time t becomes

ρ (t) = \exp {\frac{{∣ α (t) ∣}^{2}}{1 + v (t)}} \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} \frac{{[v (t)]}^{n}}{{[1 + v (t)]}^{n + 1}} ∣ \frac{α (t)}{1 + v (t)}, n 〉 〈 n, \frac{α (t)}{1 + v (t)} ∣,

(21)

where

∣ \frac{α (t)}{1 + v (t)}, n 〉 \equiv \exp [\frac{α (t)}{1 + v (t)} α^{†}] ∣ n 〉

is a generalized coherent state, and α(t) = u(t)α ₀. It is interest to see that Eq. (21) is indeed a mixed state of generalized coherent states

∣ \frac{α (t)}{1 + v (t)}, n 〉

, in which the photon number is given by n(t) = |u(t)α ₀|² + v(t), as we expected. An initial state other than the coherent state will result in different reduced density operator, as we have also shown explicitly in [34

H. N. Xiong, W. M. Zhang, X. G. Wang, and M. H. Wu, “Exact non-Markovian cavity dynamics strongly coupled to a reservoir,” arXiv:1005.0904 (to appear in Phys. Rev. A, 2010).

Usually, u(t) decays to zero due to the dissipation induced by the coupling to the waveguide. The corresponding reduced density operator asymptotically becomes a thermally state with the asymptotic photon number n(t) = v(t → ∞) ~ n̄(ω_c , T). This solution shows precisely how the cavity field loses its coherence (i.e. decoherence) due to the coupling to the waveguide. This decoherence arises from the decay of the cavity field amplitude α(t) = u(t)α ₀ as well as the thermal-fluctuation-induced noise effect manifested through the correlation function v(t), as shown in Eq. (21). The later describes a process of randomly losing or gaining the thermal energy from the reservoir (here is the waveguide), upon the initial temperature of the waveguide.

However, when the coupling between the cavity and the waveguide is strong enough, u(t) may not decay to zero, as we shall show explicitly in the numerical calculation in the next section. Then the reduced density operator remains as a mixed coherent state. On the other hand, at zero-temperature limit T = 0, we have n̄(ω, T) = 0 so that g̃(τ − τʹ) = 0. As a result, we obtain v(t) = 0. The reduced density operator at zero temperature limit is given by

ρ (t) ∣_{T = 0} = e^{- {∣ α (t) ∣}^{2}} ∣ α (t) 〉 〈 α (t) ∣ .

(22)

In other words, the cavity can remain in a coherent state in the zero temperature limit. These two features [u(t) may not decay to zero in the strong coupling regime and v(t) = 0 at T = 0] indicate that enhancing the coupling between the cavity and the waveguide and meantime lowing the initial temperature of the waveguide can significantly reduce the cavity’s decoherence effect in photonic crystals.

3. Numerical analysis of the exact non-Markovian dynamics

In this section, we will demonstrate the exact non-Markovian dynamics of a microcavity coupled to a waveguide in photonic crystals. In our calculation, based on the experiment in Ref. [35

M. Bayindir, B. Temelkuran, and E. Ozbay, “Tight-Binding Description of the coupled defect modes in three-dimensional photonic crystals,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2140 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], we take the frequency of the waveguide resonators to be ω ₀ = 12.15 GHz = 50.25µeV (in the unit h̄ = 1), and the coupling between the adjacent resonators to be ξ ₀ = 1.24µeV. The initial temperature of the waveguide is set at T = 5K so that k_BT = 430.75µeV ≈ 8.57ω ₀. The frequency of the single mode cavity ω_c and the coupling ξ between the cavity and the waveguide are tunable parameters by changing the geometry of the cavity and the distance between the cavity and the waveguide [13

Y. Liu, Z. Wang, M. Han, S. Fan, and R. Dutton, “Mode-locking of monolithic laser diodes incorporating coupled-resonator optical waveguides,” Opt. Express 13, 4539 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 36

A. Faraon, E. Waks, D. Englund, I. Fushman, and J. Vuckovic, “Efficient photonic crystal cavity-waveguide couplers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 073102 (2007). [CrossRef]

, 37

S. Hughes and H. Kamada, “Single-quantum-dot strong coupling in a semiconductor photonic crystal nanocavity side coupled to a waveguide,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 195313 (2004). [CrossRef]

]. With these experimental input parameters, we numerically calculate the exact cavity dynamics with different coupling strength for three different cavity frequency configurations: i), the cavity coupled to the waveguide at the waveguide band center (ω_c = ω ₀). ii), the cavity coupled to the waveguide near the upper band edge (ω ₀ < ω_c < ω ₀ + 2ξ ₀). iii), the cavity coupled apart from the band of the waveguide (ω_c > ω ₀). Detailed numerical results are plotted in Figs. 2 through 5.

Fig. 2. (Color online) The exact solution of the scaled field amplitude |u(t)| of the microcavity in photonic crystals, coupled to the waveguide with (a) ω_c = 0.5ω ₀ (apart from the waveguide band), (b) ω_c = 1.025ω ₀ (near the upper band edge of the waveguide) and (c) ω_c = ω ₀ (at the band center of the waveguide) from the weak coupling (η < 0.7) to the strong coupling (η > 1.0) regime.

In Fig. 2, we show the exact solution of the scaled cavity field amplitude, i.e. |〈a(t)〉/〈a(t ₀)〉| = |u(t)| (see Eq. (16)), in different coupled configuration from the weak coupling to strong coupling regime. For ω_c lies outside the band of the waveguide, in both the weak and strong coupling regimes, |u(t)| remains unchanged beside a short time very small oscillation at the beginning, see Fig. 2(a). This result indicates that when its frequency lies outside the band of the waveguide, the cavity effectively decouples from the waveguide. However, when ω_c lies inside the band of the waveguide, the time evolution behavior of the field amplitude is totally different in different coupling regime, see Fig. 2(b) and 2(c). In weak coupling regime (in terms of a dimensionless coupling rate

η \equiv \frac{ξ}{ξ_{0}} < 0.7

, |u(t)| decays to zero monotonically, as a typical Markov process. However, increasing the coupling such that η > 1.0, after a short time decay at the beginning, the field amplitude begins to revives, and more than that, it keeps oscillating below an nonzero value. This behavior shows that the cavity field no longer decays monotonically in strong coupling regime, as a significant non-Markovian memory effect.

Fig. 3. (Color online) (a) A contour plot of the scaled cavity field amplitude |u(t)| by varying the time t and the coupling rate η = ξ/ξ ₀, combined with other two plots for the decay coefficient in the master equation, κ(t), in (b) strong coupling η = 1.5 and (c) weak coupling η = 0.5. The cavity frequency is set to be the same as the resonator frequency of the waveguide, ω_c = ω ₀.

This effect becomes the strongest when the cavity frequency matches the band center of the waveguide, i.e. ω_c = ω ₀.

In Fig. 3, we show a 3D plot of |u(t)| for ω_c = ω _o by varying the coupling rate η and the time t, where the critical transition from the Markov to non-Markovian dynamics is manifested with the critical coupling η_c ≃ 0.7 ~ 1.0. To understand the underlying mechanism of this critical transition, we also plot in Fig. 3 the decay coefficient in Eq. (5), κ(t) = −Re[u̇(t)/u(t)], for different coupling configurations. The decay coefficient κ(t) dominates the dissipation behavior of the cavity field, roughly given by the damping factor

~ e^{- \int_{0}^{t} κ (t') d t'}

. As one can see, in weak coupling regime, after a short time increase, κ(t) approaches to a stationary positive value, see Fig. 3(c). This leads to a monotonic decay for the cavity field, i.e. a dissipation process. However, in strong coupling regime, the behavior of κ(t) is totally different, it keeps oscillation in all the time between an equal positive and negative bound value without approaching to zero, see Fig. 3(b). This oscillation process means that the cavity dissipates energy to the waveguide and then fully regains it back from the waveguide repeatedly. The overall effect of this reviving process is that no energy dissipates (or photon losses) into the waveguide. In other words, the cavity dynamics becomes dissipationless in the strong coupling regime. Thus, the critical transition from weak to strong coupling regime reveals the transition from dissipation into dissipationless processes for the cavity dynamics, as a manifestation of the non-Markovian memory effect.

It is worth pointing out that the nonexponential non-Markovian decay has indeed been discovered for atoms placed inside the photonic crystals [15

S. John and J. Wang, “Quantum electrodynamics near a photonic band gap: Photon bound states and dressed atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2418 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 16

S. John and T. Quang, “Spontaneous emission near the edge of a photonic band gap,” Phys. Rev. A 50, 1764 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 17

S. Kilin and D. Mogilevtsev, ““Freezing” of decay of a quantum system with a dip in a spectrum of the heat bath-coupling constants,” Laser Phys. 2, 153 (1992).

, 18

A. G. Kofman, G. Kurizki, and B. Sherman, “Spontaneous and Induced Atomic Decay in Photonic Band Structures,” J. Mod. Opt. 41, 353 (1994). [CrossRef]

], where the inhibition of spontaneous emission or frozen state and the formulation of the atom-photon bound state show a similar non-Markovian dynamics. The same non-Markovian decay for single photon state in a cavity coupled to waveguide is also recently studied [20

S. Longhi, “Non-Markovian decay and lasing condition in an optical microcavity coupled to a structured reservoir,” Phys. Rev. A 74, 063826 (2006). [CrossRef]

]. These non-Markovian effects can be found by solving exactly the Schrödinger equation for a atomic state contains only a single photon [15

S. John and J. Wang, “Quantum electrodynamics near a photonic band gap: Photon bound states and dressed atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2418 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. The resulting equation of motion for determining the non-Markovian dynamics is indeed the same as Eq. (9) for the retarded Green function u(t). This is not surprising since Eq. (16) shows that the Green function u(t) determines the photon propagation in cavity states containing arbitrary number of photons. Therefore it must cover the special case involving only one single photon. The non-Markovian dynamics found in [15

S. John and J. Wang, “Quantum electrodynamics near a photonic band gap: Photon bound states and dressed atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2418 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 16

S. John and T. Quang, “Spontaneous emission near the edge of a photonic band gap,” Phys. Rev. A 50, 1764 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 17

S. Kilin and D. Mogilevtsev, ““Freezing” of decay of a quantum system with a dip in a spectrum of the heat bath-coupling constants,” Laser Phys. 2, 153 (1992).

, 18

A. G. Kofman, G. Kurizki, and B. Sherman, “Spontaneous and Induced Atomic Decay in Photonic Band Structures,” J. Mod. Opt. 41, 353 (1994). [CrossRef]

, 20

S. Longhi, “Non-Markovian decay and lasing condition in an optical microcavity coupled to a structured reservoir,” Phys. Rev. A 74, 063826 (2006). [CrossRef]

] must also be the same as that shown above, as a solution of the same equation of motion, Eq. (9). However, when the number of photon increases, the problem becomes intractable for the atoms coupled to a structured reservoir. Here for the cavity coupled to a structured reservoir, we are able to derive the exact master equation. Therefore we can solve the exact non-Markovian dynamics of the cavity state that contains arbitrary number of photons. The above numerical results shows that the nonexponential decay and the dissipationless process are indeed general features for the non-Markovian dynamics.

Fig. 4. (Color online) The temporal evolution of the thermal-fluctuation-induced photon correlation function v(t) in the cavity coupled to the waveguide from weak coupling to strong coupling regime with the initial temperature of the waveguide at (a) T = 5 mK, and (b) T = 5 K. The curves of different colors with different couplings are the same as in Fig. 2, here ω_c = ω ₀.

Besides, it has also been emphasized in [15

S. John and J. Wang, “Quantum electrodynamics near a photonic band gap: Photon bound states and dressed atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2418 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 16

S. John and T. Quang, “Spontaneous emission near the edge of a photonic band gap,” Phys. Rev. A 50, 1764 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 17

S. Kilin and D. Mogilevtsev, ““Freezing” of decay of a quantum system with a dip in a spectrum of the heat bath-coupling constants,” Laser Phys. 2, 153 (1992).

, 18

A. G. Kofman, G. Kurizki, and B. Sherman, “Spontaneous and Induced Atomic Decay in Photonic Band Structures,” J. Mod. Opt. 41, 353 (1994). [CrossRef]

] (see [14

P. Lambropoulos, G. Nikolopoulos, T. R. Nielsen, and S. Bay, “Fundamental quantum optics in structured reservoirs,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 63, 455 (2000). [CrossRef]

] for a rather recent review) that the non-Markovian dynamics of the atom population and the formulation of the atomphoton bound state in photonic crystals come mainly from the singularities in the density of states, i.e. the edges of the photonic band gap. Our results show that in general non-Markovian dynamics occurs when the coupling strength from the system to the reservoir becomes comparable or larger than the width of spectral function J(ω). Here this condition corresponds to η ≥ 1, i.e. ξ ≥ ξ ₀. From Eq. (9), it shows that the dynamic behavior of u(t) depends only on the spectral density J(ω). For the semi-infinite tight binding model considered in this paper, although the density of the state, Eq. (13), contains a singularity near the edges of the spectrum, the spectral density given by Eq. (14) does not have the same singularity. Our results show that the nonexponential non-Markovian decay and dissipationless process occur even for the cavity frequency at the center of the continuum, see Figs. 2(c) and 3. While, in [15

S. John and J. Wang, “Quantum electrodynamics near a photonic band gap: Photon bound states and dressed atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2418 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 16

S. John and T. Quang, “Spontaneous emission near the edge of a photonic band gap,” Phys. Rev. A 50, 1764 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 17

S. Kilin and D. Mogilevtsev, ““Freezing” of decay of a quantum system with a dip in a spectrum of the heat bath-coupling constants,” Laser Phys. 2, 153 (1992).

, 18

A. G. Kofman, G. Kurizki, and B. Sherman, “Spontaneous and Induced Atomic Decay in Photonic Band Structures,” J. Mod. Opt. 41, 353 (1994). [CrossRef]

] the non-Markovian dynamics is found when the transition frequency is near the edge, where the singularity of the density of state induces an effective strong coupling comparing with the width of the spectral density. Note that some related feature on the spectral shape dependence of the nonexponential non-Markovian decay was also found in a single two-level emitter coupled to a reservoir with a density-of-states containing two Lorentzian forms [38

D. Mogilevtsev, S. Kilin, F. Moreira, and S. B. Cavalcanti, “Markovian and non-Markovian decay in pseudo-gaps,” Photon Nanostruct.: Fundam Appl. 5, 1 (2007). [CrossRef]

To see further the noise effect induced by thermal fluctuation in the above non-Markovian process, we examine the temporal evolution of the correlation function v(t) given by Eq. (4). Physically, Eq. (19) shows that if the cavity is initially empty, then v(t) is the average photon number inside the cavity, induced by the thermal fluctuation of the waveguide. In Fig. 4(b), we plot v(t) with a few different coupling strength. As we see in the weak coupling regime (η < 0.7), the exact v(t) increases monotonically and approaches to n̄(ω_c , T) gradually. However, in strong coupling regime (η > 1.0), the behavior of v(t) is qualitatively different from that in weak coupling case. It increases much faster within a very short time in the beginning, then keeps oscillation in a long time, in response to the corresponding dissipationless oscillation of the cavity amplitude u(t).

To demonstrate explicitly the temperature dependence of this thermal fluctuation effect, we plot v(t) in Fig. 4(a) with a very low temperature, T = 5 mK. The value of v(t) is reduced dramatically [< 10⁻⁸ as shown in Fig. 4(a)]. This clearly shows that v(t) characterizes the noise effect of the thermal fluctuation from the waveguide. Lowing the initial temperature of the waveguide can efficiently suppress the thermal noise effect. Based on the analytical solution of the reduced density matrix in the last section, if the cavity is initially in a coherent state, and if the initial temperature of the waveguide is low enough such that v(t) → 0, the cavity state is given by Eq. (22) where α(t) = u(t)α(0). As a result, we can maintain well the cavity’s coherence by enhancing the coupling between the cavity and the waveguide such that the dissipation can also be suppressed.

Fig. 5. (Color online) The temporal evolution of the photon number n(t) in the cavity and the photon current flowing in the waveguide, by varying the coupling from weak (η < 0.7) to strong (η > 1.0) coupling regime with the initial temperature of the waveguide at (a) T = 5 mK, and (b) T = 5 K. The curves of different colors with different couplings are the same as in Fig. 2, here ω_c = ω ₀.

To show the total non-Markovian memory effect distributing in the dissipation and the noise processes, we examine the temporal evolution of the photon number inside the cavity in Fig. 5(a) and 5(b). The negative time derivation of the photon number inside the cavity corresponds to the photon current flowing into the waveguide, which is also shown in Fig. 5(c) and 5(d). The photon current is an important quantity to characterize the transmission of the waveguide, and can be measured directly in experiments. Eq. (19) shows that the total photon number in the cavity consists of two sources: the evolution of the initial photons in the cavity, and the thermal-noise-induced photons. From Fig. 5(a) and 5(b) one see that in a relative high temperature (above a few K), the thermal fluctuation, i.e. the contribution from v(t), dominates the photon number in the cavity, where v(t → ∞) ~ n̄(ω_c , T) which is about a few tens [~ 50 for T = 5 K, as shown in Fig. 4(b)] when ω_c is in the microwave region. However, in a very low temperature, v(t) approaches to zero [v(t) < 10⁻⁸ at T = 5 mK, as shown in Fig. 4(a)]. Then n(t) is fully dominated by the evolution of the initial photon number in the cavity, i.e. the first term |u(t)|² n(t ₀) in Eq. (19).

The difference of the time-dependent photon number for the weak and strong couplings is mainly shown in the long time behavior. In weak coupling regime (η < 0.7), n(t) approaches gradually and monotonically to n̄(ω_c , T). However, in the strong coupling regime (η > 1.0), n(t) quickly reaches to n̄(ω_c , T) and then oscillates around n̄(ω_c , T) due to the dissipationless oscillation of u(t). In fact, the dissipationless oscillation of u(t) in strong coupling regime indicates that the cavity field can produce subsequent pulses with a small number of photons in the low temperature region. From Fig. 5(a), we can see that the cavity can generate indeed single photon pulses at T = 5 mK when the coupling rate η = ξ/ξ ₀ = 2, namely the coupling between the cavity and the waveguide is twice of the coupling between the adjacent resonators in the waveguide, which is experimentally feasible. Fig. 5(c) and 5(d) also plot the photon current in the waveguide, which shows the corresponding oscillation associated with the amplitude oscillation of the cavity field. Physically this result indicates that the photons tunnel between the cavity and the waveguide repeatedly without loss of the coherence in the strong coupling regime. Experimentally, one can directly measure the photon current flowing over the waveguide to demonstrate these properties. These properties may provide new applications for the microcavity in photonic crystals.

From the above analysis, we find that when ω lies outside the band of the waveguide, the cavity dynamics effectively decouples from the waveguide. However, when ω locates inside the band of the waveguide, the non-Markovian memory effect can qualitatively change the dissipation as well as the noise dynamics of the cavity field. In particular, the coupling between the microcavity and the waveguide can be used to manipulate well the dissipation behavior of the cavity dynamics. Meanwhile, in the very low temperature limit, one can also control efficiently the cavity coherence as well as the photon number. Otherwise, the thermal fluctuation may induce non-negligible noise effect.

4. Conclusion

In this paper, the exact non-Markovian dynamics of a microcavity coupled to a waveguide structure is studied. By solving the exact master equation analytically, the general solution of the density operator as well as the cavity mode amplitude and the photon numbers inside the cavity are obtained for the reservoir at an arbitrary initial temperature. The temporal evolution of the cavity mode amplitude and the photon number are examined numerically in different coupling configurations. We show that different cavity frequency and coupling between the cavity and the waveguide would lead to totally different cavity dynamics. For the frequency lies outside the band of the waveguide, the cavity becomes isolated in both weak and strong coupling. When the cavity frequency lies inside the band of the waveguide, the non-Markovian memory effect qualitatively changes the damping behavior of the cavity amplitude as well as the thermal noise dynamics. In particular, when the coupling strength goes beyond a critical value, the cavity field becomes dissipationless as a signature of the strong non-Markovian memory effect. All these results are obtained based on the exact master equation for the cavity state containing arbitrary number of photons. As a result, we have generalized the previous studies of the similar non-Markovian dynamics on inhibition of spontaneous emission and the formulation of photon bound state involving only a single photon [15

S. John and J. Wang, “Quantum electrodynamics near a photonic band gap: Photon bound states and dressed atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2418 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 16

S. John and T. Quang, “Spontaneous emission near the edge of a photonic band gap,” Phys. Rev. A 50, 1764 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 17

S. Kilin and D. Mogilevtsev, ““Freezing” of decay of a quantum system with a dip in a spectrum of the heat bath-coupling constants,” Laser Phys. 2, 153 (1992).

, 18

A. G. Kofman, G. Kurizki, and B. Sherman, “Spontaneous and Induced Atomic Decay in Photonic Band Structures,” J. Mod. Opt. 41, 353 (1994). [CrossRef]

, 20

S. Longhi, “Non-Markovian decay and lasing condition in an optical microcavity coupled to a structured reservoir,” Phys. Rev. A 74, 063826 (2006). [CrossRef]

]. Our results also indicate that the cavity can only maintain in a coherent state with a very small photon number up to a single photon when it strongly couples to the waveguide at very low temperature. The perfect transmission between the cavity and the waveguide in photonic crystals is also more feasible in the strong coupling regime at very low temperature. These properties can be measured experimentally through the photon current flowing over the waveguide in photonic crystals. We hope that these features would provide further insights for the applications of the microcavity in quantum optics.

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the National Science Council of ROC under Contract No. NSC-96-2112-M-006-011-MY3.

References and links

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2.	A. R. Md Zain, N. P. Johnson, M. Sorel, and R. M. De La Rue, “Ultra high quality factor one dimensional photonic crystal/photonic wire micro-cavities in silicon-on-insulator (SOI),” Opt. Express , 16, 12084 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3.	S. Noda, M. Fujita, and T. Asano, “Spontaneous-emission control by photonic crystals and nanocavities,” Nat. Photon. 1, 449 (2007). [CrossRef]
4.	P. Yao and S. Hughes, “Controlled cavity QED and single-photon emission using a photonic-crystal waveguide cavity system,” Phys. Rev. B 80, 165128 (2009). [CrossRef]
5.	M. Nomura, N. Kumagai, S. Iwamoto, Y. Ota, and Y. Arakawa, “Laser oscillation in a strongly coupled single-quantum-dot V nanocavity system,” Nat. Phys. 6, 279 (2010). [CrossRef]
6.	F. Bordas, C. Seassal, E. Dupuy, P. Regreny, M. Gendry, P. Viktorovich, M. J. Steel, and A. Rahmani, “Room temperature low-threshold InAs/InP quantum dot single mode photonic crystal microlasers at 1.5 gm using cavity-confined slow light,” Opt. Express 17, 5439 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7.	M. Loncar and A. Scherer, “Photonic crystal laser sources for chemical detection,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4648 (2003). [CrossRef]
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OCIS Codes
(270.0270) Quantum optics : Quantum optics
(130.5296) Integrated optics : Photonic crystal waveguides

ToC Category:
Photonic Crystals

History
Original Manuscript: June 2, 2010
Revised Manuscript: June 22, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: July 14, 2010
Published: August 12, 2010

Citation
Wei-Min Zhang, Meng-Hsiu Wu, Chan U Lei, and Heng-Na Xiong, "Non-Markovian dynamics of a microcavity coupled to a waveguide in photonic crystals," Opt. Express 18, 18407-18418 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-17-18407

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References

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nature 425, 944 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. R. Md Zain, N. P. Johnson, M. Sorel, and R. M. De La Rue, “Ultra high quality factor one dimensional photonic crystal/photonic wire micro-cavities in silicon-on-insulator (SOI),” Opt. Express 16, 12084 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Noda, M. Fujita, and T. Asano, “Spontaneous-emission control by photonic crystals and nanocavities,” Nat. Photonics 1, 449 (2007). [CrossRef]
P. Yao, and S. Hughes, “Controlled cavity QED and single-photon emission using a photonic-crystal waveguide cavity system,” Phys. Rev. B 80, 165128 (2009). [CrossRef]
M. Nomura, N. Kumagai, S. Iwamoto, Y. Ota, and Y. Arakawa, “Laser oscillation in a strongly coupled singlequantum-dot V nanocavity system,” Nat. Phys. 6, 279 (2010). [CrossRef]
F. Bordas, C. Seassal, E. Dupuy, P. Regreny, M. Gendry, P. Viktorovich, M. J. Steel, and A. Rahmani, “Room temperature low-threshold InAs/InP quantum dot single mode photonic crystal microlasers at 1.5 gm using cavityconfined slow light,” Opt. Express 17, 5439 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Loncar, and A. Scherer, “Photonic crystal laser sources for chemical detection,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4648 (2003). [CrossRef]
M. Skorobogatiy, and A. V. Kabashin, “Photon crystal waveguide-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 143518 (2006). [CrossRef]
S. Mandal, X. Serey, and D. Erickson, “Nanomanipulation using silicon photonic crystal resonators,” Nano Lett. 10, 99 (2010). [CrossRef]
T. Baba, “Slow light in photonic crystals,” Nat. Photonics 2, 465 (2008). [CrossRef]
M. Notomi, K. Yamada, A. Shinya, J. Takahashi, C. Takahashi, and I. Yokohama, “Extremely large group-velocity dispersion of line-defect waveguides in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 253902 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. G. Park, C. J. Barrelet, Y. Wu, B. Tian, F. Qian, and C. M. Lieber, “A wavelength-selective photonic-crystal waveguide coupled to a nanowire light source,” Nat. Photonics 2, 622 (2008). [CrossRef]
Y. Liu, Z. Wang, M. Han, S. Fan, and R. Dutton, “Mode-locking of monolithic laser diodes incorporating coupled-resonator optical waveguides,” Opt. Express 13, 4539 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Lambropoulos, G. Nikolopoulos, T. R. Nielsen, and S. Bay, “Fundamental quantum optics in structured reservoirs,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 63, 455 (2000). [CrossRef]
S. John, and J. Wang, “Quantum electrodynamics near a photonic band gap: Photon bound states and dressed atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2418 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. John, and T. Quang, “Spontaneous emission near the edge of a photonic band gap,” Phys. Rev. A 50, 1764 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Kilin, and D. Mogilevtsev, “Freezing” of decay of a quantum system with a dip in a spectrum of the heat bath-coupling constants,” Laser Phys. 2, 153 (1992).
A. G. Kofman, G. Kurizki, and B. Sherman, “Spontaneous and Induced Atomic Decay in Photonic Band Structures,” J. Mod. Opt. 41, 353 (1994). [CrossRef]
D. Mogilevtsev, F. Moreira, S. B. Cavalcanti, and S. Kilin, “Field-emitter bound states in structured thermal reservoirs,” Phys. Rev. A 75, 043802 (2007). [CrossRef]
S. Longhi, “Non-Markovian decay and lasing condition in an optical microcavity coupled to a structured reservoir,” Phys. Rev. A 74, 063826 (2006). [CrossRef]
A. Yariv, Y. Xu, R. K. Lee, and A. Scherer, “Coupled-resonator optical waveguide: a proposal and analysis,” Opt. Lett. 24, 711 (1999). [CrossRef]
J. K. Poon, J. Scheuer, Y. Xu, and A. Yariv, “Designing coupled-resonator optical waveguide delay lines,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 21, 1665 (2004). [CrossRef]
U. Fano, “Effects of Configuration interaction on intensities and phase shifts,” Phys. Rev. 124, 1866 (1961). [CrossRef]
S. Longhi, “Spectral singularities in a non-Hermitian Friedrichs-Fano-Anderson model,” Phys. Rev. B 80, 165125 (2009). [CrossRef]
A. J. Leggett, S. Chakravarty, A. T. Dorsey, M. P. Fisher, A. Garg, and W. Zwerger, “Dynamics of the dissipative two-state system,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 59, 1 (1987). [CrossRef]
R. P. Feynman, and F. L. Vernon, “The theory of a general quantum system interacting with a linear dissipative system,” Ann. Phys. 24, 118 (1963). [CrossRef]
W. M. Zhang, D. H. Feng, and R. Gilmore, “Coherent states: theory and some applications,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 62, 867 (1990). [CrossRef]
M. W. Y. Tu, and W. M. Zhang, “Non-Markovian decoherence theory for a double-dot charge qubit,” Phys. Rev. B 78, 235311 (2008). [CrossRef]
M. W. Y. Tu, M. T. Lee, and W. M. Zhang, “Exact master equation and non-markovian decoherence for quantum dot quantum computing,” Quantum Inf. Process. 8, 631 (2009). [CrossRef]
J. H. Au, and W. M. Zhang, “Non-Markovian entanglement dynamics of noisy continuous-variable quantum channels,” Phys. Rev. A 76, 042127 (2007). [CrossRef]
. J. H. Au, M. Feng and W. M. Zhang, “Non-Markovian decoherence dynamics of entangled coherent states,” Quantum. Inf. Comput. 9, 0317 (2009).
L. P. Kadanoff, and G. Baym, Quantum Statistical Mechanics, (Benjamin, New York, 1962).
J. S. Jin, M. W. Y. Tu, W. M. Zhang, and Y. J. Yan, “A nonequilibrium theory for transient transport dynamics in nanostructures via the Feynman-Vernon influence functional approach,” arXiv:0910.1675 (to appear in N. J. Phys., 2010).
H. N. Xiong, W. M. Zhang, X. G. Wang, and M. H. Wu, “Exact non-Markovian cavity dynamics strongly coupled to a reservoir,” arXiv:1005.0904 (to appear in Phys. Rev. A, 2010).
M. Bayindir, B. Temelkuran, and E. Ozbay, “Tight-Binding Description of the coupled defect modes in threedimensional photonic crystals,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2140 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Faraon, E. Waks, D. Englund, I. Fushman, and J. Vuckovic, “Efficient photonic crystal cavity-waveguide couplers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 073102 (2007). [CrossRef]
S. Hughes, and H. Kamada, “Single-quantum-dot strong coupling in a semiconductor photonic crystal nanocavity side coupled to a waveguide,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 195313 (2004). [CrossRef]
D. Mogilevtsev, S. Kilin, F. Moreira, and S. B. Cavalcanti, “Markovian and non-Markovian decay in pseudogaps,” Photon Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 5, 1 (2007). [CrossRef]

,” Quantum. Inf. Comput.

. J. H. Au, M. Feng and W. M. Zhang, “Non-Markovian decoherence dynamics of entangled coherent states,” Quantum. Inf. Comput. 9, 0317 (2009).

Ann. Phys.

R. P. Feynman, and F. L. Vernon, “The theory of a general quantum system interacting with a linear dissipative system,” Ann. Phys. 24, 118 (1963). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

M. Loncar, and A. Scherer, “Photonic crystal laser sources for chemical detection,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4648 (2003). [CrossRef]
M. Skorobogatiy, and A. V. Kabashin, “Photon crystal waveguide-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 143518 (2006). [CrossRef]
A. Faraon, E. Waks, D. Englund, I. Fushman, and J. Vuckovic, “Efficient photonic crystal cavity-waveguide couplers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 073102 (2007). [CrossRef]

J. Mod. Opt.

A. G. Kofman, G. Kurizki, and B. Sherman, “Spontaneous and Induced Atomic Decay in Photonic Band Structures,” J. Mod. Opt. 41, 353 (1994). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

J. K. Poon, J. Scheuer, Y. Xu, and A. Yariv, “Designing coupled-resonator optical waveguide delay lines,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 21, 1665 (2004). [CrossRef]

Laser Phys.

S. Kilin, and D. Mogilevtsev, “Freezing” of decay of a quantum system with a dip in a spectrum of the heat bath-coupling constants,” Laser Phys. 2, 153 (1992).

Nano Lett.

S. Mandal, X. Serey, and D. Erickson, “Nanomanipulation using silicon photonic crystal resonators,” Nano Lett. 10, 99 (2010). [CrossRef]

Nat. Photonics

T. Baba, “Slow light in photonic crystals,” Nat. Photonics 2, 465 (2008). [CrossRef]
S. Noda, M. Fujita, and T. Asano, “Spontaneous-emission control by photonic crystals and nanocavities,” Nat. Photonics 1, 449 (2007). [CrossRef]
H. G. Park, C. J. Barrelet, Y. Wu, B. Tian, F. Qian, and C. M. Lieber, “A wavelength-selective photonic-crystal waveguide coupled to a nanowire light source,” Nat. Photonics 2, 622 (2008). [CrossRef]

Nat. Phys.

M. Nomura, N. Kumagai, S. Iwamoto, Y. Ota, and Y. Arakawa, “Laser oscillation in a strongly coupled singlequantum-dot V nanocavity system,” Nat. Phys. 6, 279 (2010). [CrossRef]

Nature

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nature 425, 944 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Express

Opt. Lett.

A. Yariv, Y. Xu, R. K. Lee, and A. Scherer, “Coupled-resonator optical waveguide: a proposal and analysis,” Opt. Lett. 24, 711 (1999). [CrossRef]

Photon Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl.

D. Mogilevtsev, S. Kilin, F. Moreira, and S. B. Cavalcanti, “Markovian and non-Markovian decay in pseudogaps,” Photon Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 5, 1 (2007). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev.

U. Fano, “Effects of Configuration interaction on intensities and phase shifts,” Phys. Rev. 124, 1866 (1961). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. A

J. H. Au, and W. M. Zhang, “Non-Markovian entanglement dynamics of noisy continuous-variable quantum channels,” Phys. Rev. A 76, 042127 (2007). [CrossRef]
D. Mogilevtsev, F. Moreira, S. B. Cavalcanti, and S. Kilin, “Field-emitter bound states in structured thermal reservoirs,” Phys. Rev. A 75, 043802 (2007). [CrossRef]
S. Longhi, “Non-Markovian decay and lasing condition in an optical microcavity coupled to a structured reservoir,” Phys. Rev. A 74, 063826 (2006). [CrossRef]
S. John, and T. Quang, “Spontaneous emission near the edge of a photonic band gap,” Phys. Rev. A 50, 1764 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. B

P. Yao, and S. Hughes, “Controlled cavity QED and single-photon emission using a photonic-crystal waveguide cavity system,” Phys. Rev. B 80, 165128 (2009). [CrossRef]
M. W. Y. Tu, and W. M. Zhang, “Non-Markovian decoherence theory for a double-dot charge qubit,” Phys. Rev. B 78, 235311 (2008). [CrossRef]
S. Longhi, “Spectral singularities in a non-Hermitian Friedrichs-Fano-Anderson model,” Phys. Rev. B 80, 165125 (2009). [CrossRef]
S. Hughes, and H. Kamada, “Single-quantum-dot strong coupling in a semiconductor photonic crystal nanocavity side coupled to a waveguide,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 195313 (2004). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

M. Bayindir, B. Temelkuran, and E. Ozbay, “Tight-Binding Description of the coupled defect modes in threedimensional photonic crystals,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2140 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Notomi, K. Yamada, A. Shinya, J. Takahashi, C. Takahashi, and I. Yokohama, “Extremely large group-velocity dispersion of line-defect waveguides in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 253902 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. John, and J. Wang, “Quantum electrodynamics near a photonic band gap: Photon bound states and dressed atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2418 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Quantum Inf. Process.

M. W. Y. Tu, M. T. Lee, and W. M. Zhang, “Exact master equation and non-markovian decoherence for quantum dot quantum computing,” Quantum Inf. Process. 8, 631 (2009). [CrossRef]

Rep. Prog. Phys.

P. Lambropoulos, G. Nikolopoulos, T. R. Nielsen, and S. Bay, “Fundamental quantum optics in structured reservoirs,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 63, 455 (2000). [CrossRef]

Rev. Mod. Phys.

A. J. Leggett, S. Chakravarty, A. T. Dorsey, M. P. Fisher, A. Garg, and W. Zwerger, “Dynamics of the dissipative two-state system,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 59, 1 (1987). [CrossRef]
W. M. Zhang, D. H. Feng, and R. Gilmore, “Coherent states: theory and some applications,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 62, 867 (1990). [CrossRef]

Other

L. P. Kadanoff, and G. Baym, Quantum Statistical Mechanics, (Benjamin, New York, 1962).
J. S. Jin, M. W. Y. Tu, W. M. Zhang, and Y. J. Yan, “A nonequilibrium theory for transient transport dynamics in nanostructures via the Feynman-Vernon influence functional approach,” arXiv:0910.1675 (to appear in N. J. Phys., 2010).
H. N. Xiong, W. M. Zhang, X. G. Wang, and M. H. Wu, “Exact non-Markovian cavity dynamics strongly coupled to a reservoir,” arXiv:1005.0904 (to appear in Phys. Rev. A, 2010).

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