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Optics Express

Optics Express

  • Editor: C. Martijn de Sterke
  • Vol. 18, Iss. 25 — Dec. 6, 2010
  • pp: 25855–25860

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A long-reach ultra-dense 10 Gbit/s WDM-PON using a digital coherent receiver

Domaniç Lavery, Maria Ionescu, Sergejs Makovejs, Enrico Torrengo, and Seb J. Savory  »View Author Affiliations


Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 25, pp. 25855-25860 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.025855


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Abstract

We investigate the impact of channel spacing and nonlinear transmission over 120 km of standard single mode fiber for a 10 Gbit/s long-reach wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON). We employed polarization division multiplexed quadrature phase shift keying (PDM-QPSK), which allowed data transmission at 3.125 GBaud, including a 25% overhead for forward error correction. To receive this spectrally efficient modulation format, a digital coherent receiver was employed, allowing for both frequency selectivity and an increased sensitivity of −45 dBm (25 photons/bit). We investigated a channel spacing as low as 5 GHz, for which the loss budget was 48.6 dB, increasing to 54.0 dB for a 50 GHz grid.

© 2010 Optical Society of America

1. Introduction

Digital coherent receivers have caused a revolution in the design of core networks, however, they have the potential to be equally disruptive in the access network, albeit for different reasons. Here, it is the frequency selectivity and high receiver sensitivity afforded by coherent detection which will be exploited, enabling ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexed (UD-WDM) long-reach passive optical networks (LR-PON) to be realized. In contrast to a conventional LR-PON [1

D. Shea and J. Mitchell, “A 10-Gb/s 1024-way-split 100-km long-reach optical-access network,” J. Lightwave Technol. 25(3), 685–693 (2007). [CrossRef]

], the proposed approach does not require midspan transponders or erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) to implement a 100 km access network with 1024 subscribers, thereby allowing for a true passive optical network. As such, this network architecture delivers real estate and maintenance savings through the elimination of the metro network and associated equipment. While the cost of a digital coherent receiver will be higher than a conventional receiver, over the lifetime of the system this will be outweighed by the reduced operational costs per subscriber due to the increased network capacity afforded by UDWDM, allowing multiple subscribers to share a single fiber.

Early research into optical access networks utilized coherent receivers for their frequency selectivity [2

E.-J. Bachus, T. Almeida, P. Demeester, G. Depovere, A. Ebberg, M. R. Ferreira, G.-D. Khoe, O. Koning, R. Marsden, J. Rawsthorne, and N. Wauters, “Coherent optical systems implemented for business traffic routing and access: the RACE COBRA project,” J. Lightwave Technol. 14(6), 1309–1319 (1996). [CrossRef]

,3

E.-J. Bachus, R.-P. Braun, W. Eutin, E. Großmann, H. Foisel, K. Heimes, and B. Strebel, “Coherent optical-fibre subscriber line,” Electron. Lett. 21(25), 1203–1205 (1985). [CrossRef]

] (although the resurgence of the technology has been largely due to improvements in digital signal processing (DSP) [4

P. P. Iannone and K. C. Reichmann, “Optical access beyond 10 Gb/s PON,” in Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), Paper Tu3.B.1 (2010).

]). Coherent receivers act as narrow optical bandpass filters when tuned to the required channel frequency [5

H. Rohde, S. Smolorz, E. Gottwald, and K. Kloppe, “Next generation optical access: 1 Gbit/s for everyone,” in Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), Paper 10.5.5 (2009).

] and, therefore, obviate the need for optical filtering, which would be required for direct detection receivers. This intrinsic property of coherent receivers is especially advantageous in an access network, as channel switching is made possible simply through re-tuning the local oscillator (LO) laser.

Recent investigations using coherent receivers in WDM-PONs have generally involved low baud rate transmission with heterodyne or self-homodyne detection [6

S. Narikawa, H. Sanjoh, and N. Sakurai, “Coherent WDM-PON using heterodyne detection with transmitter-side polarization diversity,” IEICE Electron. Express 7(16), 1195–1200 (2010). [CrossRef]

–9

S. P. Jung, K. Y. Cho, and Y. C. Chung, “Recent progresses in coherent WDM PON technologies,” in Proceedings of International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ITCON), Paper TuA1.3 (2010).

]. To date, investigations into 10 Gb/s WDM-PONs have not yielded sufficient receiver sensitivity to implement the LR-PON [10

S.-Y. Kim, N. Sakurai, H. Kimura, and K. Kumozaki, “10-Gbit/s next-generation coherent QPSK-PON with reduced bandwidth requirements employing linear digital equalization with adaptive algorithm,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Conference (OFC), Paper OMN6 (2009).

]. Our investigation has focused on the downstream portion of the network in order to directly assess receiver sensitivity. We believe this is the first time that the LR-PON operating at 10 Gbit/s has been demonstrated, in any form, without the use of midspan repeaters.

2. Proposed LR-PON Design and Experimental Configuration

Our proposed implementation of the downstream LR-PON link uses an optical line terminal (OLT) transmitting a dense wavelength division- and polarization division-multiplexed quadrature phase shift keyed (WDM-PDM-QPSK) optical signal modulated at 3.125 GBaud. This modulation format carries 4 bits/symbol, which corresponds to a transmission rate per channel of 10 Gb/s with a 25% coding overhead, such as that demonstrated by Mizuochi [11

T. Mizuochi, K. Ouchi, T. Kobayashi, Y. Miyata, K. Kuno, H. Tagami, K. Kubo, H. Yoshida, M. Akita, and K. Motoshima, “Experimental demonstration of net coding gain of 10.1 dB using 12.4 Gb/s block turbo code with 3-bit soft decision,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Conference (OFC), Paper PD21 (2003).

], which allows bit error rates (BER) up to 2 × 10−2 to be corrected to below 10−15. An EDFA at the transmitter sets the power sent to the fiber backhaul, and passive optical splitters and a shorter span of fiber are used to distribute the signal to the optical network units (ONU). We propose the use of a coherent receiver in each ONU to improve receiver sensitivity and provide channel selectivity through the use of a tunable LO laser source.

The maximum number of subscribers to the LR-PON, and the maximum transmission distance, can be specified by the loss budget; the sum of all losses incurred between the OLT and an ONU. In the experimental case, this is the sum of the total span attenuation (typically 0.2 dB/km) and the attenuation applied at the receiver. In a deployed system, attenuation is incurred from the fiber backhaul and access spans, and through passive splitting; the minimum attenuation due to splitting is log10(SR) dB, where SR is the split ratio. Notionally, the minimum required split ratio of 1:1024 is achievable with a loss budget of approximately 30 dB plus the total span attenuation.

To model the LR-PON experimentally (Fig. 1), we multiplexed CW light from three external cavity lasers (ECL); applying QPSK modulation to the outer (λ− and λ+) and central (λc) channels separately. The applied pattern was a pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS) of length 215 – 1. Polarization multiplexing was acheived by adjusting signal polarization states in each arm of a passive delay-line stage. The launch power to the span was set by an EDFA followed by a variable optical attenuator (VOA). The span consisted of 120 km of standard single-mode fiber (SMF) to model the access and backhaul spans. At the receiver, a VOA was used to emulate the power loss due to the passive optical splitters. The signal was detected with a phase and polarization diverse coherent receiver, and digitized by a digital sampling oscilliscope (DSO). The output from the DSO was resampled to 6.25 Gsamples/s to give 2 samples/symbol, and at least 216 symbols (217 symbols for BER less than 10−4) were then used to recover the constellation offline using DSP in Matlab, as in [14

S. J. Savory, “Digital filters for coherent optical receivers,” Opt. Express 16, 804–817 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. (Note that, due to the short spans involved, dispersion compensation was omitted.)

Fig. 1 LR-PON Experimental configuration, where the power loss due to the splitting in the Passive Distribution Network is emulated by a variable optical attenuator. Note that, in practice, multiple channels created at the OLT could be generated using a single laser with sub-carrier multiplexing [12

T. E. Darcie, “Subcarrier multiplexing for multiple-access lightwave networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 5(8), 1103–1110 (1987). [CrossRef]

], or through time-domain modulation of wavelength-swept light [13

T. Taniguchi, N. Sakurai, H. Kimura, and M. Tsubokawa, “Multi-wavelength optical transmitter based on time-domain modulation of directly modulated wavelength-swept light,” Electron. Lett. 44(10), 641–642 (2008). [CrossRef]

].

The LO laser was provided by a fourth ECL, amplified to 13 dBm via an EDFA and tuned to λc. The frequency offset between the signal and LO lasers was measured as less than 0.1 GHz. Optical channel powers were measured using calibrated optical spectrum analyzers (OSA) at the transmitter and receiver.

3. Experimental Results and Discussion

In these investigations, we have sought to determine the sensitivity of a digital coherent receiver, and evaluate its prospective performance when used in a WDM-PON. To achieve this, experiments were undertaken to evaluate the performance of single channel and 3-channel WDM back-to-back and transmission over 120 km of SMF.

Fig. 2 shows the impact of channel spacing on the back-to-back receiver sensitivity. There is no observed penalty between single channel and 50 GHz spaced channels, but reducing the channel spacing to 5 GHz incurs a 1.3 dB penalty at the 2 × 10−2 BER. We attribute this penalty to the introduction of coherent crosstalk and in-band noise. In comparison with previous investigations employing coherent detection, this configuration represents a significant improvement with a receiver sensitivity of −45 dBm (25 photons/bit). This high sensitivity is due to the use of PDM-QPSK with a digital coherent receiver, which includes an adaptive digital equalizer and a high FEC overhead. This sensitivity is compared with published results in Table 1.

Fig. 2 Back-to-back sensitivity measurements at different channel spacings. At the 2 × 10−2 FEC limit (dashed line), the sensitivity penalty is 1.3 dB for a 5 GHz channel spacing.
Table 1  Reported receiver sensitivities for coherent PON experiments
PaperBitrate (Gbit/s)Modulation Formatbits/symbolphotons/bit*
These Results12.5PDM-QPSK425
Jung [8

S. P. Jung, Y. Takushima, and Y. C. Chung, “Transmission of 1.25-Gb/s PSK signal generated by using RSOA in 110-km coherent WDM PON,” Opt. Express 18, 14871–14877 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]		1.25BPSK133
Narikawa [6

S. Narikawa, H. Sanjoh, and N. Sakurai, “Coherent WDM-PON using heterodyne detection with transmitter-side polarization diversity,” IEICE Electron. Express 7(16), 1195–1200 (2010). [CrossRef]

]		1.25ASK1100
Kim [10

S.-Y. Kim, N. Sakurai, H. Kimura, and K. Kumozaki, “10-Gbit/s next-generation coherent QPSK-PON with reduced bandwidth requirements employing linear digital equalization with adaptive algorithm,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Conference (OFC), Paper OMN6 (2009).

]		10.0QPSK2155
* Assumes 25% coding overhead. Sensitivities are for a BER of 2 × 10−2 extrapolated from the reported results.

Note that, as the receiver sensitivity approaches the shot noise limit, preamplification of the signal (using an EDFA, for example) can further reduce the required received power [15

K. Kikuchi and S. Tsukamoto, “Evaluation of sensitivity of the digital coherent receiver,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(13), 1817–1822 (2008). [CrossRef]

]. It is unfeasible for each ONU to utilize an EDFA for this purpose due to the increased cost per unit. However, a single EDFA could be used to preamplify all channels prior to the OLT for upstream transmission; this is a subject for further investigation.

The transmission experiments investigated the impact of nonlinearities on sensitivity. Fig. 3(a) shows that for single channel transmission over 120 km, with a launch power of up to 10 dBm, the incurred penalty is less than 0.3 dB. Thus, the impact of self phase modulation (SPM) is negligible for the launch powers considered herein. Fig. 3(d) shows the received spectrum for 5 GHz spaced channels at 6 dBm and 0 dBm launch powers. For the higher launch powers, FWM products are clearly visible, and this is reflected in the observed penalty.

Fig. 3 Back-to-back and transmission at different launch powers for (a) single channel (b) 50 GHz channel spacing (c) 5 GHz channel spacing. The 2 × 10−2 FEC limit is indicated by the dashed line. For a 5 GHz grid, the loss budget is 48.6 dB, increasing to 54.0 dB for a 50 GHz grid. The received spectrum for 5 GHz channel spacing after 120 km SMF is shown in (d). For a 6 dBm launch power, four-wave mixing (FWM) effects become visible. Note that, for high launch powers, the BER performance of the central channel is degraded with respect to the outer channels, which we attribute to the central channel being impaired by cross phase modulation (XPM) and FWM products from both outer channels.

It is clear from Fig. 3(b) and Fig. 3(c) that, in the FEC region of interest, 2 × 10−2, the impact of nonlinearities on the BER is reduced. We observed a nonlinear penalty of less than 1 dB at launch powers of 6 dBm and 10 dBm per channel for 5 GHz and 50 GHz channel spacings, respectively. As such, the overall penalty for high launch powers is reasonably low. Fig. 3(b) shows that for a 50 GHz spacing and a 10 dBm launch power, the loss budget is 54 dB; corresponding to a maximum transmission distance of 120 km followed by a 1:1024 split. For the shorter, 100 km spans considered for LR-PONs in [1

D. Shea and J. Mitchell, “A 10-Gb/s 1024-way-split 100-km long-reach optical-access network,” J. Lightwave Technol. 25(3), 685–693 (2007). [CrossRef]

], the total span attenuation is lower, and so here there is some additional sensitivity margin at the receiver.

We show in Fig. 4 the maximum split obtainable for a specified minimum transmission distance. This analysis is taken from the results in the nonlinear region (transmission powers of 6 dBm and 10 dBm for 5 GHz and 50 GHz spacings, respectively). As such, extrapolation to distances shorter than the span length are limited by the effective nonlinear length; calculated to be approximately 20 km [16

G. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, 2001).

]. The maximum reach for 5 GHz and 50 GHz channel spacings after a 1:1024 split was found to be 92.5 km and 120 km, respectively. However, this comparison is made for a fixed nonlinear penalty; at higher transmission powers we would expect, from the results in Fig. 3, to be able to transmit 5 GHz spaced channels over 100 km.

Fig. 4 Split ratio vs. maximum transmission distance. Dashed line shows 1:1024 split ratio.

4. Conclusions

We experimentally determined the feasibility of an unrepeated LR-PON operating at 10 Gb/s per wavelength, by transmitting 3-channel WDM-PDM-QPSK at 3.125 GBaud over 120 km. The 25% transmission overhead was reserved for strong FEC. Sensitivity gains were due largely to the digital coherent receiver. The loss budget was maximized at 54.0 dB by using a 50 GHz channel spacing and a 10 dBm launch power; corresponding to 120 km transmission followed by a 1:1024 split. We found the nonlinear penalty to be least dominant in the high BER region such that there is a greater margin for high transmission powers when using strong FEC. This is the first time that the downstream link of an LR-PON operating at 10 Gbit/s per wavelength has been demonstrated without midspan repeaters.

5. Acknowledgements

This work is supported by Oclaro, EPSRC and the BONE-project (’Building the Future Optical Network in Europe’); a Network of Excellence funded by the European Commision through the 7th ICT-Framework Programme. The authors thank Dr. Benn Thomsen and Dr. John Mitchell for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper, and Prof. Polina Bayvel for stimulating discussions and her continued support.

References and links

1.

D. Shea and J. Mitchell, “A 10-Gb/s 1024-way-split 100-km long-reach optical-access network,” J. Lightwave Technol. 25(3), 685–693 (2007). [CrossRef]

2.

E.-J. Bachus, T. Almeida, P. Demeester, G. Depovere, A. Ebberg, M. R. Ferreira, G.-D. Khoe, O. Koning, R. Marsden, J. Rawsthorne, and N. Wauters, “Coherent optical systems implemented for business traffic routing and access: the RACE COBRA project,” J. Lightwave Technol. 14(6), 1309–1319 (1996). [CrossRef]

3.

E.-J. Bachus, R.-P. Braun, W. Eutin, E. Großmann, H. Foisel, K. Heimes, and B. Strebel, “Coherent optical-fibre subscriber line,” Electron. Lett. 21(25), 1203–1205 (1985). [CrossRef]

4.

P. P. Iannone and K. C. Reichmann, “Optical access beyond 10 Gb/s PON,” in Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), Paper Tu3.B.1 (2010).

5.

H. Rohde, S. Smolorz, E. Gottwald, and K. Kloppe, “Next generation optical access: 1 Gbit/s for everyone,” in Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), Paper 10.5.5 (2009).

6.

S. Narikawa, H. Sanjoh, and N. Sakurai, “Coherent WDM-PON using heterodyne detection with transmitter-side polarization diversity,” IEICE Electron. Express 7(16), 1195–1200 (2010). [CrossRef]

7.

S. Narikawa, N. Sakurai, K. Kumozaki, and T. Imai, “Coherent WDM-PON based on heterodyne detection with digital signal processing for simple ONU structure,” in Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), Paper Tu3.5.7 (2006).

8.

S. P. Jung, Y. Takushima, and Y. C. Chung, “Transmission of 1.25-Gb/s PSK signal generated by using RSOA in 110-km coherent WDM PON,” Opt. Express 18, 14871–14877 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

9.

S. P. Jung, K. Y. Cho, and Y. C. Chung, “Recent progresses in coherent WDM PON technologies,” in Proceedings of International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ITCON), Paper TuA1.3 (2010).

10.

S.-Y. Kim, N. Sakurai, H. Kimura, and K. Kumozaki, “10-Gbit/s next-generation coherent QPSK-PON with reduced bandwidth requirements employing linear digital equalization with adaptive algorithm,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Conference (OFC), Paper OMN6 (2009).

11.

T. Mizuochi, K. Ouchi, T. Kobayashi, Y. Miyata, K. Kuno, H. Tagami, K. Kubo, H. Yoshida, M. Akita, and K. Motoshima, “Experimental demonstration of net coding gain of 10.1 dB using 12.4 Gb/s block turbo code with 3-bit soft decision,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Conference (OFC), Paper PD21 (2003).

12.

T. E. Darcie, “Subcarrier multiplexing for multiple-access lightwave networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 5(8), 1103–1110 (1987). [CrossRef]

13.

T. Taniguchi, N. Sakurai, H. Kimura, and M. Tsubokawa, “Multi-wavelength optical transmitter based on time-domain modulation of directly modulated wavelength-swept light,” Electron. Lett. 44(10), 641–642 (2008). [CrossRef]

14.

S. J. Savory, “Digital filters for coherent optical receivers,” Opt. Express 16, 804–817 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

15.

K. Kikuchi and S. Tsukamoto, “Evaluation of sensitivity of the digital coherent receiver,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(13), 1817–1822 (2008). [CrossRef]

16.

G. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, 2001).

OCIS Codes
(060.1660) Fiber optics and optical communications : Coherent communications
(060.4510) Fiber optics and optical communications : Optical communications

ToC Category:
Fiber Optics and Optical Communications

History
Original Manuscript: October 13, 2010
Revised Manuscript: November 3, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: November 3, 2010
Published: November 24, 2010

Citation
Domaniç Lavery, Maria Ionescu, Sergejs Makovejs, Enrico Torrengo, and Seb J. Savory, "A long-reach ultra-dense 10 Gbit/s WDM-PON using a digital coherent receiver," Opt. Express 18, 25855-25860 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-25-25855


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References

  1. D. Shea and J. Mitchell, “A 10-Gb/s 1024-way-split 100-km long-reach optical-access network,” J. Lightwave Technol. 25(3), 685–693 (2007). [CrossRef]
  2. E.-J. Bachus, T. Almeida, P. Demeester, G. Depovere, A. Ebberg, M. R. Ferreira, G.-D. Khoe, O. Koning, R. Marsden, J. Rawsthorne, and N. Wauters, “Coherent optical systems implemented for business traffic routing and access: the RACE COBRA project,” J. Lightwave Technol. 14(6), 1309–1319 (1996). [CrossRef]
  3. E.-J. Bachus, R.-P. Braun, W. Eutin, E. Großmann, H. Foisel, K. Heimes, and B. Strebel, “Coherent optical-fibre subscriber line,” Electron. Lett. 21(25), 1203–1205 (1985). [CrossRef]
  4. P. P. Iannone and K. C. Reichmann, “Optical access beyond 10 Gb/s PON,” in Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), Paper Tu3.B.1 (20 10).
  5. H. Rohde, S. Smolorz, E. Gottwald, and K. Kloppe, “Next generation optical access: 1 Gbit/s for everyone,” in Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), Paper 10.5.5 (2009).
  6. S. Narikawa, H. Sanjoh, and N. Sakurai, “Coherent WDM-PON using heterodyne detection with transmitter-side polarization diversity,” IEICE Electron. Express 7(16), 1195–1200 (2010). [CrossRef]
  7. S. Narikawa, N. Sakurai, K. Kumozaki, and T. Imai, “Coherent WDM-PON based on heterodyne detection with digital signal processing for simple ONU structure,” in Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), Paper Tu3.5.7 (2006).
  8. S. P. Jung, Y. Takushima, and Y. C. Chung, “Transmission of 1.25-Gb/s PSK signal generated by using RSOA in 110-km coherent WDM PON,” Opt. Express 18, 14871–14877 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. S. P. Jung, K. Y. Cho, and Y. C. Chung, “Recent progresses in coherentWDMPON technologies,” in Proceedings of International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ITCON), Paper TuA1.3 (2010).
  10. S.-Y. Kim, N. Sakurai, H. Kimura, and K. Kumozaki, “10-Gbit/s next-generation coherent QPSK-PON with reduced bandwidth requirements employing linear digital equalization with adaptive algorithm,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Conference (OFC), Paper OMN6 (2009).
  11. T. Mizuochi, K. Ouchi, T. Kobayashi, Y. Miyata, K. Kuno, H. Tagami, K. Kubo, H. Yoshida, M. Akita, and K. Motoshima, “Experimental demonstration of net coding gain of 10.1 dB using 12.4 Gb/s block turbo code with 3-bit soft decision,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Conference (OFC), Paper PD21 (2003).
  12. T. E. Darcie, “Subcarrier multiplexing for multiple-access lightwave networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 5(8), 1103–1110 (1987). [CrossRef]
  13. T. Taniguchi, N. Sakurai, H. Kimura, and M. Tsubokawa, “Multi-wavelength optical transmitter based on timedomain modulation of directly modulated wavelength-swept light,” Electron. Lett. 44(10), 641–642 (2008). [CrossRef]
  14. S. J. Savory, “Digital filters for coherent optical receivers,” Opt. Express 16, 804–817 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. K. Kikuchi and S. Tsukamoto, “Evaluation of sensitivity of the digital coherent receiver,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(13), 1817–1822 (2008). [CrossRef]
  16. G. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, 2001).

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