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Optics Express

  • Editor: C. Martijn de Sterke
  • Vol. 18, Iss. 5 — Mar. 1, 2010
  • pp: 4365–4370

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High wavevector optical phonons in microstructured Bismuth films

Zhiyuan Chen, Brian C. Minch, and Matthew F. DeCamp  »View Author Affiliations


Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 5, pp. 4365-4370 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.004365


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Abstract

We report the generation of high wavevector, large amplitude coherent optical phonons in a microstructured Bismuth film. A femtosecond laser pulse optically excites a periodic micron scale grating etched into a Bismuth film. The ultrafast excitation produced coherent optical phonon oscillations with wavevectors as large as 1μm-1, providing a possible method of generating an efficient sub-picosecond switch for hard x-rays.

© 2010 Optical Society of America

1. Introduction

Third generation x-ray synchrotrons have typical x-ray pulse widths of 50-100ps making them ideal tools for the study of sub-nanosecond structural dynamics. Measuring dynamics on the picosecond scale at these sources, however, requires ultrafast x-ray streak cameras [1

Z. Chang, A. Rundquist, J. Zhou, M.M. Murnane, H.C. Kapteyn, X. Liu, B. Shan, J. Liu, L. Niu, M. Gong, and X. Zhang, “Demonstration of a sub-picosecond x-ray streak camera,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 133–135 (1996). [CrossRef]

] or significant infrastructure modifications to the electron accelerator[2

A. Zholents, P. Heimann, M. Zolotorev, and J. Byrd, “Generation of subpicosecond x-ray pulses using RF orbit deflection,” Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. A 425 385–389 (1998). [CrossRef]

, 3

R.W. Schoenlein, S. Chattopadhyay, H.H.W. Chong, T.E. Glover, P.A. Heimann, C.V. Shank, A.A. Zholents, and M.S. Zolotorev, “Generation of femtosecond pulses of synchrotron radiation,” Science 287, 2237–2240 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Transient structural deformations in solids can modify the temporal structure of pulsed x-ray beams providing a less invasive method of increasing the temporal resolution of third generation sources. In particular, in x-ray diffraction, the directionality of the diffracted beam is dictated by the Laue equation:

k→o+ G→= k→h.
(1)

where G⃗ is the reciprocal lattice vector of the crystal and k⃗o(k⃗h) represent the wavevector of the incident (diffracted) x-ray photon. In the presence of a transient lattice strain, the crystalline reciprocal lattice vector is modified to acknowledge the presence of a phonon, G⃗ → G⃗±q⃗, where q⃗ represents the wavevector of the additional phonon. In practice, this additional wavevector produces sidebands on an x-ray diffraction peak which oscillate at the phonon frequency[5

A.M. Lindenberg, I. Kang, S. L. Johnson, T. Missalla, P. A. Heimann, Z. Chang, J. Larsson, P. H. Bucksbaum, H. C. Kapteyn, H. A. Padmore, R. W. Lee, J. S. Wark, and R. W. Falcone, “Time-resolved x-ray diffraction from coherent phonons during a laser-induced phase transition,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 111–114 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 6

D.A. Reis, M.F. DeCamp, P.H. Bucksbaum, R. Clarke, E.M. Dufresne, M. Hertlein, R. Merlin, R.W. Falcone, H.C. Kapteyn, M.M. Murnane, J. Larsson, T. Missalla, and J.S. Wark, “Probing impulsive strain propagation with x-rays,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3072–3075 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Acoustic phonons can possess significant momentum, resulting in a diffracted x-ray beam that can be controlled in both the temporal and spatial domains [7

M.F. DeCamp, D.A. Reis, P.H. Bucksbaum, B. Adams, J.M. Caraher, R. Clarke, C.W.S. Conover, E.M. Dufresne, R. Merlin, V. Stoica, and J.K. Wahlstrand, “Coherent control of pulsed x-ray beams,” Nature 413 825–827 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 8

A.M. Lindenberg, I. Kang, S.L. Johnson, R.W. Falcone, P.A. Heimann, Z. Chang, R.W. Lee, and J.S. Wark, “Coherent control of phonons probed by time-resolved x-ray diffraction,” Opt. Lett. 27 869–871 (2002). [CrossRef]

].

A recent example of this technique utilized electrically induced lattice distortions to produce a nanosecond x-ray switch for hard x-ray radiation [4

A. Grigoriev, D-H. Do, D.M. Kim, C-B. Eom, P.G. Evans, B. Adams, and E.M. Dufresne, “Subnanosecond piezoelectric x-ray switch,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 021109 (2006). [CrossRef]

]. Unfortunately this method has a limited temporal response due to the electronic and structural dynamics of the system. Optical excitation of crystalline systems, in contrast, have been shown to modulate x-ray radiation on a picosecond time scale. For example, demonstrations using laser generated coherent zone-folded phonons have pushed the acoustic modulation of x-rays down to a couple of picoseconds[9

M. Bargheer, N. Zhavoronkov, J. Gritsai, J.C. Woo, D.S. Kim, M. Woerner, and T. Elsaesser, “Coherent atomic motions in a nonostructure studied by femtosecond x-ray diffraction,” Science, 306 1771–1773 (2004). [CrossRef]

]. In this geometry, the engineered structural coherence and vibrational modes of a crystalline superlattice are utilized to modulate a sideband on an x-ray Bragg peak. However, these modes have frequencies less than 1THz, limiting the x-ray control to the picosecond regime. To modulate x-ray radiation on a femtosecond time-scale, vibrations within the crystal unit cell must be generated, i.e. an optical phonon.

Coherent optical phonon oscillations can be generated through impulsive stimulated Raman scattering (ISRS). In ISRS, a non-resonant ultrafast optical pump pulse, whose bandwidth is larger than the Raman frequency of the sample, can create a coherent molecular vibration[10

G.A. Garrett, T.F. Albrecht, J.F. Whitaker, and R. Merlin “Coherent THz phonons driven by light pulses and Sb problem: What is the mechanism?” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 3661–3664 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Furthermore, because the vibration is coherent, it is possible to control the motion of the lattice on a femtosecond time scale.

Recent time-resolved x-ray diffraction studies of crystalline bismuth have demonstrated that extreme photo excitation can produce coherent optical phonon amplitudes approaching 1 percent of the equilibrium position [11

D.M. Fritz, D.A. Reis, B. Adams, R.A. Akre, J. Arthur, C. Blome, P.H. Bucksbaum, A.L. Cavalieri, S. Engemann, S. Fahy, R.W. Falcone, P.H. Fuoss, K.J. Gaffney, M. J. George, J. Hajdu, M.P. Hertlein, P.B. Hillyard, M. Horn-von Hoegen, M. Kammler, J. Kaspar, R. Kienberger, P. Krejcik, S.H. Lee, A. M. Lindenberg, B. McFarland, D. Meyer, T. Montagne, E.D. Murray, A.J. Nelson, M. Nicoul, R. Pahl, J. Rudati, H. Schlarb, D.P. Siddons, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, Th. Tschentscher, D. von der Linde, and J.B. Hastings, “Ultrafast bond softening in bismuth: Mapping a solid’s interatomic potential with x-rays,” Science 315 633–635 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Even at these high amplitudes, it has been demonstrated that the optical phonon remains coherent [12

M.F. DeCamp, D.A. Reis, P.H. Bucksbaum, and R. Merlin, “Dynamics and coherent control of high amplitude optical phonons in bismuth” Phys. Rev. B 64 092301 (2001). [CrossRef]

, 13

A.Q. Wu and X. Xu, “Coupling of ultrafast laser energy to coherent phonons in bismuth,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 251111 (2007). [CrossRef]

]. This lattice control potentially can modify the temporal duration of an x-ray pulse on the femtosecond timescale. However, unlike acoustic phonons, optical phonon modes excited via a single laser pulse have near zero momentum resulting in only a modulation of the scattered x-ray intensity, not the direction.

Fig. 1. Experimental pump-probe setup

Laser generated “transient gratings” have been proposed to generate an optical phonon switch for x-rays[16

P.H. Bucksbaum and R. Merlin, “The phonon Bragg switch: a proposal to generate sub-picosecond x-ray pulses,” Sol. State Comm. 111 535–539 (1999). [CrossRef]

]. In this technique, two non-collinear laser beams are utilized to generate a intensity grating on the sample, resulting in an oscillating phonon mode that has momentum components as large as twice the optical wavevector[14

H.J. Bakker, S. Hunsche, and H. Kurz, “Coherent phonon polaritons as probes of anharmonic phonons in ferro-electrics,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 70 523–536(1998). [CrossRef]

, 15

T.F. Crimmins, N.S. Stoyanov, and K.A. Nelson, “Heterodyned impulsive stimulated Raman scattering of phonon-polaritons in LiTaO3 and LiNbO3 ,” J. Chem. Phys. 117 2882–2896 (2002). [CrossRef]

]. This phonon grating has the potential to modify the crystalline reciprocal lattice vector, providing a possible method for a controllable x-ray switch on the timescale of the optical phonon mode. While a very elegant procedure, due to the relatively large wavevectors needed to deflect the x-ray pulse (>1μm-1) and the limited number of interference fringes produced from ultrafast laser radiation, it has been shown that this method will be very difficult to visualize in a laboratory setting[17

J.M.H. Sheppard, P. Sondhauss, R. Merlin, P.H. Bucksbaum, R.W. Lee, and J.S. Wark,“Simulations of the phonon Bragg switch in GaAs,” Sol. State Comm., 136 181–185 (2005). [CrossRef]

]. Utilizing physical means to generate the high wavevectors may be an effective alternative to laser generated transient gratings.

Photo or electron-beam lithographic techniques are routinely utilized to produce sub-micron surface features on solids. Upon ultrafast photo excitation, these surface features have been shown to produce coherent phonons possessing the wavevector of the etched surface. This method has been explored for acoustic vibrations within the field of picosecond ultrasonics[18

G.A. Antonelli, P. Zannitto, and H.J. Maris, “New method for the generation of surface acoustic waves of high frequency,” Physica B 316–317 377 (2002). [CrossRef]

], and has recently been utilized to diffract extreme ultraviolet radiation[19

M.E. Siemens, Q. Li, M.M. Murnane, H.C. Kapteyn, R. Yang, E.H. Anderson, and K.A. Nelson, “High-frequency surface acoustic wave propagation in nanostructures characterized by coherent extreme ultraviolet beams,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 093103 (2009). [CrossRef]

]. These examples, however, have been limited to picosecond acoustic vibrations. In this work, we demonstrate the production of coherent high wavevector, large amplitude, coherent optical phonon oscillations in a microstructured Bismuth film, providing a possible method of generating an optical phonon x-ray Bragg switch.

2. Experimental Setup

To detect and generate a coherent optical phonon, a standard optical pump-probe setup is utilized (see figure 1). The pump-probe beams were derived from an 800nm, 1kHz, 40fs, Ti:Sapphire laser system (Spectra-Physics Spitfire XP). The pump and probe beams were simultaneously focused onto the room temperature sample at an incident angle of ~20 degrees. For signal detection, the pump beam is modulated at 500Hz using a mechanical chopper and a photodiode signal from the reflected probe beam is transferred to a lock-in amplifier. The lock-in time-constant was set at 30ms and 20 successive pump-probe scans were taken resulting in a minimum detection level of ΔRR~ 3× 10 −5. Time-zero was determined through a second harmonic autocorrelation.

To generate the high-wavevectors optical phonons, a bismuth grating was deposited onto a glass slide using standard photo-lithographic techniques. Two photolithography masks were created having a periodic square structure of 2 and 10μm. An OAI Model 200 photolithography machine was used to transfer the grating mask to the microscope slide. The quoted spatial resolution of the photolithography system was less than 1μm. Bismuth films (~100nm thick) were deposited directly onto the developed photoresist through molecular vapor deposition. After washing the sample with acetone, the bismuth grating fidelity was confirmed via optical diffraction of a HeNe laser and through optical microscopy (see figure 2). The optical microscope images indicate the grating extended over most of the lithographic area (~1cm2) and that the rising and falling edge of the gratings change on a 330±30nm scale, consistent with the specifications of the photolithography system and close to the resolution of the optical microscope. It was observed that a significant amount of Bismuth remained in the grating grooves after the acetone wash. Further washing did not improve this contrast and resulted in the removal of the entire bismuth film.

Fig. 2. Microscope image of the 2μm period bismuth grating. Top: Integrated lineout of grating.

3. Results

Figure 3 shows typical pump-probe reflectivity data of the bismuth film of the zero, first, and second order diffraction of a 10μm period grating. The pump-probe data clearly shows the generation of a sinusoidal change in reflectivity for all orders of the optical diffraction. Although the sample is poly-crystalline, due to the impulsive nature of the laser excitation, all of the bismuth molecules oscillate in phase, resulting in the coherent excitation of the optical phonon over the entire microstructured film. A numerical Fourier transform of the data confirms that the oscillation is due to the symmetric A1g optical phonon of Bismuth. In addition to the phonon signal, the second order diffraction data shows an optical interference near time-zero due to the spectral spreading of the pump beam interfering with the probe beam in the photodetector.

To analyze the phonon dynamics, an exponentially decaying sine wave with a time varying offset was numerically fit to the data:

Ae − t/τ sin⁡ ( ωt+ ϕ)+ Be − t/ τ2
(2)
Fig. 3. Optical pump-probe spectroscopy of a 10μm bismuth grating. Data from he zero (red), 1st (black), and second (green) order diffraction. Data offset for clarity.
Fig. 4. Optical pump-probe spectroscopy of a 2μm bismuth grating. Data from he zero (red), 1st (black), and second (green) order diffraction. Data offset for clarity. Dashed line is a guide to the eye.

Peak reflectivity changes of greater than 0.2 percent on the zero and first order diffraction peaks and measured phonon lifetimes (τ ~1.8ps) are consistent with previously published results of bismuth films[20

M. Hase, K. Mizoguchi, H. Harima, S. Nakashima, M. Tani, K. Sakai, and M. Hangyo “Optical control of coherent optical phonons in bismuth films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 2474–2476 (1996). [CrossRef]

] and indicate lattice vibrations of ~0.2 percent of the equilibrium lattice spacing [12

M.F. DeCamp, D.A. Reis, P.H. Bucksbaum, and R. Merlin, “Dynamics and coherent control of high amplitude optical phonons in bismuth” Phys. Rev. B 64 092301 (2001). [CrossRef]

]. Furthermore, in contrast to the low order diffraction signals, the phonon amplitude and lifetime of the second order diffraction peak is decreased by approximately a factor of two (τ ~1.1ps).

Figure 4 shows pump-probe reflectivity of the 2μm period bismuth grating. Like the 10μm sample, a strong optical interference is seen prior to time-zero. As the spectrum is more dispersed, the interference signal is now temporally longer and distorts the first as well as the second order diffraction signals. Again the phonon amplitude changes drastically for the second diffraction order as does the phonon lifetime (τ0,1 ~2.8ps to τ2 ~1.4ps). The difference in lifetime and amplitude for the different orders of both samples may be related to the fidelity of the etched grating. In particular, as seen in the microscope image, the manufactured grating is not a perfect square well. In particular, the grating wells appear to be 50% thinner than the corresponding grating surface, most likely due to the finite spatial resolution of the photolithography system. This spatial asymmetry could result in the observed change in the reflective power of the second order diffraction via a difference in the spatial Fourier components.

While it is clear that optical phonon wavevector components as large as twice the grating period exists, the phonon frequency does not appear to be constant for all diffraction orders. In particular, the retrieved phonon frequency in both samples redshifts with the diffraction order (ν0,1=2.90THz, ν2 ~2.75THz), resulting in a significant phase shift in the observed oscillations (see figure 4). In prior experiments, it has been shown that the phonon frequency in bismuth is strongly dependent on the incident optical intensity and lattice temperature[12

M.F. DeCamp, D.A. Reis, P.H. Bucksbaum, and R. Merlin, “Dynamics and coherent control of high amplitude optical phonons in bismuth” Phys. Rev. B 64 092301 (2001). [CrossRef]

, 21

T. Garl, E.G. Gamaly, D. Boschetto, A.V. Rode, B. Luther-Davies, and A. Rousse, “Birth and decay of coherent optical phonons in femtosecond-laser-excited bismuth,” Phys. Rev. B 78 134302 (2008). [CrossRef]

]. In the context of this sample, the frequency redshift could be due to the residual bismuth that was not removed during the photolithographic process, resulting in differing incident laser intensities illuminating differing parts of the Bismuth grating. This asymmetry could produce a spatially dependent phonon frequency, resulting in the faster dephasing time and frequency shift.

4. Conclusion

In summary, we demonstrate the generation of large amplitude, high wavevector coherent optical phonons using a single optical pump pulse on a microstructured Bismuth thin film. While the physical grating was fabricated using standard photolithography methods, the grating could also have been manufactured via electron-beam lithographic techniques, resulting in grating periods smaller than 100nm. The resultant optical phonon wavevector would easily be larger than the natural diffraction width of standard strong x-ray Bragg reflection, providing a novel method producing a sub-picosecond x-ray switch. In addition, as the phonon wavevector is increased, it may also be possible to directly observe the high-wavevector phonon via small angle x-ray scattering. In this case, the etched grating would provide the structural coherence necessary for x-ray diffraction. This would also allow the use of polycrystalline thin films in the phonon Bragg switch, eliminating the need for perfect crystal samples.

We would like to thank B. Kardine, N. Mulders, E. Nowak, and Y. Ji for both technical assistance and stimulating discussions.

References and links

1.

Z. Chang, A. Rundquist, J. Zhou, M.M. Murnane, H.C. Kapteyn, X. Liu, B. Shan, J. Liu, L. Niu, M. Gong, and X. Zhang, “Demonstration of a sub-picosecond x-ray streak camera,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 133–135 (1996). [CrossRef]

2.

A. Zholents, P. Heimann, M. Zolotorev, and J. Byrd, “Generation of subpicosecond x-ray pulses using RF orbit deflection,” Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. A 425 385–389 (1998). [CrossRef]

3.

R.W. Schoenlein, S. Chattopadhyay, H.H.W. Chong, T.E. Glover, P.A. Heimann, C.V. Shank, A.A. Zholents, and M.S. Zolotorev, “Generation of femtosecond pulses of synchrotron radiation,” Science 287, 2237–2240 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

4.

A. Grigoriev, D-H. Do, D.M. Kim, C-B. Eom, P.G. Evans, B. Adams, and E.M. Dufresne, “Subnanosecond piezoelectric x-ray switch,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 021109 (2006). [CrossRef]

5.

A.M. Lindenberg, I. Kang, S. L. Johnson, T. Missalla, P. A. Heimann, Z. Chang, J. Larsson, P. H. Bucksbaum, H. C. Kapteyn, H. A. Padmore, R. W. Lee, J. S. Wark, and R. W. Falcone, “Time-resolved x-ray diffraction from coherent phonons during a laser-induced phase transition,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 111–114 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

6.

D.A. Reis, M.F. DeCamp, P.H. Bucksbaum, R. Clarke, E.M. Dufresne, M. Hertlein, R. Merlin, R.W. Falcone, H.C. Kapteyn, M.M. Murnane, J. Larsson, T. Missalla, and J.S. Wark, “Probing impulsive strain propagation with x-rays,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3072–3075 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

7.

M.F. DeCamp, D.A. Reis, P.H. Bucksbaum, B. Adams, J.M. Caraher, R. Clarke, C.W.S. Conover, E.M. Dufresne, R. Merlin, V. Stoica, and J.K. Wahlstrand, “Coherent control of pulsed x-ray beams,” Nature 413 825–827 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

8.

A.M. Lindenberg, I. Kang, S.L. Johnson, R.W. Falcone, P.A. Heimann, Z. Chang, R.W. Lee, and J.S. Wark, “Coherent control of phonons probed by time-resolved x-ray diffraction,” Opt. Lett. 27 869–871 (2002). [CrossRef]

9.

M. Bargheer, N. Zhavoronkov, J. Gritsai, J.C. Woo, D.S. Kim, M. Woerner, and T. Elsaesser, “Coherent atomic motions in a nonostructure studied by femtosecond x-ray diffraction,” Science, 306 1771–1773 (2004). [CrossRef]

10.

G.A. Garrett, T.F. Albrecht, J.F. Whitaker, and R. Merlin “Coherent THz phonons driven by light pulses and Sb problem: What is the mechanism?” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 3661–3664 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

11.

D.M. Fritz, D.A. Reis, B. Adams, R.A. Akre, J. Arthur, C. Blome, P.H. Bucksbaum, A.L. Cavalieri, S. Engemann, S. Fahy, R.W. Falcone, P.H. Fuoss, K.J. Gaffney, M. J. George, J. Hajdu, M.P. Hertlein, P.B. Hillyard, M. Horn-von Hoegen, M. Kammler, J. Kaspar, R. Kienberger, P. Krejcik, S.H. Lee, A. M. Lindenberg, B. McFarland, D. Meyer, T. Montagne, E.D. Murray, A.J. Nelson, M. Nicoul, R. Pahl, J. Rudati, H. Schlarb, D.P. Siddons, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, Th. Tschentscher, D. von der Linde, and J.B. Hastings, “Ultrafast bond softening in bismuth: Mapping a solid’s interatomic potential with x-rays,” Science 315 633–635 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

12.

M.F. DeCamp, D.A. Reis, P.H. Bucksbaum, and R. Merlin, “Dynamics and coherent control of high amplitude optical phonons in bismuth” Phys. Rev. B 64 092301 (2001). [CrossRef]

13.

A.Q. Wu and X. Xu, “Coupling of ultrafast laser energy to coherent phonons in bismuth,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 251111 (2007). [CrossRef]

14.

H.J. Bakker, S. Hunsche, and H. Kurz, “Coherent phonon polaritons as probes of anharmonic phonons in ferro-electrics,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 70 523–536(1998). [CrossRef]

15.

T.F. Crimmins, N.S. Stoyanov, and K.A. Nelson, “Heterodyned impulsive stimulated Raman scattering of phonon-polaritons in LiTaO3 and LiNbO3 ,” J. Chem. Phys. 117 2882–2896 (2002). [CrossRef]

16.

P.H. Bucksbaum and R. Merlin, “The phonon Bragg switch: a proposal to generate sub-picosecond x-ray pulses,” Sol. State Comm. 111 535–539 (1999). [CrossRef]

17.

J.M.H. Sheppard, P. Sondhauss, R. Merlin, P.H. Bucksbaum, R.W. Lee, and J.S. Wark,“Simulations of the phonon Bragg switch in GaAs,” Sol. State Comm., 136 181–185 (2005). [CrossRef]

18.

G.A. Antonelli, P. Zannitto, and H.J. Maris, “New method for the generation of surface acoustic waves of high frequency,” Physica B 316–317 377 (2002). [CrossRef]

19.

M.E. Siemens, Q. Li, M.M. Murnane, H.C. Kapteyn, R. Yang, E.H. Anderson, and K.A. Nelson, “High-frequency surface acoustic wave propagation in nanostructures characterized by coherent extreme ultraviolet beams,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 093103 (2009). [CrossRef]

20.

M. Hase, K. Mizoguchi, H. Harima, S. Nakashima, M. Tani, K. Sakai, and M. Hangyo “Optical control of coherent optical phonons in bismuth films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 2474–2476 (1996). [CrossRef]

21.

T. Garl, E.G. Gamaly, D. Boschetto, A.V. Rode, B. Luther-Davies, and A. Rousse, “Birth and decay of coherent optical phonons in femtosecond-laser-excited bismuth,” Phys. Rev. B 78 134302 (2008). [CrossRef]

OCIS Codes
(290.5910) Scattering : Scattering, stimulated Raman
(320.7150) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast spectroscopy

ToC Category:
Ultrafast Optics

History
Original Manuscript: December 23, 2009
Revised Manuscript: February 6, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: February 7, 2010
Published: February 17, 2010

Citation
Zhiyuan Chen, Brian C. Minch, and Matthew F. DeCamp, "High wavevector optical phonons in microstructured Bismuth films," Opt. Express 18, 4365-4370 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-5-4365


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References

  1. Z. Chang, A. Rundquist, J. Zhou, M.M. Murnane, H.C. Kapteyn, X. Liu, B. Shan, J. Liu, L. Niu, M. Gong, and X. Zhang, "Demonstration of a sub-picosecond x-ray streak camera," Appl. Phys. Lett. 69133-135 (1996). [CrossRef]
  2. A. Zholents, P. Heimann, M. Zolotorev, and J. Byrd, "Generation of subpicosecond x-ray pulses using RF orbit deflection," Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. A 425385-389 (1998). [CrossRef]
  3. R. W. Schoenlein, S. Chattopadhyay, H. H. W. Chong, T. E. Glover, P. A. Heimann, C. V. Shank, A. A. Zholents, and M. S. Zolotorev, "Generation of femtosecond pulses of synchrotron radiation," Science 287, 2237-2240 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. A. Grigoriev, D.-H. Do, D. M. Kim, C.-B. Eom, P. G. Evans, B. Adams, and E. M. Dufresne, "Subnanosecond piezoelectric x-ray switch," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89021109 (2006). [CrossRef]
  5. A. M. Lindenberg, I. Kang, S. L. Johnson, T. Missalla, P. A. Heimann, Z. Chang, J. Larsson, P. H. Bucksbaum, H. C. Kapteyn, H. A. Padmore, R. W. Lee, J. S. Wark, and R. W. Falcone, "Time-resolved x-ray diffraction from coherent phonons during a laser-induced phase transition," Phys. Rev. Lett. 84111-114 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. D. A. Reis, M. F. DeCamp, P. H. Bucksbaum, R. Clarke, E. M. Dufresne, M. Hertlein, R. Merlin, R. W. Falcone, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Murnane, J. Larsson, T. Missalla, and J. S. Wark, "Probing impulsive strain propagation with x-rays," Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3072-3075 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. M. F. DeCamp, D. A. Reis, P. H. Bucksbaum, B. Adams, J. M. Caraher, R. Clarke, C. W. S. Conover, E. M. Dufresne, R. Merlin, V. Stoica, and J. K. Wahlstrand, "Coherent control of pulsed x-ray beams," Nature 413825-827 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. A. M. Lindenberg, I. Kang, S. L. Johnson, R. W. Falcone, P. A. Heimann, Z. Chang, R. W. Lee, and J. S. Wark, "Coherent control of phonons probed by time-resolved x-ray diffraction," Opt. Lett. 27869-871 (2002). [CrossRef]
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