Stereogram implemented with a holographic image splitter

doi:10.1364/OE.19.009942

« Show journal navigation

Stereogram implemented with a holographic image splitter

Wei-Chia Su, Chien- Yue Chen, and Yi-Fan Wang »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 10, pp. 9942-9949 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.009942

View Full Text Article

Acrobat PDF (835 KB)

Journal Search
Article Lookup

Article Tools

Citations

Alert me when this article is cited
Export Citation/Save

Article Navigation

▸ Article Outline
– Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Stereogram principle
3. Optical experiments
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
– References and links

Article Tools
Full Text
Article Info
References
Cited By
Figures
Metrics
Download PDF

Viewing Equations in the
HTML Article

Optimal Viewing Recommendations

Full Text
Article Info
References (16)
Cited By
Figures (6)
Metrics

Abstract

A special holographic optical element (HOE) which is used as an image splitter is developed to generate a stereogram on a 2.2-in. liquid crystal display panel. The special designed holographic optical element can be attached on the conventional panel directly to replace the traditional image splitter in a stereoscopic display panel. Experimental results show that two images corresponding to slightly different viewing angles displayed on a panel can be separated effectively and can be delivered to the right eye and left eye of an observer individually. The diffraction efficiency for individual right and left image in this developed holographic optical element is about 43%, and the contrast ratio of the diffracted images induced by cross talk is larger than 60%. Theoretical analyses show the proposed technique generates good contrast ratio and brightness performance for stereogram application.

1. Introduction

One economic method to generate autostereoscopic effect without wearing eyeglasses on a liquid crystal display (LCD) is using the so called multiplexed-2D-images technology [1

J. Y. Son, V. V. Saveljev, Y. J. Choi, J. E. Bahn, S. K. Kim, and H. Choi, “Parameters for designing autostereoscopic imaging systems based on lenticular, parallax barrier, and integral photography plates,” Opt. Eng. 42(11), 3326–3333 (2003).

] based on binocular parallax of human beings. This technology is implemented by displaying two similar plane images but with a slightly different viewing angle on the panel simultaneously and then let these two individual images only propagate to their corresponding single eye of an observer. To display these two similar plane images on the panel simultaneously, one of them can be shown on odd column pixels only and another one can be shown on even column pixels. If the image shown on odd column pixels only propagates to observer’s right eye and the image shown on even column pixels only propagates to observer’s left eye, we can obtain the stereoscopic vision. Accordingly, an image splitter used to separate these two images is an essential optical element for stereoscopic display in a LCD panel.

Present device for image splitter in stereo-display focuses on lenticular lens [2

W. X. Zhao, Q. H. Wang, A. H. Wang, and D. H. Li, “Autostereoscopic display based on two-layer lenticular lenses,” Opt. Lett. 35(24), 4127–4129 (2010). [PubMed]

M. P. C. M. Krijn, S. T. de Zwart, D. K. G. de Boer, O. H. Willemsen, and M. Sluijter, “2-D/3-D displays based on switchable lenticulars,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 16(8), 847–855 (2008).

] and parallax barrier [4

Y. H. Tao, Q. H. Wang, J. Gu, W. X. Zhao, and D. H. Li, “Autostereoscopic three-dimensional projector based on two parallax barriers,” Opt. Lett. 34(20), 3220–3222 (2009). [PubMed]

C. H. Chen, Y. P. Huang, S. C. Chuang, C. L. Wu, H. P. D. Shieh, W. Mphepö, C. T. Hsieh, and S. C. Hsu, “Liquid crystal panel for high efficiency barrier type autostereoscopic three-dimensional displays,” Appl. Opt. 48(18), 3446–3454 (2009). [PubMed]

] technology. They both are economic methods and have been widely used in the commercial market for their low cost. However, the disadvantage of the current lenticular display is that the considerable cross talk noise could be induced by the fabrication error of the lenticular sheet or the alignment error between the lenticular sheet and the display panel [6

T. Järvenpää and M. Salmimaa, “Optical characterization of autostereoscopic 3-D displays,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 16(8), 825–833 (2008).

–8

Q. H. Wang, X. F. Li, L. Zhou, A. H. Wang, and D. H. Li, “Cross-talk reduction by correcting the subpixel position in a multiview autostereoscopic three-dimensional display based on a lenticular sheet,” Appl. Opt. 50(7), B1–B5 (2011). [PubMed]

]. The other method, parallax barrier technology, is implemented by pixel shielding with a binary grating. Inherently, the barrier technology reduces the brightness of displays. Recently, Chen et al. proposed an improvement method by coating a reflection layer inside the panel to enhance the brightness in a stereo-display with barrier shielding [9

C. Y. Chen, M. C. Chang, M. D. Ke, C. C. Lin, and Y. M. Chen, “A novel high brightness parallax barrier stereoscopy technology using a reflective crown grating,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 50(6), 1610–1616 (2008).

]. However, the current best brightness performance can be reached in a barrier stereo-display is only 43% of the original brightness [9

]. Moreover, unlike the lenticular sheet which is attached on the image panel, the binary grating should be placed in front of the panel with a finite distance and accordingly an additional precise alignment could be required in the assemble process of a barrier stereo-display.

Alternatively, we propose a new type image splitter for stereogram application on a LCD panel in this paper. The proposed technology is implemented by replacing the lenticular lens and parallax barrier with a holographic optical element (HOE). Though the concept of using a HOE for stereogram application on LCD panel has been proposed [10

D. Trayner and E. Orr, “Autostereoscopic display using holographic optical elements,” Proc. SPIE 2653, 65–74 (1996).

–13

B. C. Cho, J. S. Gu, and E. S. Kim, “Implementation of multiview 3D display system using volume holographic optical element,” Proc. SPIE 4567, 224–232 (2002).

], the practical implementation results of image separation or image directing for stereoscopic vision using a HOE has not experimentally presented yet. In this paper, we have experimentally shown that stereoscopic right and left images can be separated successfully. In addition, the contracture of the proposed HOE in this paper is also different from the previous researches. Unlike the HOE proposed by D. Trayner et al. is a composition of several row sub-holograms [10

D. Trayner and E. Orr, “Autostereoscopic display using holographic optical elements,” Proc. SPIE 2653, 65–74 (1996).

,11

D. Trayner and E. Orr, “Developments in autostereoscopic displays using holographic optical elements,” Proc. SPIE 3012, 167–174 (1997).

], the HOE we fabricated is a composition of several column sub-holograms. The HOE fabricated with our design leads to compatibility for the column-spatial-multiplexed image contents which are already prepared for the lenticular lens and parallax barrier technology. Moreover, the HOE proposed by B. C. Cho et al. is an angle-multiplexed hologram designed for time-sequential autostereoscopic display [12

B. C. Cho, J. S. Gu, W. Y. Kim, and E. S. Kim, “Multiview autostereoscopic 3D display system using volume holographic optical element,” Proc. SPIE 4471, 43–50 (2001).

,13

B. C. Cho, J. S. Gu, and E. S. Kim, “Implementation of multiview 3D display system using volume holographic optical element,” Proc. SPIE 4567, 224–232 (2002).

], but our HOE is a spatial-multiplexed hologram designed for column-spatial-multiplexed autostereoscopic display.

In this paper, we have proposed a new type HOE to generate an image splitter for stereogram application on a LCD panel. The holographic image splitter is designed to locate at the image panel to separate and direct light for images with different viewing angles to propagate into observer’s corresponding eyes. Once the holographic image splitter is fabricated and attached on a conventional panel with proper alignment, an autostereoscopic display can be obtained. Experimental results show that two images corresponding to slightly different viewing angles displayed on a panel can be separated effectively and can be delivered to the right eye and left eye of an observer individually. The diffraction efficiency for right and left image in this developed holographic optical element is about 43%, and the contrast ratio of the diffracted images induced by cross talk is larger than 60%. Theoretical analyses show the proposed technique generates good contrast ratio and brightness performance for stereogram application. The proposed holographic image splitter performs high potential as an alternative competing technology with the lenticular and barrier methods.

2. Stereogram principle

Figure 1 shows our proposed stereogram principle. To generate a autostereogram on such a liquid crystal panel, an image splitter is essentially required to direct the image on odd column pixels to propagate to right eye and simultaneously direct the image on even column pixels to propagate to left eye of the an observer. The whole image splitter is a holographic optical element composed of several sub-holograms attached on each column pixels. The odd column pixels are marked with R and the even column pixels are marked with L. The sub-holograms above the odd column pixels will diffract the images shown on R column pixels to propagate to right eye, and sub-holograms above the even column pixels will diffract the images shown on L column pixels to propagate to left eye.

Fig. 1 A holographic image splitter for stereogram.

In order to experience the stereo vision described above, the left and right images have to be delivered into observer’s left and right eye respectively with proper propagation angles. As shown in Fig. 2 , we assume the distance between the two eyes is 2W and the distance between panel and the observer is H, the propagation angle of the diffraction beam from the sub-holograms on even and odd column pixels can be calculated by

Fig. 2 Calculation of the HOE split angle.

α = \tan^{- 1} \frac{W}{H}

(1)

where α is defined as the split angle of the holographic image splitter. In this study, we assume the binocular distance 2W is 6cm and the viewing distance H is 20cm. From formula (1), the required split angle is about 8 degrees. Split angle is an important parameter which is corresponding to the holographic interference angle in the following fabrication process of the required HOE.

3. Optical experiments

3.1 Fabrication of HOE

Figure 3 shows the experimental system to fabricate the required holographic optical element. A diode-pump-solid state laser with 532nm wavelength was used as the light source for the holographic experiments. Two beam splitters (BS) were utilized to divide the laser light into 3 beams. Meanwhile, the three beams passed through the Fourier lenses to generate three collimated plane waves. The angle between two adjacent two plane waves is 8 degrees. Dichromated gelatin (DCG) is selected as the recording material for obtaining higher diffraction efficiency. A special mask was attached on the recording material during the holographic exposure process. The mask is a one dimensional binary amplitude grating. The line width for bright and dark fringes is 198μm respectively which is equal to pixel width of the LCD panel. The whole dimension of the mask is 4cm x 4cm, and each pixel size of the mask is 198μm x 4cm. In the first step of fabrication process, the plane wave 3 was closed. And then plane wave 1and plane wave 2 interfered with each other to generate sub-holograms for the right image. We can find these two beams only interfered on the unblocked locations of the recording material which is corresponding to the odd column pixels of the panel. In the second step of fabrication process, the mask was lateral translated with 198μm relative to the recording material. And then the plane wave 2 was closed and plane wave 3 was opened. The plane wave 1and plane wave 3 interfered with each other to generate sub-holograms for the left image on the locations which were not yet exposed during the previous holographic interference. After completing these two recording processes, the holographic image splitter is fabricated.

Fig. 3 (a) Experimental setup for fabrication of a holographic image splitter for stereogram application. SF, spatial filter; BS, beam splitters; FL, Fourier lens. (b) Fabrication geometry of sub-holograms for right images in this holographic image splitter. (c) Fabrication geometry of sub-holograms for left images in this holographic image splitter.

Figure 4 shows the experimental setup for measuring the diffraction efficiency of the fabricated HOE. The HOE was attached on a 2.2-in. liquid crystal display panel and it was carefully aligned with the display pixels. A collimated plane wave with 532nm wavelength was incident on a LCD panel for backlighting. A binary amplitude grating pattern was displayed on this panel. This binary amplitude grating pattern is special designed to block the even column pixels and let the back-light transmitted through odd column pixels only. A detector was used to measure the diffracted power. The diffraction efficiency is defined as the diffracted power divided by the total incident power. Under this definition, a real diffraction efficiency of each sub-hologram should be the double of the measured value because the binary amplitude grating pattern blocked half of the incident power. We find not only +1 order but also −1 order diffractions were generated for right images in this HOE. The +1 order and −1 order diffraction efficiencies for right image in this HOE are around 45% and 10% respectively. The −1 order diffraction of right image will propagate to observer’s left eye and accordingly induce the cross talk noise. The effect of cross talk noise on stereo-display performance will be analyzed in the next section. The diffraction efficiency for left image in this HOE was also obtained by a similar process. The difference in this measurement is that the binary amplitude grating image now blocked the odd column pixels and let the back-light transmitted through even column pixels only. The +1 order and −1 order diffraction efficiencies for left image in this HOE were around 43% and 6% respectively.

Fig. 4 The experimental architecture for measuring diffraction efficiency of HOE.

3.2 Result of image split

An experimental setup shown as Fig. 5 was used to demonstrate a monochromatic stereogram implemented with the proposed HOE. The HOE was attached on a 2.2-in. liquid crystal display panel and it was carefully aligned with the display pixels. In our demonstration, the laser is replaced by a green LED and the emitted central wavelength is 530nm. The beam emitted from the LED is collimated and incident on the LCD panel. We found the spatial-multiplexed image prepared for stereo-effect on LCD was effectively separated via the HOE and this leaded to a stereoscopic vision with an around 20 cm viewing distance for observers. The separated right and left images were individually captured by CCD cameras, and they were also shown in Fig. 5. A further experiment is demonstrated to prove the validness of the image splitter. A special designed spatial-multiplexed image was prepared. This spatial-multiplexed image displayed on R column pixels of the panel is a character “L” and the image displayed on L column pixels is a character “V”. Once the backlight pass through the LCD and HOE, two images on odd and even column pixels would be separated. Figure 6 shows the experimental result. Two images “L” and “V” were separated by our holographic beam splitter element and these two images were projected on a screen. Though the fabricated HOE generated −1 order diffraction, there was no obvious observed cross talk noise in our practical experiments.

Fig. 5 The experimental architecture for implementing a stereogram using the proposed HOE.

Fig. 6 Experimental result of a holographic image splitter.

4. Discussions

4.1 Brightness

The diffraction efficiency for each image is about 43% in our experimental element, and accordingly the brightness of the stereogram is about 43% of the original brightness on panel. The brightness performance is much better than the conventional barrier technology, which generate stereogram with low brightness only 23% of the original brightness on panel [9

].we believed the brightness of the stereo-display using the proposed technique still can be improved by using thick holographic recording material which can generate larger diffraction efficiency. B.C. Cho et al. have reported their study results on the relationship between diffraction efficiency of volumetric holographic optical element (VHOE) and the different thickness of the recording material [12

B. C. Cho, J. S. Gu, W. Y. Kim, and E. S. Kim, “Multiview autostereoscopic 3D display system using volume holographic optical element,” Proc. SPIE 4471, 43–50 (2001).

,13

B. C. Cho, J. S. Gu, and E. S. Kim, “Implementation of multiview 3D display system using volume holographic optical element,” Proc. SPIE 4567, 224–232 (2002).

]. The result shows that increasing the thickness, the diffraction efficiency of +1 order can be enhanced, and zero-order diffraction efficiency can be reduced. A VHOE with diffraction efficiency close to 99% also has been proposed by Y.H. Cho et al. [14

Y. H. Cho, R. Kawade, T. Kubota, and Y. Kawakami, “Control of morphology and diffraction efficiency of holographic gratings using siloxane-containing reactive diluent,” Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 6(5), 435–442 (2005).

]. According to the related research results, once the DCG recording material in our experiments is replaced by the described volume holographic recording material, the brightness of the stereo-display using the proposed technique can be increased and the zero-order diffraction efficiency of HOE can be eliminated.

4.2 Cross talk

The cross talk performance can be investigated by the contrast ratio (CR) of the diffracted images [15

C. Y. Chen, Q. L. Deng, and H. C. Wu, “A high-brightness diffractive stereoscopic display technology,” Displays 31(4-5), 169–174 (2010).

]. The contrast ratio for right eye,

C R_{R}

, and contrast ratio for left eye,

C R_{L}

, can be defined as:

\begin{array}{l} C R_{R} = \frac{R_{r} - R_{l}}{R_{r} + R_{l}} \times 100 % \\ C R_{L} = \frac{L_{l} - L_{r}}{L_{l} + L_{r}} \times 100 % \end{array}

(2)

where R_r is the diffracted intensity of the image on R column pixels measured on location of the right eye, and R_l is the diffracted intensity of the image on L column pixels measured on location of the right eye. Similarly, L_l is the diffracted intensity of the image on L column pixels measured on location of the left eye, and L_r is the diffracted intensity of the image on R column pixels measured on location of the left eye. When the incident intensity is

42 μ W / c m^{2}

, the measured intensity R_r , R_l , L_l , and L_r are listed in Table1 . According to Eq. (2), the contrast ratios for right eye and left eye using the holographic splitter are about 76.5% and 60.9%, respectively. Our device shows good contrast ratio for stereogram application, and it leads to perform high potential in obtaining high stereoscopic image quality.

Table 1 Diffraction intensity from even and odd pixels measured at location of right and left eye

Diffraction signal	Diffraction intensity $(μ W / c m^{2})$	Contrast ratio
R_r	18.8	76.5%
R_l	2.5	76.5%
L_l	18.1	60.9%
L_r	4.4	60.9%

Noteworthily, the fabricated holographic image splitter shown in this experiment is currently designed for monochromatic stereoscopic images only. Using the current presented HOE for color multiplexed-2D-images on LCD panel will induce color blur effect which is caused by chromatic dispersion of HOE. The color blur also generates cross talk noise for stereoscopic images. An effective solution for this phenomenon is using three independent devices to separate the red, green, and blue image pairs shown on the color LCD panel individually [16

C. Y. Chen, T. Y. Hsieh, Q. L. Deng, W. C. Su, and Z. S. Cheng, “Design of a novel symmetric microprism array for dual-view display,” Displays 31(2), 99–103 (2010).

]. From Ref. [16

C. Y. Chen, T. Y. Hsieh, Q. L. Deng, W. C. Su, and Z. S. Cheng, “Design of a novel symmetric microprism array for dual-view display,” Displays 31(2), 99–103 (2010).

], we can realize one pixel on a LCD panel usually contains three horizontal sub-pixels for showing RGB color. Accordingly, each odd or even column pixel as shown in Fig. 1 indeed contains three RGB sub-column pixels. One technique to eliminate color blur of the proposed technique is to generate three sub-holograms for directing the RGB images shown on each R column pixels or on each L column pixels respectively. Notably, the current presented HOE is generated with only one sub-hologram for each R column pixels or for each L column pixels. Fabrication of the advance HOE for color stereoscopic vision is our future work.

5. Conclusions

A new type of image splitter for stereoscopic vision on LCD panel is presented. The special designed holographic optical element can be attached on a conventional 2.2-in. liquid crystal display panel directly to replace the traditional image splitter in a stereoscopic display panel. The experimental results prove the proposed principle work successfully. The proposed technique can be further improved by using a thick recording material which can generate higher diffraction efficiency. Experimental results show the proposed technique generates good contrast ratio and brightness performance for stereogram application. The proposed holographic image splitter accordingly performs high potential as an alternative competing technology with lenticular and barrier stereo-displays.

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan under Contract No. NSC 97-2221-E-108-002-MY3.

References and links

1.	J. Y. Son, V. V. Saveljev, Y. J. Choi, J. E. Bahn, S. K. Kim, and H. Choi, “Parameters for designing autostereoscopic imaging systems based on lenticular, parallax barrier, and integral photography plates,” Opt. Eng. 42(11), 3326–3333 (2003).
2.	W. X. Zhao, Q. H. Wang, A. H. Wang, and D. H. Li, “Autostereoscopic display based on two-layer lenticular lenses,” Opt. Lett. 35(24), 4127–4129 (2010). [PubMed]
3.	M. P. C. M. Krijn, S. T. de Zwart, D. K. G. de Boer, O. H. Willemsen, and M. Sluijter, “2-D/3-D displays based on switchable lenticulars,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 16(8), 847–855 (2008).
4.	Y. H. Tao, Q. H. Wang, J. Gu, W. X. Zhao, and D. H. Li, “Autostereoscopic three-dimensional projector based on two parallax barriers,” Opt. Lett. 34(20), 3220–3222 (2009). [PubMed]
5.	C. H. Chen, Y. P. Huang, S. C. Chuang, C. L. Wu, H. P. D. Shieh, W. Mphepö, C. T. Hsieh, and S. C. Hsu, “Liquid crystal panel for high efficiency barrier type autostereoscopic three-dimensional displays,” Appl. Opt. 48(18), 3446–3454 (2009). [PubMed]
6.	T. Järvenpää and M. Salmimaa, “Optical characterization of autostereoscopic 3-D displays,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 16(8), 825–833 (2008).
7.	C. H. Chen, H. H. Huang, T. H. Hsu, M.-H. Kuo, and C. H. Tsai, “Optical simulation for cross-talk evaluation and improvement of autostereoscopic 3-D displays with a projector array,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 18(9), 662–667 (2010).
8.	Q. H. Wang, X. F. Li, L. Zhou, A. H. Wang, and D. H. Li, “Cross-talk reduction by correcting the subpixel position in a multiview autostereoscopic three-dimensional display based on a lenticular sheet,” Appl. Opt. 50(7), B1–B5 (2011). [PubMed]
9.	C. Y. Chen, M. C. Chang, M. D. Ke, C. C. Lin, and Y. M. Chen, “A novel high brightness parallax barrier stereoscopy technology using a reflective crown grating,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 50(6), 1610–1616 (2008).
10.	D. Trayner and E. Orr, “Autostereoscopic display using holographic optical elements,” Proc. SPIE 2653, 65–74 (1996).
11.	D. Trayner and E. Orr, “Developments in autostereoscopic displays using holographic optical elements,” Proc. SPIE 3012, 167–174 (1997).
12.	B. C. Cho, J. S. Gu, W. Y. Kim, and E. S. Kim, “Multiview autostereoscopic 3D display system using volume holographic optical element,” Proc. SPIE 4471, 43–50 (2001).
13.	B. C. Cho, J. S. Gu, and E. S. Kim, “Implementation of multiview 3D display system using volume holographic optical element,” Proc. SPIE 4567, 224–232 (2002).
14.	Y. H. Cho, R. Kawade, T. Kubota, and Y. Kawakami, “Control of morphology and diffraction efficiency of holographic gratings using siloxane-containing reactive diluent,” Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 6(5), 435–442 (2005).
15.	C. Y. Chen, Q. L. Deng, and H. C. Wu, “A high-brightness diffractive stereoscopic display technology,” Displays 31(4-5), 169–174 (2010).
16.	C. Y. Chen, T. Y. Hsieh, Q. L. Deng, W. C. Su, and Z. S. Cheng, “Design of a novel symmetric microprism array for dual-view display,” Displays 31(2), 99–103 (2010).

OCIS Codes
(090.2890) Holography : Holographic optical elements
(120.2040) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Displays
(230.1950) Optical devices : Diffraction gratings

ToC Category:
Holography

History
Original Manuscript: March 23, 2011
Revised Manuscript: May 3, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: May 4, 2011
Published: May 5, 2011

Citation
Wei-Chia Su, Chien- Yue Chen, and Yi-Fan Wang, "Stereogram implemented with a holographic image splitter," Opt. Express 19, 9942-9949 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-10-9942

Sort: Author | Year | Journal | Reset

References

J. Y. Son, V. V. Saveljev, Y. J. Choi, J. E. Bahn, S. K. Kim, and H. Choi, “Parameters for designing autostereoscopic imaging systems based on lenticular, parallax barrier, and integral photography plates,” Opt. Eng. 42(11), 3326–3333 (2003).
W. X. Zhao, Q. H. Wang, A. H. Wang, and D. H. Li, “Autostereoscopic display based on two-layer lenticular lenses,” Opt. Lett. 35(24), 4127–4129 (2010). [PubMed]
M. P. C. M. Krijn, S. T. de Zwart, D. K. G. de Boer, O. H. Willemsen, and M. Sluijter, “2-D/3-D displays based on switchable lenticulars,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 16(8), 847–855 (2008).
Y. H. Tao, Q. H. Wang, J. Gu, W. X. Zhao, and D. H. Li, “Autostereoscopic three-dimensional projector based on two parallax barriers,” Opt. Lett. 34(20), 3220–3222 (2009). [PubMed]
C. H. Chen, Y. P. Huang, S. C. Chuang, C. L. Wu, H. P. D. Shieh, W. Mphepö, C. T. Hsieh, and S. C. Hsu, “Liquid crystal panel for high efficiency barrier type autostereoscopic three-dimensional displays,” Appl. Opt. 48(18), 3446–3454 (2009). [PubMed]
T. Järvenpää and M. Salmimaa, “Optical characterization of autostereoscopic 3-D displays,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 16(8), 825–833 (2008).
C. H. Chen, H. H. Huang, T. H. Hsu, M.-H. Kuo, and C. H. Tsai, “Optical simulation for cross-talk evaluation and improvement of autostereoscopic 3-D displays with a projector array,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 18(9), 662–667 (2010).
Q. H. Wang, X. F. Li, L. Zhou, A. H. Wang, and D. H. Li, “Cross-talk reduction by correcting the subpixel position in a multiview autostereoscopic three-dimensional display based on a lenticular sheet,” Appl. Opt. 50(7), B1–B5 (2011). [PubMed]
C. Y. Chen, M. C. Chang, M. D. Ke, C. C. Lin, and Y. M. Chen, “A novel high brightness parallax barrier stereoscopy technology using a reflective crown grating,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 50(6), 1610–1616 (2008).
D. Trayner and E. Orr, “Autostereoscopic display using holographic optical elements,” Proc. SPIE 2653, 65–74 (1996).
D. Trayner and E. Orr, “Developments in autostereoscopic displays using holographic optical elements,” Proc. SPIE 3012, 167–174 (1997).
B. C. Cho, J. S. Gu, W. Y. Kim, and E. S. Kim, “Multiview autostereoscopic 3D display system using volume holographic optical element,” Proc. SPIE 4471, 43–50 (2001).
B. C. Cho, J. S. Gu, and E. S. Kim, “Implementation of multiview 3D display system using volume holographic optical element,” Proc. SPIE 4567, 224–232 (2002).
Y. H. Cho, R. Kawade, T. Kubota, and Y. Kawakami, “Control of morphology and diffraction efﬁciency of holographic gratings using siloxane-containing reactive diluent,” Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 6(5), 435–442 (2005).
C. Y. Chen, Q. L. Deng, and H. C. Wu, “A high-brightness diffractive stereoscopic display technology,” Displays 31(4-5), 169–174 (2010).
C. Y. Chen, T. Y. Hsieh, Q. L. Deng, W. C. Su, and Z. S. Cheng, “Design of a novel symmetric microprism array for dual-view display,” Displays 31(2), 99–103 (2010).

Cited By

Alert me when this paper is cited

OSA is able to provide readers links to articles that cite this paper by participating in CrossRef's Cited-By Linking service. CrossRef includes content from more than 3000 publishers and societies. In addition to listing OSA journal articles that cite this paper, citing articles from other participating publishers will also be listed.

Click here to see a list of articles that cite this paper