Imaging velocities of a vibrating object by stroboscopic sideband holography

doi:10.1364/OE.20.022860

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Imaging velocities of a vibrating object by stroboscopic sideband holography

F. Verpillat, F. Joud, M. Atlan, and M. Gross »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 20, pp. 22860-22871 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.022860

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Abstract

We propose here to combine sideband holography with stroboscopic illumination synchronized with the vibration of an object. By sweeping the optical frequency of the reference beam such a way the holographic detection is tuned on the successive sideband harmonic ranks, we are able to image the instantaneous velocities of the object. Since the stroboscopic illumination is made with an electronic device, the method is compatible with fast (up to several MHz) vibration motions. The method is demonstrated with a vibrating clarinet reed excited sinusoidally at 2 kHz, and a stroboscopic illumination with cyclic ratio 0.15. Harmonic rank up to n = ±100 are detected, and a movie of the instantaneous velocities is reported.

1. Introduction

There is a big demand for full field vibration measurements, in particular in industry. Different holographic techniques are able to image and analyse such vibrations. Double pulse holography [1

G. Pedrini, Y. L. Zou, and H. J. Tiziani, “Digital double-pulsed holographic interferometry for vibration analysis,” Jour. of Mod. Opt. 42(2), 367–374 (1995) [CrossRef]

, 2

G. Pedrini, H. J. Tiziani, and Y. Zou, “Digital double pulse-tv-holography,” Opt. Laser Eng. 26(2), 199–219 (1997) [CrossRef]

] records a double-exposure hologram with time separation in the 1...1000 μs range, and measures the instantaneous velocity of a vibrating object from the phase difference. The method requires a quite costly double pulse ruby laser system, whose repetition rate is low. Multi pulse holography [3

G. Pedrini, P. Froening, H. Fessler, and H. J. Tiziani, “Transient vibration measurements using multi-pulse digital holography,” Opt. Laser Tech. 29(8), 505–511 (1998) [CrossRef]

] is able to analyse transient motions, but the setup is still heavier (4 pulses laser, three cameras).

The development of fast CMOS camera makes possible to analyse vibration efficiently by triggering the camera on the motion in order to record a sequence of holograms that allows to track the vibration of the object as a function of the time [4

G. Pedrini, W. Osten, and M. E. Gusev, “High-speed digital holographic interferometry for vibration measurement,” Appl. Opt. 45(15), 3456–3462 (2006) [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 5

Y. Fu, G. Pedrini, and W. Osten, “Vibration measurement by temporal fourier analyses of a digital hologram sequence,” Appl. Opt. 46(23), 5719–5727 (2007) [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. The assessment analysis of the motion can be done by phase difference or by Fourier analysis in the time domain. The method requires a CMOS camera, which can be costly. It is also limited to low frequency vibrations, since a complete analysis of the motion requires a camera frame rate higher than the vibration frequency, because the bandwidth Δν of the holographic signal, which is sampled at the camera frame rate ν_CCD, must be lower than the Nyquist-Shannon frequency limit Δν < ν_CCD/2. For a periodic motion of frequency ν_A, the bandwidth Δν ≃ 0 is much smaller than ν_A, and ν_A can overcome this limit: ν_A > ν_CCD/2. The exposure time must remains nevertheless lower that the vibration period, in order to avoid to wash out the signal, whose phase may vary during exposure. This limits the duty cycle and the thus SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio).

Powell and Stetson [6

R. L. Powell and K. A. Stetson, “Interferometric vibration analysis by wavefront reconstruction”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 55(12), 1593–1598 (1965) [CrossRef]

] have shown that the time averaged hologram of an harmonically vibrating object yields yields alternate dark and bright fringes. The dark fringes correspond to the zeros of the Bessel function J₀(z), where z is proportional to the vibration amplitude. One gets then a direct mapping of this amplitude. Picard et al. [7

P. Picart, J. Leval, D. Mounier, and S. Gougeon, “Time-averaged digital holography,” Opt. Lett. 28(20), 1900–1902 (2003) [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] has simplified the processing of the data by performing time averaged holography with a digital CCD camera. Time averaged holography has no limit in vibration frequency and do not involve costly laser system, nor an expensive CMOS fast camera. These advantages yield numerous recent developments of the technique [8

F. Pinard, B. Laine, and H. Vach, “Musical quality assessment of clarinet reeds using optical holography,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 113, 1736–1742 (2003) [CrossRef] [PubMed]

–18

U. P. Kumar, Y. Kalyani, N. K. Mohan, and M. P. Kothiyal, “Time-average tv holography for vibration fringe analysis,” Appl. Opt. 48(16), 3094–3101 (2009) [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Although the time averaged method gives a way to determine the amplitude of vibration [19

P. Picart, J. Leval, D. Mounier, and S. Gougeon, “Some opportunities for vibration analysis with time averaging in digital fresnel holography,” Appl. Opt. 44(3), 337–343 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], quantitative measurement remain quite difficult, especially for high vibration amplitudes. To solve this problem, Borza proposed high-resolution time-average speckle interferometry and digital holography techniques, which allow subpixel resolution (optical) phase recovery by inverting the Bessel function on its monotonic intervals and works well with larger vibration amplitudes [20

D. N. Borza, “High-resolution time-average electronic holography for vibration measurement,” Opt. Lasers Eng. 41(3), 515–527 (2004) [CrossRef]

–22

D.N. Borza, “Full-field vibration amplitude recovery from high-resolution time-averaged speckle interferograms and digital holograms by regional inverting of the bessel function,” Opt. lasers Eng. 44(8), 747–770 (2006) [CrossRef]

Joud et al. [23

F. Joud, F. Laloë, M. Atlan, J. Hare, and M. Gross, “Imaging of a vibrating object by sideband digital holography,” Opt. Express 17(4), 2774–2779 (2009) [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] extended the time averaged technique to the detection of the optical signal at the vibration sideband frequency ν_n, where n is the harmonic rank. It was demonstrated that the signal amplitude of rank n is then proportional to the Bessel function J_n(z). As in the seminal work of Aleksoff [24

C. C. Aleksoff, “Temporally modulated holography,” Appl. Opt. 10(6), 1329–1341 (1971) [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], in Sideband holography the reference beam frequency is tuned in order to select the sideband of rank n. This tuning is made by the heterodyne holography technique [25

F. Le Clerc, L. Collot, and M. Gross, “Numerical heterodyne holography with two-dimensional photodetector arrays,” Opt. Lett. 25(10), 716–718 (2000) [CrossRef]

]: the frequency of the illumination and reference beams are shifted by acousto optic modulators (AOMs) so that the reference versus illumination frequency offset can be finely adjusted. Sideband holography, which is able to detect MHz frequency vibrations [26

M. Gross, P. Goy, and M. Al-Koussa, “Shot-noise detection of ultrasound-tagged photons in ultrasound-modulated optical imaging,” Opt. Lett. 28(24), 2482–2484 (2003) [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], is able on the other hand to image sidebands up to rank n = ±1000 [27

F. Joud, F. Verpillat, F. Laloë, M. Atlan, J. Hare, and M. Gross, “Fringe-free holographic measurements of large-amplitude vibrations,” Opt. Lett. 34(23), 3698–3700 (2009) [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], and by the way to analyse vibration of large amplitude, which can be studied by time averaged technique at the price of inverse methods [22

Since both time averaged and sideband holography record the holographic signal over a large number a vibration periods, these two techniques are not sensitive to the phase of the vibration, and are thus unable to measure the instantaneous velocities of the object. To respond this problem, Leval et al. [28

J. Leval, P. Picart, J.P. Boileau, and J. C. Pascal, “Full-field vibrometry with digital fresnel holography,” Appl. Opt. 44(27), 5763–5772 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] combine time averaged holography with stroboscopic illumination, but, since Leval uses a mechanical stroboscopic device, the Leval technique suffer of a quite low duty cycle (1/144), and is limited in low vibration frequencies (ν_A < 5 kHz).

We propose here to combine Sideband Digital Holography (SDH) with stroboscopic illumination synchronized with the vibration. To perform the stroboscopic illumination, we make use of two AOMs to control both the frequencies and the amplitudes of the illumination and reference beams. This is done by switching electronically on and off the Radio Frequency signals (≃ 80 MHz) that drive the two AOMs.

If the amplitude of vibration is high, the light scattered by the vibrating object exhibit many sideband components. By sweeping the reference frequency such a way the holographic detection is tuned on the successive sideband harmonic ranks n, stroboscopic sideband holography is then able to detect, for any stroboscopic time delay, all the harmonic ranks generated by Doppler effect. One can then reconstruct the instantaneous velocity map of the vibrating object. The mechanical phase, which is related to the sign of the velocity is obtained by the way. Note that since the stroboscopic illumination is made by AOMs that are electronically driven, there is no practical limitation in the stroboscopic frequency and duty cycle.

In the following we will describe the principle of the method, and our optical and electronic setup. A test experiment is made with a clarinet reed excited sinusoidally at ν_A = 2 kHz. The amplitude of vibration is such that we get sideband signal up to rank n = ±100. By sweeping the stroboscopic time delay, and by recording holograms for all harmonic ranks n, we can retrieve images of the reed instantaneous velocity.

2. Stroboscopic SDH principle

2.1. Periodic sinusoidal motion

Consider a point of the object in vibrating sinusoidal at frequency ν_A and amplitude z_max. Its displacement z(t) is:

z (t) = z_{\max} cos (2 π ν_{A} t)

(1)

In backscattering geometry, this corresponds to a phase modulation:

φ (t) = 4 π z (t) / λ = Φ cos (2 π ν_{A} t)

(2)

where λ is the optical wavelength and Φ = 4πz_max/λ. The scattered field is then

\begin{array}{l} E (t) & = & ℰ e^{j 2 π ν_{0} t + j φ (t)} \\ = & ℰ \sum_{n = - \infty}^{\infty} J_{n} (Φ) e^{j 2 π (ν_{0} + n ν_{A}) t} \end{array}

(3)

where ℰ is the complex amplitude of the field, ν₀ the frequency of the illumination optical field E_I, and J_n the n^th order Bessel function of the first kind. The scattered field is a sum of components of frequency ν_n:

ν_{n} = ν_{0} + n ν_{A}

(4)

where n is the harmonic rank of the sideband (n = 0 for the carrier). Equation 3 means that the weight of the field component of frequency ν_n is ℰJ_n(Φ). Figure 1(a) shows how the energy of the sideband |ℰ|²|J_n(Φ)|² varies with n, assuming Φ = 50 rad.

Fig. 1 Distribution on the sidebands energy |A_n,x,δx|² as a function of the sideband harmonic n without (a) and with (b–d) stroboscopic illumination. Curves are plotted for different stroboscopic illumination time t = xT_A with x = 0.25 0.35, 0.45, 0.55, 0.65 and 0.75, and different stroboscopic illumination duration Δt = δxT_A with δx = 1 (a), 0.2 (b), 0.1 (c) and 0.05 (d). The vibration amplitude is Φ = 50.

To interpret the spectrum of Fig. 1(a), one can reverse Eq. (4), considering n as a continuous variable related to the frequency ν ≡ ν_n of the corresponding sideband component:

n (ν) = (ν - ν_{0}) / ν_{A}

(5)

Here, n is the Doppler frequency shift ν − ν₀ in ν_A units. This shift is, by definition, related to the distribution of the out-of-plane velocity V = dz/dt of the object:

ν - ν_{0} = n ν_{A} = 2 V / λ

(6)

where λ is the optical wavelength. The shift of harmonic rank n is confined between the values ±Φ that correspond to the maximum velocities ±V_max with V_max = 2πν_Az_max. The discrete spectrum |J_n(ϕ = 50)|² of Fig. 1(a) remains thus mostly confined between ±Φ, and drops abruptly from a maximum reached close to n = ±Φ to almost zero [27

F. Joud, F. Verpillat, F. Laloë, M. Atlan, J. Hare, and M. Gross, “Fringe-free holographic measurements of large-amplitude vibrations,” Opt. Lett. 34(23), 3698–3700 (2009) [CrossRef] [PubMed]

In order to reconstruct the object velocity map at given time of the vibration motion, we have considered a stroboscopic illumination. The field E(t) is thus multiplied by the rectangular function H_x,δx(t) of period T_A = 1/ν_A

\begin{array}{l} H_{x, δ x} (t) & = & 0 for t / T_{A} < x - δ x / 2 \\ = & 1 for x - δ x / 2 < t / T_{A} < x + δ x / 2 \\ = & 0 for x + δ x / 2 < t / T_{A} \end{array}

(7)

where xT_A and δxT_A are the illumination time and illumination duration. The scattered field becomes thus:

\begin{array}{l} E (t) & = & ℰ H_{x, δ x} (t) e^{j 2 π ν_{0} t + j φ (t)} \\ = & ℰ \sum_{n} A_{n, x, δ x} (Φ) e^{j 2 π ν_{n} t} \end{array}

(8)

where ℰA_n,x,δx is the amplitude of the n^th sideband component.

We have calculated A_n,x,δx from Eq. (8) by numerical Fast Fourier Transform, and we have plotted on Fig. 1(b–d) the energy |A_n,x,δx|² as a function of n for different illumination phase delays xT_A and and different illumination durations δxT_A. The energy |A_n,x,δx|² is centered on the Doppler shift n̄ corresponding to the instantaneous velocity V at time xT_A:

\bar{n} ν_{A} = 2 \frac{v (x T_{A})}{λ} = - 2 \frac{V_{\max}}{λ} sin (2 π x)

(9)

For Φ = 50 and x = 0.25 0.35, 0.45, 0.55, 0.65 and 0.75, we get n̄ = −50, −40.4, −15.4, +15.4 +40.4 and +50 respectively, in good agrement with the curves plotted of Fig. 1(b–d). As expected, the shape of the energy spectrum |A_n,x,δx|² strongly depends on the illumination duration δxT_A.

For short illumination duration (i.e. δx = 0.05 on Fig. 1(d)), we get a wide distribution of the energy along n, whose shape do not depends on illumination time xT_A. This is expected since the illumination duration is to short to define the Doppler shift frequency precisely. One is limited here by a δt × δν ∼ 1 “Fourier uncertainty principle”, where δt = δxT_A is the width in time and δν = δnν_A the width in frequency (δn being the width in harmonic rank).

For longer illumination duration (i.e. δx = 0.2 on Fig. 1(b)), the shape of the energy spectrum |A_n,x,δx|² strongly depends on illumination time xT_A. It can be narrow (for x = 0.25 and 0.75) or wide (for x = 0.45 and 0.55), since the Doppler shift may vary slowly (x = 0.25 and 0.75) or fast (x = 0.45 and 0.55) during the illumination pulse. The best result (i.e. the narrower distribution of n around n̄) is obtained for intermediate value of the illumination duration (i.e. for δx = 0.1 on Fig. 1(c)).

2.2. Example of non sinusoidal motion: triangular motion

In the more general case of a non sinusoidal but periodic motion of z (period T_A = 1/ν_A), the calculation of the distribution of energy |A_n|² along the harmonic ranks n can be made similarly. To illustrate the method, we have considered a triangular motion of period T_A: the displacement z increases from z = −z_max at t = 0 to z = +z_max at t = T_A/2, and decreases from z = +z_max at t = T_A/2 to z = −z_max at t = T_A.

Equation 8 remains still valid for that motion, and can be used to calculate A_n,x,δx by FFT as done for the sinusoidal motion. Nevertheless, the phase φ(t) = 4πz(t)/λ is no more sinusoidal, but is given by:

\begin{array}{r} φ (t) & = & (- 1 + 4 t / T_{A}) Φ \\ φ (t + T_{A} / 2) & = & (+ 1 - 4 t / T_{A}) Φ \end{array}

(10)

where 0 < t < T_A/2 and Φ = 4πz_max/λ.

We have calculated by FFT A_n,x,_δ_x from Eq. (8) and Eq. (10). We have plotted the energy distribution |A_n,x,δx|² without stroboscopic illumination on Fig. 2(a), and with stroboscopic illumination on Fig. 2(b–d). We have plotted |A_n,x,δx|² for different illumination phase delays xT_A and and different illumination durations δxT_A. The distributions of the energy |A_n,x,δx|² plotted here on Fig. 2 are very different than for the sinusoidal motion of same maximum amplitude ±z_max plotted on Fig. 1.

Fig. 2 Distribution on the sidebands energy |A_n,x,δx|² as a function of the sideband harmonic n without (a) and with (b–d) stroboscopic illumination for the triangular motion defined by Eq. (10). Curves are plotted for different stroboscopic illumination time t = xT_A, and different stroboscopic illumination duration Δt = δxT_A with δx = 1 (a), 0.2 (b), 0.1 (c) and 0.05 (d). The vibration maximum amplitude corresponds to Φ = 50.

For 0.5 < x < 1.0, the displacement z decreases at constant velocity, and the shape of the energy distribution |A_n,x,δx|², which is shifted to the negative harmonic rank n < 0, not depends on the illumination time x. For 0 < x < 0.5 a similar result is obtained: the shape do not change, but the shift is positive: n > 0 since z increases. These results are expected for a triangular motion.

The analysis of distribution of energy |A_n,x,δx|² as a function of harmonic rank n, illumination time xT_A and illumination duration δxT_A yields detailed informations on the motion and on its non harmonic components.

3. Experimental setup

The sideband holography setups presented in previous publications does not allow to reconstruct the object at a given time of the vibration motion. To circumvent this problem, we have realized a stroboscopic illumination synchronized on the vibration motion. Figure 3 (a) shows the optical part of our setup, which is similar to the setups previously described [23

F. Joud, F. Laloë, M. Atlan, J. Hare, and M. Gross, “Imaging of a vibrating object by sideband digital holography,” Opt. Express 17(4), 2774–2779 (2009) [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 27

F. Joud, F. Verpillat, F. Laloë, M. Atlan, J. Hare, and M. Gross, “Fringe-free holographic measurements of large-amplitude vibrations,” Opt. Lett. 34(23), 3698–3700 (2009) [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Figure 3 (b) shows the electronic, which drives the acousto optics modulators AOM1 and AOM2, and which has been modified to add amplitude modulation abilities. This electronic is based on 3 direct digital synthesizer signal generators (SG1, 2 and 3), which are locked on the same 10 MHz time base. SG1 excites the loudspeaker, which makes the reed vibrate at ν_A = 2143 Hz. SG2 generates a frequency tunable sinusoidal signal at ν_SG₂ ≃ 20 MHz, and a reference fixed frequency 10 MHz signal, which is doubled by a frequency doubler (FD2: Mini Circuit Lab Inc.). SG3 generates a rectangular gate of duration 0.15 × T_A = 70 μs at frequency ν_A. This gate (SG3) is synchronized with respect to the reed excitation (SG1) with an electronically adjustable phase delay xT_A.

Fig. 3 Optical setup (a), and electronic (b) that drives the acousto optic modulator and the loudspeeker. (a) L: laser; AOM1,2: accousto optic modulators driven at frequency ν_AOM_1,2; M: mirrors; BS: beam splitter; BE: beam expander; LS: loudspeaker exciting the clarinet reed at frequency ν_A/2; CCD: CCD camera. (b) SG1,2,3: direct digital synthesizer (DDS) signal generators;; Quartz: 100 MHz quartz oscillator; LG: NAND logical gate; DBM: double balanced mixer; Ampl: 20 MHz and 80 MHz LC resonant amplifiers.

To realize the stroboscopic illumination, two NAND Logical Gates LG, driven by the SG3 gate, switch on and off the adjustable and the fixed 20 MHz frequency signals. The two 20 MHz gated signals obtained by the way are mixed with the signal of a 100 MHz quartz oscillator by two doubled balanced mixer (ZAD-1H: Mini Circuit Lab Inc.). We get thus two gated signals that exhibit two frequency components ≃ 100 MHz ± 20 MHz. The signals at ν_AOM₁ = 80 MHz and ν_AOM₂ ≃ 80 MHz that drive the acousto optic modulators AOM1 and AOM2, are thus obtained by filtering the ≃ 100 MHz ± 20 MHz signals with two 80 MHz LC resonant amplifiers.

Figure 4 illustrates the synchronization of the various signals. Out of the gate, the ν_AOM₂ and ν_AOM₂ signals are off, and one get no optical signals on the grating orders +1 of the acousto optic modulators AOM1 and AOM2. The illumination and reference beams are then off. Our stroboscopic gate acts thus both on illumination, and on holographic reference (i.e. on holographic detection efficiency).

Fig. 4 Chronogram of the signals: (a) SG1 sinusoidal signal of period T_A = 1/ν_A exciting the reed; (b) SG3 rectangular gate and (c) ≃80 MHz gated signals driving the accousto-optical modulators AOM1 and AOM2.

The data acquisition is made by a computer that drive the three signal generators SG1, SG2 and SG3. For every value of the stroboscopic delay xT_A, the harmonic rank of detection is swept from n = −100 to n = +100, i.e., for each n, the computer drives SG2 such a way the frequencies of the acousto-optics modulators signals verify:

ν_{A O M 1} - ν_{A O M 2} = n ν_{A} + ν_{C C D} / 4

(11)

Four-phase heterodyne holography is then performed [25

F. Le Clerc, L. Collot, and M. Gross, “Numerical heterodyne holography with two-dimensional photodetector arrays,” Opt. Lett. 25(10), 716–718 (2000) [CrossRef]

], i.e., a sequence of 4 images I₀,..., I₃ is recorded yielding the complex hologram:

H = (I_{0} - I_{2}) + j (I_{0} - I_{2})

(12)

The optical field image of the reed E(x, y) is reconstructed from H(x, y) with the standard one FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) method [29

U. Schnars and W. Jüptner, “Direct recording of holograms by a ccd target and numerical reconstruction,” Appl. Opt. 33(2), 179–181 (1994) [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 30

P. Picart and J. Leval, “General theoretical formulation of image formation in digital fresnel holography,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 25(7), 1744–1761 (2008) [CrossRef]

], where x and y are the coordinates of the 1024×1024 calculation matrix. The reconstructed images intensity I = |E|² of rank n is stored in a 3D 1024 × 1024 × 201 cube of data with axes x, y and n. To the end, an image of the reed velocities is extracted from the cube.

For each stroboscopic delay xT_A the operations are repeated: the rank n is swept; for each n the holograms are recorded, reconstructed and stored within the cube of data. Images of the velocities are then obtained.

4. Experimental results

Figure 5 shows nine reconstructed images of the reed with stroboscopic delay xT_A with x = 0, 0.3 and 0.7 (respectively from top to bottom), and for n = −60, 0 and +60 (respectively from left to right). Each image of Fig. 5 represents thus one component n of the instantaneous Doppler spectrum. Since the hologram are recorded off axis, the read images are off axis too. To center the images of the reed, the 1024×1024 reconstructed images are truncated to 1024×512 on Fig. 5. One recognize the reed on Fig. 5(b) to (h), and the reed + mouthpiece on Fig. 5(b,e and h). The right part of reed is clamped on the mouthpiece, while the tip, whose motion is free, is on the left.

Fig. 5 Reconstruction images of the reed at time xT_A = 0 (a,b,c), 0.3 T_A (d,e,f) and 0.7 T_A (g,h,i) for n = −60 (a,d,g), 0 (b,e,h) and +60.0 (c,f,i). The images are displayed in logarithmic scale for the field intensity |E|².

On each image, we get signal on the zone (x, y) of the reed where the instantaneous Doppler shift 2V (x,y,xT_A)/λ is close to nν_A. This point is illustrated by Fig. 6 that show as a function of the longitudinal axis y the reed displacement z(y, xT_A) and the reed velocity V (y, xT_A) at illumination time t = xT_A. The size, shape and brightness of the zone with signal depend on the time of illumination xT_A (i), on the illumination duration δxT_A (ii), and on the harmonic rank n (iii).

Fig. 6 Reed displacement z(y, xT_A) and the reed velocity V (y, xT_A) at illumination time t = xT_A. The holographic signal on sideband of rank n is obtained if V (y, xT_A) is close to V (n) = nλν_A.

For delay time xT_A = 0, we observe signal on a narrow bright zone of the reed for n = 60 (Fig. 5(c)), no signal for n = −60 (Fig. 5(a)) and some signal for n = 0 (Fig. 5(b)). This means that the reed is illuminated when it moves towards the detector, and only the n > 0 harmonic are generated, and detected. The narrow bright zone of Fig. 5(c) corresponds to the points of the reed where the instantaneous velocity at time xT_A = 0 is close to

V_{n = 60} = 60 ν_{A} c / ν_{0} ≃ 8 \times 10^{- 2} m . s^{- 1}

(13)

For time 0.3T_A, we observe a uniform signal on the reed for n = 0 (Fig. 5(e)) and no signal for n = ±60 (Fig. 5 (d,f)). This means that the reed is in a position of maximal amplitude of oscillation, with a velocity near zero.

For time 0.7T_A, the reed goes away from the detector. The results are similar to the ones obtained at time xT_A = 0. We observe a narrow bright zone for n = −60 (Fig. 5(g)), no signal for n = +60 (Fig. 5 (i)), and some signal for n = 0 (Fig. 5 (h)).

To image the reed instantaneous velocities during vibration motion, we have swept the illumination time xT_A from 0 to T_A by step of 0.1 T_A. For each time xT_A, we have recorded the hologram for n = −100 to +100, and we have stored the 201 reconstructed images in a 3D cube of data with axes x, y and n. The n axis corresponds to the Doppler shift, i.e. to the reed velocity. We have performed cuts of the 3D data in order to extract 2D images along axis x and n (y being fixed). Figure 7 displays the cuts obtained for y = 256, which correspond to the horizontal white dashed line in Fig. 5 (e)).

Fig. 7 Successive positions of the reed on a period T_A. These images are obtained by taking the section in the x = 268 (horizontal white dashed line of Fig. 5 (e)) of the stack of reconstructed images for n = −100 to +100. The images are displayed in logarithmic scale for the optical field intensity |E|².

We actually obtain on Fig. 7 a direct visualization of the shape of the reed instantaneous velocity, which varies with the illumination time xT_A. Since the motion is a sine function of time, the images of the instantaneous velocities of Fig. 7 are similar to images of the reed itself, shifted in phase by π/2. A movie, made with the 10 images of Fig. 7, is provided in supplementary material ( Media 1). Another movie, with 20 images per period, is also provided ( Media 2). The movie shows the evolution of the reed velocities, or the reed motion (if one neglects the shift of phase).

We must notice that the images of Fig. 7 (or the supplementary material movie) correspond to a huge amount of data, since it is necessary to record, for every time xT_A, 4 images by harmonic rank n with n = −100 to +100. We record thus 10 × 4 × 201 = 8040 images. The frequency of acquisition of the camera being of 12.5 Hz, the total recording time is approximately 12 minutes. It is necessary to add the time necessary for the calculation of reconstruction of holograms as well as the time needed to control, during acquisition, the change of frequency of the synthesized signal generators SG2 and SG3. To get the 10 images of Fig. 7, the total time is thus about one hour.

5. Conclusion

This experiment demonstrates that it is possible to reconstruct a map of the instantaneous velocities of a vibrating object by combining sideband holography and stroboscopic illumination synchronized with the vibration motion. Although the amount of generated data is huge, its acquisition is quite simple, since it is fully automatized by using a computer that drives, through signal generators (SGs) and acousto optics modulators (AOMs), both the stroboscopic illumination, and the tuning of the sideband detection. The computer then performs both data acquisition and image reconstruction.

The technique is demonstrated here in the case of a simple sinusoidal oscillation. It can be extended to more complex periodic motions. One must notice that the technique is sensitive to the direction of the instantaneous velocity (sign of n). The technique can thus be used to get the geometrical shape of a vibration mode in order to remove any ambiguity.

References and links

1.	G. Pedrini, Y. L. Zou, and H. J. Tiziani, “Digital double-pulsed holographic interferometry for vibration analysis,” Jour. of Mod. Opt. 42(2), 367–374 (1995) [CrossRef]
2.	G. Pedrini, H. J. Tiziani, and Y. Zou, “Digital double pulse-tv-holography,” Opt. Laser Eng. 26(2), 199–219 (1997) [CrossRef]
3.	G. Pedrini, P. Froening, H. Fessler, and H. J. Tiziani, “Transient vibration measurements using multi-pulse digital holography,” Opt. Laser Tech. 29(8), 505–511 (1998) [CrossRef]
4.	G. Pedrini, W. Osten, and M. E. Gusev, “High-speed digital holographic interferometry for vibration measurement,” Appl. Opt. 45(15), 3456–3462 (2006) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5.	Y. Fu, G. Pedrini, and W. Osten, “Vibration measurement by temporal fourier analyses of a digital hologram sequence,” Appl. Opt. 46(23), 5719–5727 (2007) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6.	R. L. Powell and K. A. Stetson, “Interferometric vibration analysis by wavefront reconstruction”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 55(12), 1593–1598 (1965) [CrossRef]
7.	P. Picart, J. Leval, D. Mounier, and S. Gougeon, “Time-averaged digital holography,” Opt. Lett. 28(20), 1900–1902 (2003) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8.	F. Pinard, B. Laine, and H. Vach, “Musical quality assessment of clarinet reeds using optical holography,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 113, 1736–1742 (2003) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9.	F. Zhang, J. D. R. Valera, I. Yamaguchi, M. Yokota, and G. Mills, “Vibration analysis by phase shifting digital holography,” Opt. Rev. 11(5), 297–299 (2004) [CrossRef]
10.	N. Demoli and D. Vukicevic, “Detection of hidden stationary deformations of vibrating surfaces by use of time-averaged digital holographic interferometry,” Opt. Lett. 29(20), 2423–2425 (2004) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11.	P. Picart, J. Leval, J. C. Pascal, J. P. Boileau, M. Grill, J. M. Breteau, B. Gautier, and S. Gillet, “2d full field vibration analysis with multiplexed digital holograms,” Opt. Express 13(22), 8882–8892 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12.	N. Demoli and I. Demoli, “Dynamic modal characterization of musical instruments using digital holography,” Opt. Express 13(13), 4812–4817 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13.	N. Demoli, “Real-time monitoring of vibration fringe patterns by optical reconstruction of digital holograms: mode beating detection,” Opt. Express 14(6), 2117–2122 (2006) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14.	A. Asundi and V. R. Singh, “Time-averaged in-line digital holographic interferometry for vibration analysis,” Appl. Opt. 45(11), 2391–2395 (2006) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15.	V. R. Singh, J. Miao, Z. Wang, G. Hegde, and A. Asundi, “Dynamic characterization of mems diaphragm using time averaged in-line digital holography,” Opt. Comm. 280(2), 285–290 (2007) [CrossRef]
16.	P. Picart, J. Leval, F. Piquet, J. P. Boileau, T. Guimezanes, and J. P. Dalmont, “Tracking high amplitude auto-oscillations with digital fresnel holograms,” Opt. Express 15(13), 8263–8274 (2007) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17.	Y. Fu, H. Shi, and H. Miao, “Vibration measurement of a miniature component by high-speed image-plane digital holographic microscopy,” Appl. Opt. 48(11), 1990–1997 (2009) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18.	U. P. Kumar, Y. Kalyani, N. K. Mohan, and M. P. Kothiyal, “Time-average tv holography for vibration fringe analysis,” Appl. Opt. 48(16), 3094–3101 (2009) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19.	P. Picart, J. Leval, D. Mounier, and S. Gougeon, “Some opportunities for vibration analysis with time averaging in digital fresnel holography,” Appl. Opt. 44(3), 337–343 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20.	D. N. Borza, “High-resolution time-average electronic holography for vibration measurement,” Opt. Lasers Eng. 41(3), 515–527 (2004) [CrossRef]
21.	D. N. Borza, “Mechanical vibration measurement by high-resolution time-averaged digital holography,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 16: 1853 (2005)
22.	D.N. Borza, “Full-field vibration amplitude recovery from high-resolution time-averaged speckle interferograms and digital holograms by regional inverting of the bessel function,” Opt. lasers Eng. 44(8), 747–770 (2006) [CrossRef]
23.	F. Joud, F. Laloë, M. Atlan, J. Hare, and M. Gross, “Imaging of a vibrating object by sideband digital holography,” Opt. Express 17(4), 2774–2779 (2009) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24.	C. C. Aleksoff, “Temporally modulated holography,” Appl. Opt. 10(6), 1329–1341 (1971) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25.	F. Le Clerc, L. Collot, and M. Gross, “Numerical heterodyne holography with two-dimensional photodetector arrays,” Opt. Lett. 25(10), 716–718 (2000) [CrossRef]
26.	M. Gross, P. Goy, and M. Al-Koussa, “Shot-noise detection of ultrasound-tagged photons in ultrasound-modulated optical imaging,” Opt. Lett. 28(24), 2482–2484 (2003) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27.	F. Joud, F. Verpillat, F. Laloë, M. Atlan, J. Hare, and M. Gross, “Fringe-free holographic measurements of large-amplitude vibrations,” Opt. Lett. 34(23), 3698–3700 (2009) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28.	J. Leval, P. Picart, J.P. Boileau, and J. C. Pascal, “Full-field vibrometry with digital fresnel holography,” Appl. Opt. 44(27), 5763–5772 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29.	U. Schnars and W. Jüptner, “Direct recording of holograms by a ccd target and numerical reconstruction,” Appl. Opt. 33(2), 179–181 (1994) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30.	P. Picart and J. Leval, “General theoretical formulation of image formation in digital fresnel holography,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 25(7), 1744–1761 (2008) [CrossRef]

OCIS Codes
(040.2840) Detectors : Heterodyne
(090.1760) Holography : Computer holography
(100.2000) Image processing : Digital image processing
(200.4880) Optics in computing : Optomechanics
(090.1995) Holography : Digital holography

ToC Category:
Holography

History
Original Manuscript: June 8, 2012
Revised Manuscript: September 7, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: September 9, 2012
Published: September 20, 2012

Citation
F. Verpillat, F. Joud, M. Atlan, and M. Gross, "Imaging velocities of a vibrating object by stroboscopic sideband holography," Opt. Express 20, 22860-22871 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-20-22860

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References

G. Pedrini, Y. L. Zou, and H. J. Tiziani, “Digital double-pulsed holographic interferometry for vibration analysis,” Jour. of Mod. Opt.42(2), 367–374 (1995) [CrossRef]
G. Pedrini, H. J. Tiziani, and Y. Zou, “Digital double pulse-tv-holography,” Opt. Laser Eng.26(2), 199–219 (1997) [CrossRef]
G. Pedrini, P. Froening, H. Fessler, and H. J. Tiziani, “Transient vibration measurements using multi-pulse digital holography,” Opt. Laser Tech.29(8), 505–511 (1998) [CrossRef]
G. Pedrini, W. Osten, and M. E. Gusev, “High-speed digital holographic interferometry for vibration measurement,” Appl. Opt.45(15), 3456–3462 (2006) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. Fu, G. Pedrini, and W. Osten, “Vibration measurement by temporal fourier analyses of a digital hologram sequence,” Appl. Opt.46(23), 5719–5727 (2007) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. L. Powell and K. A. Stetson, “Interferometric vibration analysis by wavefront reconstruction”, J. Opt. Soc. Am.55(12), 1593–1598 (1965) [CrossRef]
P. Picart, J. Leval, D. Mounier, and S. Gougeon, “Time-averaged digital holography,” Opt. Lett.28(20), 1900–1902 (2003) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Pinard, B. Laine, and H. Vach, “Musical quality assessment of clarinet reeds using optical holography,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.113, 1736–1742 (2003) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Zhang, J. D. R. Valera, I. Yamaguchi, M. Yokota, and G. Mills, “Vibration analysis by phase shifting digital holography,” Opt. Rev.11(5), 297–299 (2004) [CrossRef]
N. Demoli and D. Vukicevic, “Detection of hidden stationary deformations of vibrating surfaces by use of time-averaged digital holographic interferometry,” Opt. Lett.29(20), 2423–2425 (2004) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Picart, J. Leval, J. C. Pascal, J. P. Boileau, M. Grill, J. M. Breteau, B. Gautier, and S. Gillet, “2d full field vibration analysis with multiplexed digital holograms,” Opt. Express13(22), 8882–8892 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
N. Demoli and I. Demoli, “Dynamic modal characterization of musical instruments using digital holography,” Opt. Express13(13), 4812–4817 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
N. Demoli, “Real-time monitoring of vibration fringe patterns by optical reconstruction of digital holograms: mode beating detection,” Opt. Express14(6), 2117–2122 (2006) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Asundi and V. R. Singh, “Time-averaged in-line digital holographic interferometry for vibration analysis,” Appl. Opt.45(11), 2391–2395 (2006) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
V. R. Singh, J. Miao, Z. Wang, G. Hegde, and A. Asundi, “Dynamic characterization of mems diaphragm using time averaged in-line digital holography,” Opt. Comm.280(2), 285–290 (2007) [CrossRef]
P. Picart, J. Leval, F. Piquet, J. P. Boileau, T. Guimezanes, and J. P. Dalmont, “Tracking high amplitude auto-oscillations with digital fresnel holograms,” Opt. Express15(13), 8263–8274 (2007) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. Fu, H. Shi, and H. Miao, “Vibration measurement of a miniature component by high-speed image-plane digital holographic microscopy,” Appl. Opt.48(11), 1990–1997 (2009) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
U. P. Kumar, Y. Kalyani, N. K. Mohan, and M. P. Kothiyal, “Time-average tv holography for vibration fringe analysis,” Appl. Opt.48(16), 3094–3101 (2009) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Picart, J. Leval, D. Mounier, and S. Gougeon, “Some opportunities for vibration analysis with time averaging in digital fresnel holography,” Appl. Opt.44(3), 337–343 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. N. Borza, “High-resolution time-average electronic holography for vibration measurement,” Opt. Lasers Eng.41(3), 515–527 (2004) [CrossRef]
D. N. Borza, “Mechanical vibration measurement by high-resolution time-averaged digital holography,” Meas. Sci. Technol.16: 1853 (2005)
D.N. Borza, “Full-field vibration amplitude recovery from high-resolution time-averaged speckle interferograms and digital holograms by regional inverting of the bessel function,” Opt. lasers Eng.44(8), 747–770 (2006) [CrossRef]
F. Joud, F. Laloë, M. Atlan, J. Hare, and M. Gross, “Imaging of a vibrating object by sideband digital holography,” Opt. Express17(4), 2774–2779 (2009) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. C. Aleksoff, “Temporally modulated holography,” Appl. Opt.10(6), 1329–1341 (1971) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Le Clerc, L. Collot, and M. Gross, “Numerical heterodyne holography with two-dimensional photodetector arrays,” Opt. Lett.25(10), 716–718 (2000) [CrossRef]
M. Gross, P. Goy, and M. Al-Koussa, “Shot-noise detection of ultrasound-tagged photons in ultrasound-modulated optical imaging,” Opt. Lett.28(24), 2482–2484 (2003) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Joud, F. Verpillat, F. Laloë, M. Atlan, J. Hare, and M. Gross, “Fringe-free holographic measurements of large-amplitude vibrations,” Opt. Lett.34(23), 3698–3700 (2009) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Leval, P. Picart, J.P. Boileau, and J. C. Pascal, “Full-field vibrometry with digital fresnel holography,” Appl. Opt.44(27), 5763–5772 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
U. Schnars and W. Jüptner, “Direct recording of holograms by a ccd target and numerical reconstruction,” Appl. Opt.33(2), 179–181 (1994) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Picart and J. Leval, “General theoretical formulation of image formation in digital fresnel holography,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A25(7), 1744–1761 (2008) [CrossRef]

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