Tunable 2-μm optical vortex parametric oscillator

doi:10.1364/OE.20.023666

« Show journal navigation

Tunable 2-μm optical vortex parametric oscillator

Taximaiti Yusufu, Yu Tokizane, Masaki Yamada, Katsuhiko Miyamoto, and Takashige Omatsu »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 21, pp. 23666-23675 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.023666

View Full Text Article

Acrobat PDF (8561 KB)

Journal Search
Article Lookup

Article Tools

Citations

Alert me when this article is cited
Export Citation/Save

Article Navigation

▸ Article Outline
– Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental setup
Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
– References and links

Article Tools
Full Text
Article Info
References
Cited By
Figures
Metrics
Download PDF

Viewing Equations in the
HTML Article

Optimal Viewing Recommendations

Full Text
Article Info
References (29)
Cited By
Figures (8)
Metrics

Abstract

We generated tunable 2-μm optical vortex pulses with a topological charge of 1 or 2 in the wavelength range 1.953–2.158 μm by realizing anisotropic transfer of the topological charge from the pump beam to the signal output in a vortex-pumped half-symmetric optical parametric oscillator. A maximum vortex output energy of 2.1 mJ was obtained at a pump energy of 22.8 mJ, which corresponds to a slope efficiency of 15%. The topological charges of the signal and idler output were investigated using a shearing interferometric technique employing a low-spatial-frequency transmission grating.

1. Introduction

Optical vortices [1

L. Allen, M. W. Beijersbergen, R. J. C. Spreeuw, and J. P. Woerdman, “Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes,” Phys. Rev. A 45(11), 8185–8189 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

–5

A. M. Yao and M. J. Padgett, “Orbital angular momentum: origins, behavior and applications,” Adv. Opt. Photon 3(2), 161–204 (2011). [CrossRef]

] exhibit unique characteristics including doughnut-shaped spatial profiles, helical wavefronts, and orbital angular momentum due to a phase singularity characterized by mη (where m is an integer known as the topological charge). They have been widely investigated and have been used in many applications including optical tweezers [6

D. G. Grier, “A revolution in optical manipulation,” Nature 424(6950), 810–816 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

–8

T. Kuga, Y. Torii, N. Shiokawa, T. Hirano, Y. Shimizu, and H. Sasada, “Novel optical trap of atoms with a doughnut beam,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78(25), 4713–4716 (1997). [CrossRef]

], super-resolution microscopes [9

S. Bretschneider, C. Eggeling, and S. W. Hell, “Breaking the diffraction barrier in fluorescence microscopy by optical shelving,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(21), 218103 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], quantum communication, information processing [10

A. Mair, A. Vaziri, G. Weihs, and A. Zeilinger, “Entanglement of the orbital angular momentum states of photons,” Nature 412(6844), 313–316 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 11

G. Gibson, J. Courtial, M. J. Padgett, M. Vasnetsov, V. Pas’ko, S. M. Barnett, and S. Franke-Arnold, “Free-space information transfer using light beams carrying orbital angular momentum,” Opt. Express 12(22), 5448–5456 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-22-5448. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], and spectroscopy [12

Y. Ueno, Y. Toda, S. Adachi, R. Morita, and T. Tawara, “Coherent transfer of orbital angular momentum to excitons by optical four-wave mixing,” Opt. Express 17(22), 20567–20574 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-22-20567. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 13

Y. Tokizane, K. Shimatake, Y. Toda, K. Oka, M. Tsubota, S. Tanda, and R. Morita, “Global evaluation of closed-loop electron dynamics in quasi-one-dimensional conductors using polarization vortices,” Opt. Express 17(26), 24198–24207 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-26-24198. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Optical vortex pulses with a non-zero total angular momentum (defined as the vector sum of the orbital and spin angular momenta) can also be used to inexpensively and rapidly fabricate chiral metal nanoneedles [14

T. Omatsu, K. Chujo, K. Miyamoto, M. Okida, K. Nakamura, N. Aoki, and R. Morita, “Metal microneedle fabrication using twisted light with spin,” Opt. Express 18(17), 17967–17973 (2010), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-17-17967. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

, 15

K. Toyoda, K. Miyamoto, N. Aoki, R. Morita, and T. Omatsu, “Using Optical Vortex To Control the Chirality of Twisted Metal Nanostructures,” Nano Lett. 12(7), 3645–3649 (2012), doi:. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], which have the potential to be used in applications such as nanoscale imaging systems, metamaterials, energy-saving field emission displays, plasmonic probes, and biomedical nanoelectromechanical systems. However, the optical vortices used in the above-mentioned studies generally have wavelengths in the near-infrared and visible regions [16

I. G. Mariyenko, J. Strohaber, and C. J. G. J. Uiterwaal, “Creation of optical vortices in femtosecond pulses,” Opt. Express 13(19), 7599–7608 (2005), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-19-7599. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

–21

M. Koyama, T. Hirose, M. Okida, K. Miyamoto, and T. Omatsu, “Nanosecond vortex laser pulses with millijoule pulse energies from a Yb-doped double-clad fiber power amplifier,” Opt. Express 19(15), 14420–14425 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-15-14420. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Optical vortices in the mid-infrared region, in which many molecules have eigenfrequencies due to vibrational modes, have the potential to be used to investigate new aspects of molecular spectroscopy [22

E. A. Raymond, T. L. Tarbuck, M. G. Brown, and G. L. Richmond, “Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions at the Vapor/Water Interface Investigated by Vibrational Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy of HOD/H2O/D2O Mixtures and Molecular Dynamics Simulations,” J. Phys. Chem. B 107(2), 546–556 (2003). [CrossRef]

, 23

R. A. Shaw, S. Kotowich, H. H. Mantsch, and M. Leroux, “Quantitation of protein, creatinine, and urea in urine by near-infrared spectroscopy,” Clin. Biochem. 29(1), 11–19 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] and organic material processing. In particular, tunable mid-infrared optical vortex sources are strongly desired for these applications.

We have successfully demonstrated 2-μm optical vortex output from a 1.064 μm optical vortex pumped optical parametric oscillator (OPO) [24

K. Miyamoto, S. Miyagi, M. Yamada, K. Furuki, N. Aoki, M. Okida, and T. Omatsu, “Optical vortex pumped mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator,” Opt. Express 19(13), 12220–12226 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-13-12220. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Orbital angular momentum sharing between signal and idler outputs then occurred.

However, the lasing wavelength of the output was fixed at 2.128 μm. There has been no report about tunable optical vortex sources in the mid-infrared region.

In this study, we present the first demonstration, to the best of our knowledge, of tunable, milli-joule-level 2-μm optical vortex output with a topological charge m of 1 or 2 in the wavelength range 1.953–2.158 μm. In this wavelength region, anisotropic topological charge transfer from the pump beam to the signal output due to mode dispersion of the Gouy phase shift and the walk-off effect of the KTP crystal occurs in a half-symmetric cavity.

2. Experimental setup

Figure 1(a) shows a schematic diagram of a KTiOPO₄ optical parametric oscillator (KTP-OPO) [25

K. Miyamoto and H. Ito, “Wavelength-agile mid-infrared (5-10 microm) generation using a galvano-controlled KTiOPO₄ optical parametric oscillator,” Opt. Lett. 32(3), 274–276 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] pumped by a 1-μm optical vortex. The OPO was pumped by a conventional Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (Lotis, LS-2136; pulse duration: 25 ns; wavelength: 1.064 μm; PRF: 50 Hz). The pump laser output had a nearly Gaussian spatial profile. It was converted into a first- or second-order optical vortex with a topological charge m of 1 or 2 by a spiral phase plate that was azimuthally divided into 16 segments with a nπ/8 phase shift (where n is an integer between 0 and 15) [26

S. S. R. Oemrawsingh, J. A. W. van Houwelingen, E. R. Eliel, J. P. Woerdman, E. J. K. Verstegen, J. G. Kloosterboer, and G. W. ’t Hooft, “Production and characterization of spiral phase plates for optical wavelengths,” Appl. Opt. 43(3), 688–694 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. Figures 2(a) and 2(b) show the spatial profiles of the optical vortex pump beam for m = 1 and 2, respectively. The loosely focused optical vortex was injected into the OPO, which contains a 5 × 5 × 30 mm KTP crystal cut at an angle of 51.4° relative to the z-axis for type II (ordinary wave (o-wave) → ordinary wave (o-wave) + extraordinary wave (e-wave)) phase matching [27

K. Kato and E. Takaoka, “Sellmeier and thermo-optic dispersion formulas for KTP,” Appl. Opt. 41(24), 5040–5044 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. In degenerate down-conversion, the pump beam is down converted from 1.064 to 2.128 μm. The wavelength of the signal (or idler) beam output can be tuned by carefully controlling the phase-matching angle. The focused first (second)-order optical vortex beam produced a 520 μm (760 μm) spot on the KTP crystal. The KTP crystal faces are antireflection coated for 1.064 and 2.128 μm.

Fig. 1 Experimental setups (a) for KTP-OPO pumped by m = 1 or 2 optical vortex and (b) for wavefront measurement by utilizing a multiple slit grating.

Fig. 2 Spatial profiles of 1.064-μm vortex outputs of the pump beam with topological charges of (a) m = 1 and (b) m = 2.

A resonator was formed from input and output mirrors with radii of curvature of 2000 and 100 mm, respectively. The input mirror (M1) has a high transmissivity and a high reflectivity at wavelengths of 1 and 2 μm respectively, while the output mirror (M2) has a reflectivity of 80% for 2 μm and a high transmissivity for 1 μm. The ~60-mm-long cavity was nearly half-symmetric and had a finite confocal length L_R, which imparts a non-zero Gouy phase shift to laser modes during a round trip in the cavity.

Conservation of orbital angular momentum in second-order nonlinear processes [28

K. Dholakia, N. B. Simpson, M. J. Padgett, and L. Allen, “Second-harmonic generation and the orbital angular momentum of light,” Phys. Rev. A 54(5), R3742–R3745 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

] provides us a dilemma in an optical parametric down-conversion process, i.e., how does the orbital angular momentum of pump beam divide between signal and idler outputs?

As noted in previous studies [24

, 29

M. Martinelli, J. A. O. Huguenin, P. Nussenzveig, and A. Z. Khoury, “Orbital angular momentum exchange in an optical parametric oscillator,” Phys. Rev. A 70(1), 013812 (2004). [CrossRef]

], we expected that the topological charge of the pump beam would be anisotropically transferred to the signal (or idler) output in this setup. The signal (o-wave) and idler (e-wave) outputs were separated by a polarizing beam splitter (PBS) and their spatial forms were imaged using a pyroelectric camera (Spiricon Pyrocam III; spatial resolution: 100 μm). To avoid undesired factors (walk-off, phase-matching acceptance etc..) in the up-conversion interferometric technique as related in our previous paper, we also investigated directly the wavefronts of the output beams by employing an amplitude transmission grating (multiple slit grating) with a low spatial frequency (10 lines/mm). As shown in Fig. 1(b), the signal (or idler) beam was diffracted by the multiple slit grating. The zeroth(0th)- and first(1st)-order diffracted beams were selectively filtered by a slit, and they were collected by a lens on the pyroelectric camera, thereby forming a self-reference interferogram. With this system, a pair of forked fringes with 2 (or 3) legs are observed at an observation plane when the signal (or idler) output has a topological charge of 1 (or 2) [29

M. Martinelli, J. A. O. Huguenin, P. Nussenzveig, and A. Z. Khoury, “Orbital angular momentum exchange in an optical parametric oscillator,” Phys. Rev. A 70(1), 013812 (2004). [CrossRef]

Results

Figure 3(a) shows the output energy as a function of the pump energy when pumping using the optical vortex. When pumping with a first-order optical vortex, the maximum signal output energy was 2.1 mJ at the maximum pump level. The slope efficiency was 15% and the lasing threshold was 8.3 mJ. The energy of the idler output was approximately half (1.0 mJ) that of the signal output due to poor spatial mode overlap as a result of the walk-off effect [27

K. Kato and E. Takaoka, “Sellmeier and thermo-optic dispersion formulas for KTP,” Appl. Opt. 41(24), 5040–5044 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

], as discussed below.

Fig. 3 (a) Signal output energy as a function of pump energy. (b) Temporal profile of signal output pulse. (c) Lasing spectrum of signal output.

When pumping with a second-order optical vortex, the maximum signal output energy was 0.58 mJ at the maximum pump level. This lower output energy is due to the second-order optical vortex having a larger focused spot on the KTP crystal than the first-order optical vortex. The slope efficiency was limited to 7.0% and the lasing threshold was 13.7 mJ.

The signal output typically had a pulse width of 18.1 ns (see Fig. 3(b)). The lasing wavelengths of the signal and idler outputs were degenerate and were measured to be 2.128 μm (see Fig. 3(c)).

Figure 4 shows the spatial profiles of the signal and idler outputs observed with a pyroelectric camera. The calculated self-interference patterns are also shown in Fig. 4 for comparison. The signal output exhibited an annular intensity profile due to a phase singularity (Fig. 4(a)), while the idler output had a Gaussian profile without a phase singularity (Fig. 4(d)).

Fig. 4 (a)–(f) Spatial profiles of outputs pumped by first-order optical vortex pulse. (a) Intensity profile, (b) self-interference fringes, and (c) calculated self-interference fringes of signal output. (d) Intensity profile, (e) self-interference fringes, and (f) calculated self-interference fringes of idler output. Spatial profiles (g)–(l) of output pumped by second-order optical vortex pulse. (g) Intensity profile, (h) self-interference fringes, and (i) calculated self-interference fringes of signal output. (j) Intensity profile, (k) self-interference fringes, and (l) calculated self-interference fringes of idler output. White circles in (b) and (h) show forked fringes due to phase singularity.

The signal output exhibited a topological charge of 1, as evidenced by a pair of forked fringes with 2 legs (Fig. 4(b)). In contrast, the idler output had no phase singularity (Fig. 4(e)), indicating that the topological charge of the idler output was zero. The simulated patterns shown in Figs. 4(c) and 4(f) are of the self-interference patterns for topological charges of 1 and zero (i.e., no phase singularity). The simulated patterns coincide well with the experimental results, which confirms the topological charges of the outputs in the experiment.

These results demonstrate that the orbital angular momentum of the pump beam was selectively transferred to the signal output. The pulse energy of the first-order optical vortexoutput in this experiment was approximately four times higher than that (0.5 mJ) obtained in our previous experiment [24

To confirm anisotropic topological charge transfer in which the topological charge of the pump beam is selectively transferred to the signal output from the pump beam, we also pumped the KTP-OPO by a second-order optical vortex. Figures 4(g)–4(l) show spatial profiles of the signal, idler outputs, and simulated patterns. The signal output exhibits an annular profile due to a phase singularity, whereas the idler output has a Gaussian profile without any phase singularity. The interferogram of the signal output also exhibits a pair of forked fringes with 3 legs, indicating that the signal output has a topological charge of 2. These results demonstrate that anisotropic topological charge transfer occurred from the pump beam to the signal output.

We also investigated the wavelength tunability of the 2-μm optical vortex output realized by controlling the orientation angle of the KTP crystal. The KTP-OPO was pumped by a first-order (or second-order) 1-μm optical vortex. Figure 5 shows the signal output power normalized by the signal output power at a lasing wavelength of 2.128 μm (degenerate case) as a function of the signal wavelength. Figure 6 shows the spatial forms and self-interference patterns of signal output from the first-order 1-μm optical-vortex-pumped OPO. A signal output with a topological charge of 1 was generated in the wavelength range 1.953–2.158 μm, as evidenced by the annular profile and the pair of forked fringes with 2 legs. These results demonstrate that anisotropic topological charge of the pump beam to the output permit tunable 2-μm optical vortex output to be generated without destroying the phase singularity. In the present experiments, the wavelength tuning range was limited by the bandwidth of the high reflection coating of the cavity mirrors and the antireflection coating of the KTP crystal.

Fig. 5 Power dependence of signal output (m = 1 and 2) on wavelength tuning of the vortex pumped OPO normalized by the power of the signal output (m = 1) in 2.128 μm (degenerate).

Fig. 6 Spatial forms and self-interference patterns of output generated from first-order optical-vortex-pumped OPO. Lasing wavelengths of the output were (a) 1.953, (b) 2.028, and (c) 2.158 μm. White circles in (b) and (h) show forked fringes due to phase singularity.

4. Discussion

Mode-order-dependent Gouy phase shift in the half-symmetric cavity will prevent topological charge sharing between the signal and idler outputs. The Gouy phase shift ϕ_m is given by,

(| m | + 1) arc \tan (L_{c} / (L_{R} / 2))

where L_c is the propagation length, L_R is the confocal length of the cavity, and m is the mode order corresponding to the topological charge [29

M. Martinelli, J. A. O. Huguenin, P. Nussenzveig, and A. Z. Khoury, “Orbital angular momentum exchange in an optical parametric oscillator,” Phys. Rev. A 70(1), 013812 (2004). [CrossRef]

]. The Gouy phase shift difference between the first-order optical vortex (m = 1) and Gaussian modes (m = 0) is estimated to be 2.3 rad for the signal output (o-wave); it prevents coherent coupling between the first-order optical vortex (m = 1) and Gaussian modes (m = 0), as found in our previous experiments based on a plane-parallel resonator [24

]. The pump and signal outputs have ordinary polarization. Therefore, we then neglected birefringence-induced astigmatism as related in Ref [29

M. Martinelli, J. A. O. Huguenin, P. Nussenzveig, and A. Z. Khoury, “Orbital angular momentum exchange in an optical parametric oscillator,” Phys. Rev. A 70(1), 013812 (2004). [CrossRef]

Furthermore, the walk-off effect due to the birefringence of the KTP crystal also induces a lateral displacement of the idler output in a half-symmetric cavity. As shown in Fig. 7(a) , the idler output ejected from the KTP crystal is directed toward the concave output coupler. The reflected idler output deviates slightly so that it is laterally displaced onto the KTP crystal. The spatial overlap η between the original and laterally displaced idler outputs is given by

η = {| \frac{\int E^{*} (x - Δ d, y) E (x, y) d x d y}{\int E^{*} (x, y) E (x, y) d x d y} |}^{2},

(1)

Δ d = \frac{α l}{2 R} \cdot 2 L,

(2)

where Δd is the spatial displacement due to the walk-off effect, E(x, y) is the electric field of the idler output, α is the walk-off angle, l is the crystal length, and L is the distance between the KTP crystal and the output coupler. Assuming that the idler output exhibits a topological charge of zero (Gaussian) or 1 (optical vortex), E(x, y) can be written as

\begin{array}{l} E (x, y) = \exp (- (x^{2} + y^{2}) / ω_{0}^{2}) \\ o r \begin{matrix} E (x, y) = ((x + i y) / ω_{0}) \exp (- (x^{2} + y^{2}) / ω_{0}^{2}) \end{matrix}, \end{array}

(3)

where ω₀ is the beam radius (~260 μm) at the KTP crystal. By utilizing Eqs. (1)–(3), η was plotted as function of Δd (Fig. 8 ). At any Δd, the spatial overlap for the optical vortex is significantly lower than that for the Gaussian output. When Δd = 200 μm estimated by the experimental parameters listed in Table 1 , the spatial overlap (0.27) for the optical vortex output was less than half that (0.55) for the Gaussian output The spatial overlap for the optical vortex output at an input face of the crystal (Δd’ = 440 μm) was also estimated to be ~1% (Fig. 7(b)), thereby preventing the idler output lasing at the vortex mode. In fact, many round trips in the cavity induce a further displacement so that any transverse modes are not permitted to be reproduced after one round-trip as shown in Fig. 7(b). And thus, efficient lasing of the idler output even in the Gaussian mode was prevented.

Fig. 7 (a) Conceptual scheme of lateral displacement with a distance Δd due to the walk-off effect (walk-off angle α) of the KTP crystal and concave mirror with a curvature R ( = OA). l is the length of the KTP crystal. L is the distance between the KTP surface and the concave mirror. Inset shows conceptual scheme of overlapping of two beams with distance Δd. (b) Geometrical ray trace for the idler beam after one roundtrip in the cavity. Δd’ indicates the spatial displacement at the input crystal surface.

Fig. 8 Displacement Δd dependence of overlapping efficiency η of modes with topological charges of 1 and zero (m = 1 and 0, respectively) calculated using Eq. (1).

Table 1 Experimental parameters of the OPO.

l	α	L	R	ω₀
30 mm	46.25 mrad	15 mm	100 mm	260 μm

When pumping with the optical vortex with m>2, we believe that the orbital angular momentum will be also transferred selectively to the signal output.

5. Conclusion

We have demonstrated tunable (1.953–2.158 μm), milli-joule-level 2-μm optical vortex output generation from an optical-vortex-pumped OPO with a half-symmetric cavity configuration for the first time. The topological charge of the pump beam is transferred to the signal output. Signal outputs with topological charges of m = 1 and 2 had pulse energies of 2.1 and 0.58 mJ at maximum pump energies of 22.8 and 21.8 mJ, corresponding to slope efficiencies of 15 and 7%, respectively. The idler output had no phase singularity and its pulse energy was limited to less than half that of the signal output due to the poor spatial mode overlap due to the walk-off effect. This anisotropic topological charge transfer from the pump beam to the signal output is due to a mode-order-dependent Gouy phase shift.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge support from a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 24360022) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

References and links

1.	L. Allen, M. W. Beijersbergen, R. J. C. Spreeuw, and J. P. Woerdman, “Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes,” Phys. Rev. A 45(11), 8185–8189 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2.	G. Indebetouw, “Optical vortices and their propagation,” J. Mod. Opt. 40(1), 73–87 (1993). [CrossRef]
3.	M. Padgett, J. Courtial, and L. Allen, “Light’s orbital angular momentum,” Phys. Today 57(5), 35–40 (2004). [CrossRef]
4.	M. S. Soskin and M. V. Vasnetsov, “Singular optics,” in Progress in Optics 42, E. Wolf, ed., (Elsevier, 2001) pp. 219–176.
5.	A. M. Yao and M. J. Padgett, “Orbital angular momentum: origins, behavior and applications,” Adv. Opt. Photon 3(2), 161–204 (2011). [CrossRef]
6.	D. G. Grier, “A revolution in optical manipulation,” Nature 424(6950), 810–816 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7.	J. E. Curtis, B. A. Koss, and D. G. Grier, “Dynamic holographic optical tweezers,” Opt. Commun. 207(1-6), 169–175 (2002). [CrossRef]
8.	T. Kuga, Y. Torii, N. Shiokawa, T. Hirano, Y. Shimizu, and H. Sasada, “Novel optical trap of atoms with a doughnut beam,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78(25), 4713–4716 (1997). [CrossRef]
9.	S. Bretschneider, C. Eggeling, and S. W. Hell, “Breaking the diffraction barrier in fluorescence microscopy by optical shelving,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(21), 218103 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10.	A. Mair, A. Vaziri, G. Weihs, and A. Zeilinger, “Entanglement of the orbital angular momentum states of photons,” Nature 412(6844), 313–316 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11.	G. Gibson, J. Courtial, M. J. Padgett, M. Vasnetsov, V. Pas’ko, S. M. Barnett, and S. Franke-Arnold, “Free-space information transfer using light beams carrying orbital angular momentum,” Opt. Express 12(22), 5448–5456 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-22-5448. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12.	Y. Ueno, Y. Toda, S. Adachi, R. Morita, and T. Tawara, “Coherent transfer of orbital angular momentum to excitons by optical four-wave mixing,” Opt. Express 17(22), 20567–20574 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-22-20567. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13.	Y. Tokizane, K. Shimatake, Y. Toda, K. Oka, M. Tsubota, S. Tanda, and R. Morita, “Global evaluation of closed-loop electron dynamics in quasi-one-dimensional conductors using polarization vortices,” Opt. Express 17(26), 24198–24207 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-26-24198. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14.	T. Omatsu, K. Chujo, K. Miyamoto, M. Okida, K. Nakamura, N. Aoki, and R. Morita, “Metal microneedle fabrication using twisted light with spin,” Opt. Express 18(17), 17967–17973 (2010), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-17-17967. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15.	K. Toyoda, K. Miyamoto, N. Aoki, R. Morita, and T. Omatsu, “Using Optical Vortex To Control the Chirality of Twisted Metal Nanostructures,” Nano Lett. 12(7), 3645–3649 (2012), doi:. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16.	I. G. Mariyenko, J. Strohaber, and C. J. G. J. Uiterwaal, “Creation of optical vortices in femtosecond pulses,” Opt. Express 13(19), 7599–7608 (2005), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-19-7599. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17.	J. Leach and M. J. Padgett, “Observation of chromatic effects near a white-light vortex,” New J. Phys. 5 (1), 154–1–7 (2003).
18.	J. W. Kim, J. I. Mackenzie, J. R. Hayes, and W. A. Clarkson, “High power Er:YAG laser with radially-polarized Laguerre-Gaussian (LG₀₁) mode output,” Opt. Express 19(15), 14526–14531 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-15-14526. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19.	M. Okida, Y. Hayashi, T. Omatsu, J. Hamazaki, and R. Morita, “Characterization of 1.06 μm optical vortex laser based on a side-pumped Nd:GdVO₄ bounce oscillator,” Appl. Phys. B 95(1), 69–73 (2009). [CrossRef]
20.	M. Okida, T. Omatsu, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, “Direct generation of high power Laguerre-Gaussian output from a diode-pumped Nd:YVO₄ 1.3-μm bounce laser,”,” Opt. Express 15(12), 7616–7622 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-12-7616. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21.	M. Koyama, T. Hirose, M. Okida, K. Miyamoto, and T. Omatsu, “Nanosecond vortex laser pulses with millijoule pulse energies from a Yb-doped double-clad fiber power amplifier,” Opt. Express 19(15), 14420–14425 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-15-14420. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22.	E. A. Raymond, T. L. Tarbuck, M. G. Brown, and G. L. Richmond, “Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions at the Vapor/Water Interface Investigated by Vibrational Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy of HOD/H2O/D2O Mixtures and Molecular Dynamics Simulations,” J. Phys. Chem. B 107(2), 546–556 (2003). [CrossRef]
23.	R. A. Shaw, S. Kotowich, H. H. Mantsch, and M. Leroux, “Quantitation of protein, creatinine, and urea in urine by near-infrared spectroscopy,” Clin. Biochem. 29(1), 11–19 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24.	K. Miyamoto, S. Miyagi, M. Yamada, K. Furuki, N. Aoki, M. Okida, and T. Omatsu, “Optical vortex pumped mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator,” Opt. Express 19(13), 12220–12226 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-13-12220. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25.	K. Miyamoto and H. Ito, “Wavelength-agile mid-infrared (5-10 microm) generation using a galvano-controlled KTiOPO₄ optical parametric oscillator,” Opt. Lett. 32(3), 274–276 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26.	S. S. R. Oemrawsingh, J. A. W. van Houwelingen, E. R. Eliel, J. P. Woerdman, E. J. K. Verstegen, J. G. Kloosterboer, and G. W. ’t Hooft, “Production and characterization of spiral phase plates for optical wavelengths,” Appl. Opt. 43(3), 688–694 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27.	K. Kato and E. Takaoka, “Sellmeier and thermo-optic dispersion formulas for KTP,” Appl. Opt. 41(24), 5040–5044 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28.	K. Dholakia, N. B. Simpson, M. J. Padgett, and L. Allen, “Second-harmonic generation and the orbital angular momentum of light,” Phys. Rev. A 54(5), R3742–R3745 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29.	M. Martinelli, J. A. O. Huguenin, P. Nussenzveig, and A. Z. Khoury, “Orbital angular momentum exchange in an optical parametric oscillator,” Phys. Rev. A 70(1), 013812 (2004). [CrossRef]

OCIS Codes
(190.0190) Nonlinear optics : Nonlinear optics
(190.4970) Nonlinear optics : Parametric oscillators and amplifiers
(080.4865) Geometric optics : Optical vortices

ToC Category:
Nonlinear Optics

History
Original Manuscript: July 10, 2012
Revised Manuscript: September 7, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: September 7, 2012
Published: October 1, 2012

Citation
Taximaiti Yusufu, Yu Tokizane, Masaki Yamada, Katsuhiko Miyamoto, and Takashige Omatsu, "Tunable 2-μm optical vortex parametric oscillator," Opt. Express 20, 23666-23675 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-21-23666

Sort: Author | Year | Journal | Reset

References

L. Allen, M. W. Beijersbergen, R. J. C. Spreeuw, and J. P. Woerdman, “Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes,” Phys. Rev. A45(11), 8185–8189 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
G. Indebetouw, “Optical vortices and their propagation,” J. Mod. Opt.40(1), 73–87 (1993). [CrossRef]
M. Padgett, J. Courtial, and L. Allen, “Light’s orbital angular momentum,” Phys. Today57(5), 35–40 (2004). [CrossRef]
M. S. Soskin and M. V. Vasnetsov, “Singular optics,” in Progress in Optics42, E. Wolf, ed., (Elsevier, 2001) pp. 219–176.
A. M. Yao and M. J. Padgett, “Orbital angular momentum: origins, behavior and applications,” Adv. Opt. Photon3(2), 161–204 (2011). [CrossRef]
D. G. Grier, “A revolution in optical manipulation,” Nature424(6950), 810–816 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. E. Curtis, B. A. Koss, and D. G. Grier, “Dynamic holographic optical tweezers,” Opt. Commun.207(1-6), 169–175 (2002). [CrossRef]
T. Kuga, Y. Torii, N. Shiokawa, T. Hirano, Y. Shimizu, and H. Sasada, “Novel optical trap of atoms with a doughnut beam,” Phys. Rev. Lett.78(25), 4713–4716 (1997). [CrossRef]
S. Bretschneider, C. Eggeling, and S. W. Hell, “Breaking the diffraction barrier in fluorescence microscopy by optical shelving,” Phys. Rev. Lett.98(21), 218103 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Mair, A. Vaziri, G. Weihs, and A. Zeilinger, “Entanglement of the orbital angular momentum states of photons,” Nature412(6844), 313–316 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
G. Gibson, J. Courtial, M. J. Padgett, M. Vasnetsov, V. Pas’ko, S. M. Barnett, and S. Franke-Arnold, “Free-space information transfer using light beams carrying orbital angular momentum,” Opt. Express12(22), 5448–5456 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-22-5448 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. Ueno, Y. Toda, S. Adachi, R. Morita, and T. Tawara, “Coherent transfer of orbital angular momentum to excitons by optical four-wave mixing,” Opt. Express17(22), 20567–20574 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-22-20567 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. Tokizane, K. Shimatake, Y. Toda, K. Oka, M. Tsubota, S. Tanda, and R. Morita, “Global evaluation of closed-loop electron dynamics in quasi-one-dimensional conductors using polarization vortices,” Opt. Express17(26), 24198–24207 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-26-24198 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. Omatsu, K. Chujo, K. Miyamoto, M. Okida, K. Nakamura, N. Aoki, and R. Morita, “Metal microneedle fabrication using twisted light with spin,” Opt. Express18(17), 17967–17973 (2010), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-17-17967 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. Toyoda, K. Miyamoto, N. Aoki, R. Morita, and T. Omatsu, “Using Optical Vortex To Control the Chirality of Twisted Metal Nanostructures,” Nano Lett.12(7), 3645–3649 (2012), doi:. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
I. G. Mariyenko, J. Strohaber, and C. J. G. J. Uiterwaal, “Creation of optical vortices in femtosecond pulses,” Opt. Express13(19), 7599–7608 (2005), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-19-7599 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Leach and M. J. Padgett, “Observation of chromatic effects near a white-light vortex,” New J. Phys. 5 (1), 154–1–7 (2003).
J. W. Kim, J. I. Mackenzie, J. R. Hayes, and W. A. Clarkson, “High power Er:YAG laser with radially-polarized Laguerre-Gaussian (LG01) mode output,” Opt. Express19(15), 14526–14531 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-15-14526 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Okida, Y. Hayashi, T. Omatsu, J. Hamazaki, and R. Morita, “Characterization of 1.06 μm optical vortex laser based on a side-pumped Nd:GdVO4 bounce oscillator,” Appl. Phys. B95(1), 69–73 (2009). [CrossRef]
M. Okida, T. Omatsu, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, “Direct generation of high power Laguerre-Gaussian output from a diode-pumped Nd:YVO4 1.3-μm bounce laser,”,” Opt. Express15(12), 7616–7622 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-12-7616 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Koyama, T. Hirose, M. Okida, K. Miyamoto, and T. Omatsu, “Nanosecond vortex laser pulses with millijoule pulse energies from a Yb-doped double-clad fiber power amplifier,” Opt. Express19(15), 14420–14425 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-15-14420 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. A. Raymond, T. L. Tarbuck, M. G. Brown, and G. L. Richmond, “Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions at the Vapor/Water Interface Investigated by Vibrational Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy of HOD/H2O/D2O Mixtures and Molecular Dynamics Simulations,” J. Phys. Chem. B107(2), 546–556 (2003). [CrossRef]
R. A. Shaw, S. Kotowich, H. H. Mantsch, and M. Leroux, “Quantitation of protein, creatinine, and urea in urine by near-infrared spectroscopy,” Clin. Biochem.29(1), 11–19 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. Miyamoto, S. Miyagi, M. Yamada, K. Furuki, N. Aoki, M. Okida, and T. Omatsu, “Optical vortex pumped mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator,” Opt. Express19(13), 12220–12226 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-13-12220 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. Miyamoto and H. Ito, “Wavelength-agile mid-infrared (5-10 microm) generation using a galvano-controlled KTiOPO4 optical parametric oscillator,” Opt. Lett.32(3), 274–276 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. S. R. Oemrawsingh, J. A. W. van Houwelingen, E. R. Eliel, J. P. Woerdman, E. J. K. Verstegen, J. G. Kloosterboer, and G. W. ’t Hooft, “Production and characterization of spiral phase plates for optical wavelengths,” Appl. Opt.43(3), 688–694 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. Kato and E. Takaoka, “Sellmeier and thermo-optic dispersion formulas for KTP,” Appl. Opt.41(24), 5040–5044 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. Dholakia, N. B. Simpson, M. J. Padgett, and L. Allen, “Second-harmonic generation and the orbital angular momentum of light,” Phys. Rev. A54(5), R3742–R3745 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Martinelli, J. A. O. Huguenin, P. Nussenzveig, and A. Z. Khoury, “Orbital angular momentum exchange in an optical parametric oscillator,” Phys. Rev. A70(1), 013812 (2004). [CrossRef]

Cited By

Alert me when this paper is cited

OSA is able to provide readers links to articles that cite this paper by participating in CrossRef's Cited-By Linking service. CrossRef includes content from more than 3000 publishers and societies. In addition to listing OSA journal articles that cite this paper, citing articles from other participating publishers will also be listed.

Click here to see a list of articles that cite this paper