16-QAM optical packet switching and real-time self-homodyne detection using polarization-multiplexed pilot-carrier

doi:10.1364/OE.20.00B535

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16-QAM optical packet switching and real-time self-homodyne detection using polarization-multiplexed pilot-carrier

Satoshi Shinada, Moriya Nakamura, Yukiyoshi Kamio, and Naoya Wada »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 26, pp. B535-B542 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.00B535

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Abstract

We demonstrated 20-Gbit/s 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) optical packet switching and real-time detection using self-homodyne. A prototype modulator consisting of an in-phase and quadrature (I-Q) modulator and monolithically integrated polarization beam splitters generated modulated signals and polarization-multiplexed pilot-carriers simultaneously. Self-homodyne detection using the pilot-carrier was resilient to phase noise and self-phase modulation, and the constellation was obtained in real time without digital signal processing. A low-polarization-dependent (Pb,La)(Zr,La)O₃ (PLZT) optical switch in the optical packet switch handled both 16-QAM optical packets and the polarization multiplexed pilot-carrier. Even after packet switching, a clear constellation diagram was obtained, and error-free operation was confirmed in real-time using a packet bit-error rate tester (BERT).

1. Introduction

Multi-level modulation formats with high spectral efficiency, such as quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), as well as their combinations with wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), polarization division multiplexing (PDM) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), are promising techniques for increasing link capacity [1

X. Liu, S. Chandrasekhar, P. J. Winzer, T. Lotz, J. Carlson, J. Yang, G. Cheren, and S. Zederbaum, “1.5-Tb/s guard-banded superchannel transmission over 56×100-km (5600-km) ULAF using 30-Gbaud pilot-free OFDM-16QAM signals with 5.75-b/s/Hz net spectral efficiency,” in Proceedings of 38th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (2012), Th.3.C.5.

]. In order to enhance the effective network throughput, improvements are required not only to the link capacity but also to the node throughput. An optical packet switch (OPS) [2

D. J. Blumenthal, A. Carena, L. Rau, V. Curri, and S. Humphries, “All-optical label swapping with wavelength conversion for WDM-IP networks with subcarrier multiplexed addressing,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11(11), 1497–1499 (1999). [CrossRef]

–5

S. J. B. Yoo, F. Xue, Y. Bansal, J. Taylor, Z. Pan, J. Cao, M. Jeon, T. Nady, G. Goncher, K. Boyer, K. Okamoto, S. Kamei, and V. Akella, “High-performance optical-label switching packet routers and smart edge routers for the next-generation internet,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Commun. 21(7), 1041–1051 (2003). [CrossRef]

] without any optical-to-electrical and electrical-to-optical conversions in the network node can handle optical packets with such varied formats without changing the OPS configuration. For example, 2.56 Tbit/s/port optical packet switching and buffering was demonstrated using dense-WDM (DWDM) dual-polarization, differential quadrature phase shift keying (DP-DQPSK) formatted optical packets [6

S. Shinada, H. Furukawa, and N. Wada, “Huge capacity optical packet switching and buffering,” Opt. Express 19(26), B406–B414 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. The power consumption of that 2 × 2 OPS system was about 1 kW, and the roughly-estimated energy efficiency was less than 0.1 nJ/bit. However, higher throughput will be required for OPS systems in order to achieve power consumption superior to conventional electrical routers, because present OPS systems are still small-scale and have only partial router functions. Although higher multi-level modulation formats are effective in increasing the node throughput, this requires a high-speed digital signal processing (DSP) for burst-mode signals. Recently, burst-mode coherent receivers using serial or parallel DSPs have started to appear [7

J. E. Simsarian, J. Gripp, A. H. Gnauck, G. Raybon, and P. J. Winzer, “Fast-tuning 224-Gb/s intradyne receiver for optical packet networks,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference 2010 (2010), PDPB5.

–9

F. Vacondio, C. Simonneau, A. Voicila, E. Dutisseuil, J. M. Tanguy, J. C. Antona, G. Charlet, and S. Bigo, “Real time implementation of packet-by-packet polarization demultiplexing in a 28 Gb/s burst mode coherent receiver,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference 2012 (2012), OM3H.6.

]; however, some algorithms in packet-by-packet processing could be computationally intensive, and the high power consumption of the DSP could become a practical problem. Another concern is transparency of optical switches for higher multi-level modulation formats. A semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) switch has often been used as a time-division optical switch in OPSs [10

N. Wada, H. Harai, and F. Kubota, “40 Gbit/s interface, optical code based photonic packet switch prototype,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference 2003 (2003), FS7.

,11

N. Calabretta and H. Dorren, “All-optical label processing in optical packet switched networks,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference 2010 (2010), OThN6.

]; however distortion of the 16-QAM signal after SOA switching was observed [12

N. Kamitani, Y. Yoshida, and K. Kitayama, “Experimental study on impact of SOA nonlinear phase noise in 40Gbps coherent 16QAM transmissions,” in Proceedings of 38th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (2012), P1.04.

]. The signal distortion induced by the pattern effect of SOA was more noticeable for 16-QAM signals than for QPSK signals. Thus, it may be said that an SOA switch is not transparent for such multi-level modulated signals. Detection and switching in the receiver and the OPS, respectively, require further development to apply higher multi-level modulation formats to optical packet networks.

Conventional intradyne detection supported by DSP is a flexible and highly-functional detection technique. On the other hand, self-homodyne detection has the advantage that DSP are unnecessary for detection [13

M. Nakamura, Y. Kamio, and T. Miyazaki, “Linewidth-tolerant 10-Gbit/s 16-QAM transmission using a pilot-carrier based phase-noise cancelling technique,” Opt. Express 16(14), 10611–10616 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]. A pilot-carrier, which is generated from the same light source as the modulated signal, is polarization-multiplexed and transmitted together with the signal. Both the frequency and phase of the carrier are locked by the pilot-carrier in the homodyne detection. As a result, a stable constellation is easily observed, and the bit-error rate (BER) can be measured in real-time. Moreover, the phase noise of the light source is cancelled at the receiver, and therefore, the signal source and the local source do not need to have narrow linewidth, unlike intradyne detection. The spectral efficiency of self-homodyne detection is lower because one polarization state is occupied by the pilot-carrier; however an improvement in efficiency was reported by using interleaved polarization division multiplexing [14

M. Sjödin, E. Agrell, P. Johannisson, G. W. Lu, P. A. Andrekson, and M. Karlsson, “Filter optimization for self-homodyne coherent WDM systems using interleaved polarization division multiplexing,” J. Lightwave Technol. 29(9), 1219–1226 (2011). [CrossRef]

]. When a DSP is not used at the receiver, as in intradyne detection, some DSPs are needed at the transmitter to compensate for chromatic dispersion (CD) or to reduce inter-symbol interference (ISI), which is caused by non-ideal frequency characteristics of the electrical devices, such as the arbitrary waveform generator (AWG), the balanced photodetector (PD) and amplifier, and the optical modulator.

In this paper, we describe, for the first time, optical packet switching and real-time self-homodyne detection for 16-QAM optical packets [15

S. Shinada, M. Nakamura, Y. Kamio, and N. Wada, “16-QAM optical packet switching with real-time self-homodyne detection using polarization-multiplexed pilot-carrier,” in Proceedings of 38th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (2012),We.2.A.2.

2. Transmitter and receiver for 16-QAM optical packets with polarization-multiplexed pilot-carrier

Figure 1 shows the experimental setup of the transmitter for 16-QAM optical packet generation. A wavelength of laser light source used in this demonstration was 1550 nm. Envelopes of the optical packets were generated by a first-stage LiNbO₃ (LN) intensity modulator (LN-IM) and were input to a second-stage prototype pilot-carrier vector modulator [13

]. The prototype modulator consisted of two monolithically integrated polarization beam splitters (PBSs) and an I-Q modulator in a Mach–Zehnder interferometer on an LN chip. The TM polarization component was modulated through the I-Q modulator for 16-QAM, and the TE component served to generate a polarization-multiplexed (PM) pilot-carrier for optical phase-noise cancellation in a self-homodyne receiver. The branching ratio between TM and TE components was adjusted to 50/50 by using a polarization controller (PC) before the modulator. Two sets of four-level electrical 5-Gsymbol/s 16-QAM signals, ± Data-I and ± Data-Q, were applied to the modulator from an AWG. To demonstrate real-time detection, electronic pre-distortion by means of digital equalization with a 16-tap transversal filter was applied to Data-I and Data-Q independently to suppress ISI distortion.

Fig. 1 Experimental setup of transmitter for 16-QAM optical packet generation using pilot-carrier vector modulator with I-Q modulator and monolithically integrated polarization beam splitters (PBSs).

In this demonstration, four 5-Gbit/s binary packet data signals, d₁, d₂, d₃, and d₄, were multiplexed as Data-I and Data-Q. Each data signal had a different pattern, PRBS-7, 9, 11 and 15, respectively. To measure the BER of each data signal in real-time using a packet bit error rate tester (BERT), we used d₁, d₂’ (Data-I), d₃, and d₄’ (Data-Q) for the constellation diagram, as shown in Fig. 2 , where d₂’ = (d₁ XOR d₂) and d₄’ = (d₃ XOR d₄). Table 1 shows the relation between the pre-coded data and the decoded data after the XOR process. By using the pre-coded data d₂’ and d₄’, d₂ and d₄ were directly obtained after the XOR circuit at the receiver. For example, when two threshold levels of the XOR circuit were set at Th-B and Th-B’ in Fig. 2, d₂ was directly output from the XOR circuit. On the other hand, when the levels were set at Th-A and Th-A’, d₁ was output. The signals d₃ and d₄ on Data-Q could be also decoded by the same processes. Although this is one detection technique for reducing the number of measurements, it is effective for direct and real-time BER measurement of 16-QAM.

Fig. 2 I-Q mapping of 16-QAM using pre-coded data in this demonstration. By adjusting two threshold levels of the XOR circuit, each data can be directly extracted from a four-level signal.

Table 1 Pre-coding and decoding processes in this demonstration (for I-component).

Pre-coding process				Decoding process
d₁	d₂	d₁ XOR d₂ ( = d₂’)	AWG output (four-level for (d₁, d₂’))	Threshold level of XOR set at Th-A and Th-A’			Threshold level of XOR set at Th-B and Th-B’
d₁	d₂	d₁ XOR d₂ ( = d₂’)	AWG output (four-level for (d₁, d₂’))	≥ 0 ( = d)	≥ 1.33 ( = d’)	d XOR d’ ( = d₁)	≥ −0.66 ( = d)	≥ 0.66 ( = d’)	d XOR d’ ( = d₂)
1	1	0	0.33 (1, 0)	1	0	1	0	1	1
1	0	1	1.00 (1, 1)	1	0	1	1	1	0
0	1	1	−0.33 (0, 1)	0	0	0	0	1	1
0	0	0	−1.00 (0, 0)	0	0	0	0	0	0

Figure 3 shows the experimental setup used for 16-QAM optical packet switching, which consists of a transmitter of 16-QAM packets with optical labels, an OPS for label switching, and a receiver. In this demonstration, a set of eight payloads with different lengths in the range 700–1500 bit, including a 192-bit fixed-length header, were provided, and each payload had a PM pilot-carrier. In order to put two optical phase shift keying (PSK) coded labels before and after a payload, respectively (each payload was sandwiched by two PSK coded labels), couples of optical short pulses were extracted from a 10 GHz pulse train generated from a 1530 nm mode locked laser diode (MLLD) by using an LN-IM according to each payload length. The couples were input to a 200 Gchip/s multiple optical encoder (MOE) [16

G. Cincotti, N. Wada, and K. Kitayama, “Characterization of a full encoder/decoder in the AWG configuration for code-based photonic routers - part I: modeling and design,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24(1), 103–112 (2006). [CrossRef]

], and different PSK codes were generated as label-A and label-B from different output ports of the MOE. A couple of label-A and a couple of label-B were generated alternately and joined together with payloads at a coupler.

Fig. 3 Experimental setup of 16-QAM optical packet switching and real-time detection.

At the receiver, an optical amplifier was followed by an optical band pass filter (OBPF) with a 0.4 nm pass bandwidth, and the signal was divided by a 3 dB coupler into I and Q arms, each including manual PC, polarization beam splitters (PBSs), and balanced PDs and preamplifiers for self-homodyne detection. The PCs were used not only to control the polarization, but also to make a π/2 phase difference between the I and Q arms. The PBSs were used to coherently mix the two polarization components of the optical signal and pilot-carrier in the same manner as in common homodyne. By adjusting the threshold levels of the XOR circuit after the preamplifier to Th-A/Th-A’ or Th-B/Th-B’, d₁ or d₂ of Data-I was extracted, respectively. The BER of each data signal was measured with the packet BERT in real-time.

3. Pre-distorted signal generation using DSP

First, the transmitter was directly connected to the receiver (dashed arrow in Fig. 3, indicating a back-to-back configuration not including the OPS process) to generate pre-distorted modulated signals which could suppress the ISI distortion. Figure 4(a) shows part of the reference signal (Data-I), which was an AWG output used for 16-QAM modulation. PRBS data of d₁ and d₂ were distributed on four output levels. On the other hand, the header data were found on binary level because d₁ and d₂ were always the same in the header ((d₁, d₂’) = (1, 0) or (0, 0)). In the modulating signal input to the proto-type modulator from the AWG, we replaced gap data (0000…) with repeating data (1010…) because our algorithm to design the digital filter supported only the continuous data. (It was not customized for packet data including wide gaps.)

Fig. 4 (a) Part of the reference signal of Data-I, (b) eye-diagrams of received I and Q channels in case of using the reference signal for 16-QAM modulation, (c) part of the pre-distorted signal generated by the DSP, and (d) received eye-diagrams in case of using pre-distorted signal.

When the reference signal was input to the prototype modulator from the AWG, the received signal was distorted due to ISI, as shown in Fig. 4(b). Sampling rate and frequency bandwidth of AWG used in this demonstration were 12.5 GS/s and 7.5 GHz, respectively. The main source of the ISI was an optical modulator which was designed for a binary modulation and a flatness of its frequency response was not ideal for four-level electrical signal [13

]. By comparing the reference signal and the distorted signal using a DSP, a pre-distorted signal shown in Fig. 4(c) could be generated. Using the pre-distorted signal for the 16-QAM modulation suppressed ISI and allowed a clear eye-diagram to be obtained at the receiver, as shown in Fig. 4(d). During the process of making the pre-distorted signal, the first stage LN-IM shown in Fig. 1 was turned off; however, in the demonstration, the repeating data in the gaps were erased by the first stage LN-IM in the optical domain. (To be exact, optical power in the gaps were erased by the LN-IM before the modulation of repeating data in the proto-type modulator.)

4. Demonstration of 16-QAM optical packet switching and real-time detection

16-QAM optical packets modulated using the pre-distorted signals were coupled with optical PSK coded labels and input to the OPS, as shown in the transmitter of Fig. 3. Figure 5(a) shows an optical waveform of eight 16-QAM optical packets with PM pilot-carriers before the OPS.

Fig. 5 Optical waveform of (a) 16-QAM optical packets before the OPS process (inset: a packet with PSK labels) and (b) the packets after the PLZT switch (label switching).

A 1 × 2 (Pb,La)(Zr,La)O₃ (PLZT) switch [17

K. Nashimoto, D. Kudzuma, and H. Han, “High-speed switching and filtering using PLZT waveguide devices,” in Proceedings of 15th OptoElectronics and Communications Conference (2010), 8E1–1.

] was used as the optical switch in the OPS. This PLZT switch has low polarization dependency using the electro-optic effect. The polarization dependent loss (PDL) of the 1 × 2 PLZT switch used in this demonstration was less than 1 dB [6

S. Shinada, H. Furukawa, and N. Wada, “Huge capacity optical packet switching and buffering,” Opt. Express 19(26), B406–B414 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

]; therefore, the 16-QAM signal and PM pilot-carrier were given almost the same loss in the PLZT switch. In terms of the loss, the PLZT switch was transparent for both the 16-QAM signal and the PM pilot-carrier; that is, the switching characteristics were independent of the input polarization state.

This demonstration was for forwarding optical packets with label-A only. A buffering process to avoid packet contention caused by adding packets from other ports was not employed in this demonstration. When a multiple optical decoder (MOD) [16

] recognized an input label as label-A, a switch controller output the gate signals to open and close the PLZT switch, and packets with only label-A were output to the receiver, as shown in Fig. 5(b).

Figures 6(a) and 6(b) show electrical waveforms and eye-diagrams of the received 16-QAM packets, respectively, and the inset of Fig. 6 shows the constellation diagram. Even after the packet switching including EDFAs and the 1 × 2 PLZT switch, a clear eye-diagram and constellation were maintained. Note that the horizontal center line of the eye-diagram (and a center spot in the constellation) originated from the gaps with no data between the packets. By detecting the headers of packets, the packet BERT could count errors except for the gaps. Figure 6(c) shows the BER characteristics after label switching of the 16-QAM optical packets. Error free (<10⁻⁹) operation was achieved for all data. The power penalty induced by the 1 × 2 PLZT switch was little, however, larger scale switch would induce larger penalty. In case of 1 × 2^N switch, the number of the switching element which an optical packet passes through and an accumulated propagation loss would increase in proportion to N. The realistic size of the switch would depend on the signal-to-noise ratio of total system.

Fig. 6 (a) Electrical waveform and (b) eye-diagram after receiver (inset: constellation diagram of 16-QAM packets). (c) BER characteristics of received 16-QAM packets after optical packet switching.

5. Future issues in self-homodyne detection of optical packets

The polarization state incident on the PBS in the receiver was stable for a short time, such as the time required to measure the BER characteristics. However, in an actual network, the polarization states of optical packets with different transmission histories can differ from packet to packet. Therefore, high-speed polarization tracking, such as using an LN-based polarization transformer [18

B. Koch, A. Hidayat, H. Zhang, V. Mirvoda, M. Lichtinger, D. Sandel, and R. Noé, “Optical endless polarization stabilization at 9 krad/s with FPGA-based controller,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(12), 961–963 (2008). [CrossRef]

,19

H. Wernz, S. Bayer, B. E. Olsson, M. Camera, H. Griesser, and C. Fürst, “112Gb/s PolMux RZ-DQPSK with fast polarization tracking based on interference control,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference 2009 (2009), OTuN4.

], will be essential for self-homodyne detection using a PM pilot-carrier.

In this demonstration, the pre-distorted signal was generated in the back-to-back configuration using a DSP. Signal distortion induced by ISI was not observed when adding only the OPS process; therefore, it was considered that the optical components, such as the EDFAs and PLZT switches, had little or no effect on the signal distortion due to ISI. However, in the case of an OPS system including a buffering process using a multi-port switch and fiber delay lines, output power fluctuations from packet to packet should be compensated for at the receiver side using an equalization process. Additionally, packet-by-packet compensation of CD will be also needed for packets with different transmission histories. Self-homodyne detection used in conjunction with DSP at the receiver could be one practical detection technique for achieving this. The applicability of transmitter pre-distortion in packet networks with flexible transmission paths is an issue that should continue to be discussed.

6. Conclusion

20 Gbit/s (5-Gbaud), 16-QAM optical packet switching and real-time detection were demonstrated. A 16-QAM packet signal and PM pilot-carrier were simultaneously generated from a prototype I-Q modulator with monolithically integrated PBSs, and self-homodyne detection was realized using a simple coherent receiver. The PLZT switch with low polarization dependent loss (PDL < 1 dB) had little adverse effect on the packet switching for both the 16-QAM optical packets and the PM pilot-carrier. Signal distortion induced by the switching was not observed at the receiver; therefore, it can be said that the PLZT switch is transparent even for 16-QAM signals. It was confirmed that the OPS system could handle even multi-level modulated optical packets and a PM pilot-carrier. On the other hand, there remain some issues to be resolved in receivers using self-homodyne detection for multi-level formatted optical packets, such as the way of equalizing the power fluctuation after the OPS process and the way of high-speed tracking of polarization before the PBSs. However, real-time, self-homodyne detection without high-power-consumption DSP and using a simple coherent receiver setup offers significant advantages for packet networks.

References and links

1.	X. Liu, S. Chandrasekhar, P. J. Winzer, T. Lotz, J. Carlson, J. Yang, G. Cheren, and S. Zederbaum, “1.5-Tb/s guard-banded superchannel transmission over 56×100-km (5600-km) ULAF using 30-Gbaud pilot-free OFDM-16QAM signals with 5.75-b/s/Hz net spectral efficiency,” in Proceedings of 38th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (2012), Th.3.C.5.
2.	D. J. Blumenthal, A. Carena, L. Rau, V. Curri, and S. Humphries, “All-optical label swapping with wavelength conversion for WDM-IP networks with subcarrier multiplexed addressing,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11(11), 1497–1499 (1999). [CrossRef]
3.	K. Kitayama and N. Wada, “Photonic IP routing,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11(12), 1689–1691 (1999). [CrossRef]
4.	H. J. S. Dorren, M. T. Hill, Y. Liu, N. Calabretta, A. Srivatsa, F. M. Huijskens, H. de Waardt, and G. D. Khoe, “Optical packet switching and buffering by using all-optical signal processing methods,” J. Lightwave Technol. 21(1), 2–12 (2003). [CrossRef]
5.	S. J. B. Yoo, F. Xue, Y. Bansal, J. Taylor, Z. Pan, J. Cao, M. Jeon, T. Nady, G. Goncher, K. Boyer, K. Okamoto, S. Kamei, and V. Akella, “High-performance optical-label switching packet routers and smart edge routers for the next-generation internet,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Commun. 21(7), 1041–1051 (2003). [CrossRef]
6.	S. Shinada, H. Furukawa, and N. Wada, “Huge capacity optical packet switching and buffering,” Opt. Express 19(26), B406–B414 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7.	J. E. Simsarian, J. Gripp, A. H. Gnauck, G. Raybon, and P. J. Winzer, “Fast-tuning 224-Gb/s intradyne receiver for optical packet networks,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference 2010 (2010), PDPB5.
8.	B. C. Thomsen, R. Maher, D. S. Millar, and S. J. Savory, “Burst mode receiver for 112 Gb/s DP-QPSK,” in Proceedings of 37th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (2011), Mo.2.A.5.
9.	F. Vacondio, C. Simonneau, A. Voicila, E. Dutisseuil, J. M. Tanguy, J. C. Antona, G. Charlet, and S. Bigo, “Real time implementation of packet-by-packet polarization demultiplexing in a 28 Gb/s burst mode coherent receiver,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference 2012 (2012), OM3H.6.
10.	N. Wada, H. Harai, and F. Kubota, “40 Gbit/s interface, optical code based photonic packet switch prototype,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference 2003 (2003), FS7.
11.	N. Calabretta and H. Dorren, “All-optical label processing in optical packet switched networks,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference 2010 (2010), OThN6.
12.	N. Kamitani, Y. Yoshida, and K. Kitayama, “Experimental study on impact of SOA nonlinear phase noise in 40Gbps coherent 16QAM transmissions,” in Proceedings of 38th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (2012), P1.04.
13.	M. Nakamura, Y. Kamio, and T. Miyazaki, “Linewidth-tolerant 10-Gbit/s 16-QAM transmission using a pilot-carrier based phase-noise cancelling technique,” Opt. Express 16(14), 10611–10616 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14.	M. Sjödin, E. Agrell, P. Johannisson, G. W. Lu, P. A. Andrekson, and M. Karlsson, “Filter optimization for self-homodyne coherent WDM systems using interleaved polarization division multiplexing,” J. Lightwave Technol. 29(9), 1219–1226 (2011). [CrossRef]
15.	S. Shinada, M. Nakamura, Y. Kamio, and N. Wada, “16-QAM optical packet switching with real-time self-homodyne detection using polarization-multiplexed pilot-carrier,” in Proceedings of 38th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (2012),We.2.A.2.
16.	G. Cincotti, N. Wada, and K. Kitayama, “Characterization of a full encoder/decoder in the AWG configuration for code-based photonic routers - part I: modeling and design,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24(1), 103–112 (2006). [CrossRef]
17.	K. Nashimoto, D. Kudzuma, and H. Han, “High-speed switching and filtering using PLZT waveguide devices,” in Proceedings of 15th OptoElectronics and Communications Conference (2010), 8E1–1.
18.	B. Koch, A. Hidayat, H. Zhang, V. Mirvoda, M. Lichtinger, D. Sandel, and R. Noé, “Optical endless polarization stabilization at 9 krad/s with FPGA-based controller,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(12), 961–963 (2008). [CrossRef]
19.	H. Wernz, S. Bayer, B. E. Olsson, M. Camera, H. Griesser, and C. Fürst, “112Gb/s PolMux RZ-DQPSK with fast polarization tracking based on interference control,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference 2009 (2009), OTuN4.

OCIS Codes
(060.4510) Fiber optics and optical communications : Optical communications
(060.4259) Fiber optics and optical communications : Networks, packet-switched

ToC Category:
Subsystems for Optical Networks

History
Original Manuscript: October 1, 2012
Revised Manuscript: November 25, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: November 25, 2012
Published: December 5, 2012

Virtual Issues
European Conference on Optical Communication 2012 (2012) Optics Express

Citation
Satoshi Shinada, Moriya Nakamura, Yukiyoshi Kamio, and Naoya Wada, "16-QAM optical packet switching and real-time self-homodyne detection using polarization-multiplexed pilot-carrier," Opt. Express 20, B535-B542 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-26-B535

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References

X. Liu, S. Chandrasekhar, P. J. Winzer, T. Lotz, J. Carlson, J. Yang, G. Cheren, and S. Zederbaum, “1.5-Tb/s guard-banded superchannel transmission over 56×100-km (5600-km) ULAF using 30-Gbaud pilot-free OFDM-16QAM signals with 5.75-b/s/Hz net spectral efficiency,” in Proceedings of 38th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (2012), Th.3.C.5.
D. J. Blumenthal, A. Carena, L. Rau, V. Curri, and S. Humphries, “All-optical label swapping with wavelength conversion for WDM-IP networks with subcarrier multiplexed addressing,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.11(11), 1497–1499 (1999). [CrossRef]
K. Kitayama and N. Wada, “Photonic IP routing,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.11(12), 1689–1691 (1999). [CrossRef]
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